DEUSA-2013-The Smart Grid An Introduction PDF

Exploring the imperative of revitalizing
America’s electric infrastructure.
the
SMART GRID:
an introduction.
How a smarter grid works as an enabling engine

for our economy, our environment and our future.
prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy by Litos Strategic Communication under contract No. DE-AC26-04NT41817, Subtask 560.01.04
DISCLAIMER
This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government
nor any agency thereof, nor Litos Strategic Communication, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any
legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or
represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade
name, trademark, manufacturer or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation or favoring by the
United States Government or any agency thereof, or Litos Strategic Communication. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not
necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

PREFACE
IT IS A COLOSSAL TASK. BUT IT IS A TASK

THAT MUST BE DONE.
K_\;\gXikd\ekf]<e\i^p_XjY\\eZ_Xi^\[n`k_fiZ_\jkiXkè^k_\n_fc\jXc\
modernization of our nation’s electrical grid.
While it is running.
Full-tilt.
?\X[è^k_`j\Ĳfik`jk_\FĳZ\f]<c\Zki`Z`kp;\c`m\ipXe[<e\i^pI\c`XY`c`kp%@e
ZfeZ\ikn`k_`kjZlkkè^\[^\i\j\XiZ_Xe[\e\i^pgfc`ZpgifîXdj#k_\fĳZ\Àje\ncp
]fid\[#dlck`$X^\eZpJdXik>i`[KXjb=fiZ\`ji\jgfej`Yc\]fiZffi[èXkè^jkXe[Xi[j
[\m\cfgd\ek#^l`[èî\j\XiZ_Xe[[\m\cfgd\ekgifa\Zkj#Xe[i\ZfeZ`cè^k_\X^\e[Xj
of a wide range of stakeholders.
Equally critical to the success of this effort is the education of all interested members
f]k_\glYc`ZXjkfk_\eXkli\#Z_Xcc\e^\jXe[fggfikle`k`\jjliifle[è^k_\JdXik
Grid and its implementation.
It is to this mission that The Smart Grid: An Introduction is dedicated.
From the Department of Energy
The Smart Grid Introduction is intended primarily to
acquaint non-technical yet interested readers about:
k_\\o`jk\eZ\f]#Xe[Y\e\ÈkjXZZilè^
]ifd#XjdXik\i\c\Zki`ZXcî`[
n_Xkk_\Xggc`ZXk`fef]jlZ_èk\cc`^\eZ\
means for our country
_fn;F<`jèmfcm\[è_\cgè^kfXZZ\c\iXk\
its implementation.
TOC
KNOWLEDGE BROUGHT
TO POWER
SECTION FOUND ON
ONE Introduction: We Don’t Have Much Time. 2

Toward an orderly transition to a smarter grid…
TWO Edison vs. Graham Bell: The Case for Revitalization. 4

Presenting the argument in a timely fashion requires a trip “back to the future…”
THREE The Grid as It Stands: What’s at Risk? 6

The many hazards associated with operating the 20th century grid in the 21st century.
The lights may be on, but consider what we’re missing…
FOUR The Smart Grid: What It Is. What It Isn’t. 10

Why it’s important to know the difference…
FIVE Compare and Contrast: A Grid Where Everything is Possible. 16

For an invigorating vision of our energy future, look forward…
SIX First Things First: Teasing Out the Complexities.

TOPICS 24
How various constituencies – i.e., utilities and regulators – are working toward
fundamental realignment to make a smarter grid get here faster…
SEVEN How Things Work: Creating the Platform for the Smart Grid. 28
Making it possible for consumers to participate…
EIGHT Progress Now!: A Look at Current Smart Grid Efforts and How They’re Succeeding. 32
From West Virginia to California to Hawaii, a smarter grid is taking shape…
NINE Edison Unbound: What’s Your Stake in All This? 36

Benefits for everyone…
Resources and Glossary 40

Coming to terms with the Smart Grid...
1
SECTION ONE :
INTRODUCTION
WE DON’T HAVE MUCH TIME.
Our nation’s electric power infrastructure that has served us so well for so long – also known as “the grid” –
is rapidly running up against its limitations. Our lights may be on, but systemically, the risks associated with
relying on an often overtaxed grid grow in size, scale and complexity every day. From national challenges like
power system security to those global in nature such as climate change, our near-term agenda is formidable.
Some might even say history-making.
Fortunately, we have a way forward.

K_\i\`jîfnè^Xî\\d\ekXdfe^]\[\iXcXe[jkXk\gfc`ZpdXb\ij#Yljè\jj
c\X[\ij#Xe[fk_\ib\pjkXb\_fc[\ij#Xifle[k_\`[\Xk_XkXJdXik>i`[`jefkfecp
needed but well within reach. Think of the Smart Grid as the internet brought to
our electric system.
A tale of two timelines

There are in fact two grids to keep in mind as our future rapidly becomes the present.
The first – we’ll call it “a smarter grid” – offers valuable technologies that can be deployed within the very near future
or are already deployed today.
The second – the Smart Grid of our title – represents the longer-term promise of a grid remarkable in its intelligence
Xe[`dgi\jj`m\è`kjjZfg\#Xck_fl^_`k`jle`m\ijXccpZfej`[\i\[kfY\X[\ZX[\fidfi\]ifdi\Xc`qXk`fe%P\k^`m\e_fn
Xjè^c\½b`cc\iXggc`ZXk`fe¾»\$dX`c»èZ`k\[YifX[#[\\gXe[`dd\[`Xk\XZZ\gkXeZ\f]k_\èk\ie\k#n_f`jkfjXpk_Xk
a similar killer app in this space won’t substantially accelerate that timetable?
@ek_\j_fikk\id#XjdXik\iî`[n`cc]leZk`fedfi\\ĳZ`\ekcp#\eXYcè^`kkf[\c`m\ik_\c\m\cf]j\im`Z\n\Àm\Zfd\kf
\og\Zkdfi\XĲfi[XYcpèXe\iXf]i`jè^Zfjkj#n_`c\XcjffĲ\iè^Zfej`[\iXYc\jfZ`\kXcY\e\Èkj»jlZ_Xjc\jj`dgXZk
on our environment.
Cfe^\ik\id#\og\Zkk_\JdXik>i`[kfjglik_\bè[f]kiXej]fidXk`fek_Xkk_\èk\ie\k_XjXci\X[pYifl^_kkfk_\
nXpn\c`m\#nfib#gcXpXe[c\Xie%
2
A smarter grid applies technologies, tools and techniques available now to bring knowledge to power –
knowledge capable of making the grid work far more efficiently...
<ejliè^`kji\c`XY`c`kpkf[\î\\je\m\iY\]fi\gfjj`Yc\%
DXèkXèè^`kjXĲfi[XY`c`kp%
I\è]fiZè^fli^cfYXcZfdg\k`k`m\e\jj%
=lccpXZZfddf[Xkèî\e\nXYc\Xe[kiX[`k`feXc\e\i^pjfliZ\j%
Gfk\ek`Xccpi\[lZè^fliZXiYfe]ffkgièk%
@ekif[lZè^X[mXeZ\d\ekjXe[\ĳZ`\eZ`\jp\kkfY\\em`j`fe\[%
KiXej]fidè^flieXk`feÀjî`[_XjY\\eZfdgXi\[èj`ê`ÈZXeZ\n`k_Yl`c[è^k_\èk\ijkXk\_`^_nXpjpjk\d
fik_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]k_\èk\ie\k%K_\j\\Ĳfikj#i`^_kcpi\^Xi[\[Xji\mfclk`feXip#n\i\gi\Z\[\[YpZflekc\jj
\mfclk`feXipjk\gj%<em`j`fe\[èk_\(0,'j#k_\<`j\e_fn\i?`^_nXpJpjk\dnXjefkZfdgc\k\[lek`ck_\\Xicp
(0/'j%J`d`cXicp#k_\èk\ie\kÀjcè\X^\ZXeY\[ì\ZkcpkiXZ\[kfk_\8[mXeZ\[I\j\XiZ_Gifa\Zkj8^\eZpE\knfib
8IG8E<K f]k_\L%J%;\gXikd\ekf];\]\ej\èk_\-'jXe[.'j#cfe^Y\]fi\`kjXgg\XiXeZ\XjXjfZ`\kp$Z_Xe^è^
technology in the 80s and 90s.
@edlZ_k_\jXd\nXp#]lcc`dgc\d\ekXk`fef]k_\JdXik>i`[n`cc\mfcm\fm\ik`d\%?fn\m\i#Zflekc\jjgfj`k`m\
jk\gjXi\Y\è^kXb\ekf[Xp#fi^Xe`qXk`fej\e\i^`q\[Xe[XZ_`\m\d\ekji\Xc`q\[kfnXi[i\XZ_è^k_Xk^fXc%Pfl
will learn about some of them here.
K_\gligfj\f]k_`jYffb`jkf^`m\i\X[\ij»ègcXècXe^lX^\»XÈofek_\Zlii\ekgfj`k`fef]k_\JdXik>i`[Xe[
`kjX[fgk`fe%Pfln`ccc\Xien_Xkk_\JdXik>i`[`j»Xe[n_Xk`k`jefk%Pfln`cc^\kX]\\c]fik_\`jjl\jjliifle[è^
`k#k_\Z_Xcc\e^\jX_\X[#k_\Zflekc\jjfggfikle`k`\j`kgi\j\ekjXe[k_\Y\e\Èkjn\XccjkXe[kf^Xè%
I\d\dY\ic`]\Y\]fi\\$dX`c6
N`k_\m\ipgXjjè^[Xp#]\n\iXe[]\n\ig\fgc\[f%
N`k_k_\Xggifgi`Xk\Xggc`ZXk`fef]è^\e`flj`[\Xj#X[mXeZ\[k\Z_efcf^p#\eki\gi\e\li`Xc\e\i^pXe[gfc`k`ZXcn`cc#
there will also come a time when you won’t remember life before the Smart Grid.
3
Menlo Park Workshop Pearl Street Station First Street Lamps Metering Compact Fluorescent Light
advancements in electricity
There is a popular comparison that

underscores the pace of change – or lack
thereof – regarding our nation’s grid.
SECTION TWO:
EDISON VS.
GRAHAM BELL:
THE CASE FOR
REVITALIZATION.
The story goes like this:

If Alexander Graham Bell were somehow transported
kfk_\)(jkZ\eklip#_\nflc[efkY\^èkfi\Zfê`q\
k_\Zfdgfe\ekjf]df[\iek\c\g_fep»Z\ccg_fe\j#
k\okè^#Z\cckfn\ij#G;8j#\kZ%»n_`c\K_fdXj<[`jfe#
fe\f]k_\î`[Àjb\p\XicpXiZ_`k\Zkj#nflc[Y\kfkXccp
familiar with the grid.
advancements in telecommunications
First Telephone Operator Switching Stations Rotary Dialing North American Rotary Dial with Ringer
4 Numbering System and Handset
While this thought experiment speaks volumes about Given that the growth of the nation’s global economic leadership
Xgg\XiXeZ\j#`k`j]Xi]ifdk_\n_fc\jkfip%<[`jfenflc[Y\hl`k\ fm\ik_\gXjkZ\eklip_XjèdXepnXpjdìifi\[k_\kiXa\Zkfip
familiar with the grid’s basic infrastructure and perhaps even an f]k_\î`[Àj[\m\cfgd\ek#k_`jZ_f`Z\`jefkjligi`jè^%
\c\Zkifd\Z_Xe`ZXcZfee\Zk`fefiknf#Ylk_\nflc[Y\aljkXj
@edXepnXpj#k_\gi\j\ekî`[nfibj\oZ\gk`feXccpn\cc]fi
dazzled as Graham Bell with the technology behind the scenes.
n_Xk`knXj[\j`ê\[kf[f»]fi\oXdgc\#b\\gè^Zfjkj[fne%
FliZ\eklip$fc[gfn\iî`[`jk_\cXi^\jkèk\iZfee\Zk\[ 9\ZXlj\\c\Zki`Z`kp_XjkfY\lj\[k_\dfd\ek`k`j^\e\iXk\[#
dXZ_è\fe<Xik_#jfdXjj`m\cpZfdgc\oXe[è\oki`ZXYcpcèb\[ k_\î`[i\gi\j\ekjk_\lck`dXk\èaljk$è$k`d\gif[lZk[\c`m\ip%
to human involvement and endeavor that it has alternately (and Everything must work almost perfectly at all times – and does.
Xggifgi`Xk\cp Y\\eZXcc\[Xe\Zfjpjk\d%@kZfej`jkjf]dfi\ N_\e\m\iXeflkX^\fZZlijè#jXp#=cfi`[X#k_\i\dXpn\ccY\
k_Xe0#)''\c\Zki`Z^\e\iXkè^le`kjn`k_dfi\k_Xe(#'''#''' i\g\iZljj`fejlgk_\8kcXek`Zj\XYfXi[2_fn\m\i#[l\kfk_\
megawatts of generating capacity connected to more than jpjk\dÀjifYljke\jjXe[i\jlckXeki\c`XY`c`kp#m\ip]\nflkj`[\
*''#'''d`c\jf]kiXejd`jj`fecè\j% the industry ever know about it.
POWER SYSTEM FACT

Today’s electricity system is 99.97
percent reliable, yet still allows for
power outages and interruptions that cost
Americans at least $150 billion each
year — about $500 for every man,
woman and child.
@eZ\c\YiXkè^k_\Y\^èeè^f]k_\)(jkZ\eklip#k_\EXk`feXc Engineered and operated by dedicated professionals over

Academy of Engineering set about identifying the single most [\ZX[\j#k_\î`[i\dXèjflieXk`feXc\e^è\%@kZfekèl\jkf
important engineering achievement of the 20th century. The offer us among the highest levels of reliability in the world for
Academy compiled an estimable list of twenty accomplishments \c\Zki`Zgfn\i%@kj`dgfikXeZ\kffli\Zfefdp#flieXk`feXc
which have affected virtually everyone in the developed world. j\Zli`kp#Xe[kfk_\c`m\jf]k_\_le[i\[jf]d`cc`fej`kj\im\j
K_\èk\ie\kkffbk_ìk\\ek_gcXZ\fek_`jc`jk#Xe[½_`^_nXpj¾ cannot be overstated.
\c\m\ek_%J`kkè^Xkk_\kfgf]k_\c`jknXj\c\Zki`ÈZXk`feXj
But we – all of us – have taken this marvelous machine for
dX[\gfjj`Yc\Ypk_\î`[#½k_\dfjkj`ê`ÈZXek\e^è\\iè^
îXek\[]fi]Xikffcfe^%8jXi\jlck#flifm\iYli[\e\[î`[
achievement of the 20th Century.”
has begun to fail us more frequently and presents us with
substantial risks.
Long Distance Calling First Telecom Satellite Touch-Tone Telephones Cellular Communications Phone Over the Internet 5
Since 1982, growth in peak demand for electricity –
driven by population growth, bigger houses, bigger
TVs, more air conditioners and more computers
– has exceeded transmission growth by almost
25% every year. Yet spending on research and
development – the first step toward innovation
and renewal – is among the lowest of all industries.
SECTION THREE:
THE GRID AS IT
STANDS: WHAT’S
AT RISK?
R&D as a % of Revenue
<m\eXj[\dXe[_XjjbpifZb\k\[#k_\i\_XjY\\e
chronic underinvestment in getting energy where it Electric
Utilities Less than 2%
e\\[jkf^fk_ifl^_kiXejd`jj`feXe[[`jki`Ylk`fe# Agriculture
]lik_\ic`d`kè^î`[\ĳZ`\eZpXe[i\c`XY`c`kp%N_`c\ Printing
hundreds of thousands of high-voltage transmission Stone,

Clay & Glass
cè\jZflij\k_ifl^_flkk_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#fecp--/ Retail
Aircraft &
additional miles of interstate transmission have been Missiles
Yl`ckjèZ\)'''%8jXi\jlck#jpjk\dZfejkiXèkj Durable Goods
worsen at a time when outages and power quality Healthcare
issues are estimated to cost American business more Office Mech

Energy &
than $100 billion on average each year. Managment
Services
0% 4% 8% 12%
In short, the grid is struggling to keep up.
PERCENTAGE of REVENUE
6
Based on 20TH century design requirements and having matured RELIABILITY:K_\i\_Xm\Y\\eÈm\dXjj`m\YcXZbflkjfm\i
in an era when expanding the grid was the only option and k_\gXjk+'p\Xij#k_i\\f]n_`Z__Xm\fZZlii\[èk_\gXjk
m`j`Y`c`kpn`k_èk_\jpjk\dnXjc`d`k\[#k_\î`[_Xj_`jkfi`ZXccp eè\p\Xij%Dfi\YcXZbflkjXe[YifneflkjXi\fZZliiè^
_X[Xjè^c\d`jj`fe#`%\%#b\\gè^k_\c`^_kjfe%8j]fifk_\i [l\kfk_\jcfni\jgfej\k`d\jf]d\Z_Xe`ZXcjn`kZ_\j#X
modern concerns… cXZbf]XlkfdXk\[XeXcpk`Zj#Xe[½gffim`j`Y`c`kp¾»X½cXZbf]
situational awareness” on the part of grid operators. This issue
Energy efficiency? A marginal consideration at best when
of blackouts has far broader implications than simply waiting
energy was – as the saying went – “too cheap to meter.”
]fik_\c`^_kjkfZfd\fe%@dX^è\gcXekgif[lZk`fejkfgg\[#
Environmental impacts? Simply not a primary concern when g\i`j_XYc\]ff[jgf`cè^#kiXĳZc`^_kj[Xib#Xe[Zi\[`kZXi[
the existing grid was designed. transactions rendered inoperable. Such are the effects of even
a short regional blackout.
Customer choice? What was that?
did you know

@edXepXi\Xjf]k_\Le`k\[JkXk\j#k_\
only way a utility knows there’s an outage
is when a customer calls to report it.
Kf[Xp#k_\ìfep`jgif]fle[1@eXjfZ`\kpn_\i\k\Z_efcf^p
i\`êjjlgi\d\#8d\i`ZX`ji\cpè^feXZ\ekiXccpgcXee\[Xe[
controlled infrastructure created largely before the age of POWER SYSTEM FACT
microprocessors that limits our flexibility and puts us at risk
41% more outages affected 50,000
on several critical fronts:
or more consumers in the second half of
EFFICIENCY:@]k_\î`[n\i\aljk,dfi\\ĳZ`\ek#k_\\e\i^p the 1990s than in the first half of the decade.
savings would equate to permanently eliminating the fuel and The “average” outage affected 15 percent
î\\e_flj\^Xj\d`jj`fej]ifd,*d`cc`feZXij%:fej`[\ik_`j# more consumers from 1996 to 2000
kff1@]\m\ip8d\i`ZXe_flj\_fc[i\gcXZ\[aljkfe\èZXe[\jZ\ek than from 1991 to 1995 (409,854
YlcY<[`jfeÀjgi`[\Xe[afp n`k_XZfdgXZkÉlfi\jZ\ekYlcY#k_\ versus 355,204).
country would conserve enough energy to light 3 million homes
Xe[jXm\dfi\k_Xe-''d`cc`feXeelXccp%:c\Xicp#k_\i\Xi\
k\ii`ÈZfggfikle`k`\j]fi`dgifm\d\ek%
7
SECTION THREE : CONTINUED
THE GRID AS IT STANDS: WHAT’S AT RISK?
NATIONAL ECONOMY: The numbers are staggering and speak

for themselves:
8ifccè^YcXZbflkXZifjjJ`c`ZfeMXcc\pkfkXc\[.,
million in losses. resource recovery
;fccXijk_Xki\dXèèk_\
@e)'''#k_\fe\$_fliflkX^\k_Xk_`kk_\:_`ZX^f
economy rather than “paying the
Board of Trade resulted in $20 trillion in trades delayed.
]i\`^_k¾]fijpjk\dè\ĳZ`\eZp
JleD`Zifjpjk\dj\jk`dXk\jk_XkXYcXZbflkZfjkj are dollars that society can put
the company $1 million every minute.
kf^ff[lj\]fiafYZi\Xk`fe#
K_\Efik_\XjkYcXZbflkf])''*i\jlck\[èX- _\Xck_ZXi\#Xe[_fd\cXe[j\Zli`kp%
billion economic loss to the region.
Compounding the problem is an economy relentlessly grown digital. In

k_\(0/'j#\c\Zki`ZXccfX[]ifdj\ej`k`m\\c\Zkife`Z\hl`gd\ek#jlZ_Xj
Z_`gjZfdglk\i`q\[jpjk\dj#Xggc`XeZ\jXe[\hl`gd\ek Xe[XlkfdXk\[
dXel]XZkliè^nXjc`d`k\[%@ek_\(00'j#Z_`gj_Xi\î\nkfifl^_cp('%
Kf[Xp#cfX[]ifdZ_`gk\Z_efcf^`\jXe[XlkfdXk\[dXel]XZkliè^_Xji`j\e
kf+'#Xe[k_\cfX[`j\og\Zk\[kfèZi\Xj\kfdfi\k_Xe-'Yp)'(,%
AFFORDABILITY:8jiXk\ZXgjZfd\fĲèjkXk\X]k\ijkXk\#k_\Zfjkf]
\c\Zki`Z`kp_Xj[flYc\[fidfi\èi\Xck\idj%C\jjm`j`Yc\YlkaljkXj_Xid]lc#
k_\ZfjkjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Xele[\ig\i]fidè^î`[Xi\Yfie\Yp\m\ipZ`k`q\e#
yet these hundreds of billions of dollars are buried in the economy and largely
lei\gfik\[%I`jè^]l\cZfjkj»dX[\dfi\XZlk\Yplk`c`k`\jÀ\ogìè^cfe^$
term coal contracts – are certain to raise their visibility.
Decrease in Transmission Investment (Dollar Amount In Billions)
$6
- 117 million
$5
$4
$3
$2
$1
‘75 ’80 ‘85 ’90 ‘95 ’00
Y E ARS
8
SECURITY:N_\ek_\YcXZbflkf])''*fZZlii\[»k_\cXi^\jkèLJ_`jkfip»
k_fj\Z`k`q\ejefkjkXikc\[YpY\è^jklZbè[Xib\e\[#jlĲfZXkè^\c\mXkfij
turned their thoughts toward terrorism. And not without cause. The grid’s
Z\ekiXc`q\[jkilZkli\c\Xm\jljfg\ekfXkkXZb%@e]XZk#k_\èk\i[\g\e[\eZ`\j
U.S. Share of World Population
of various grid components can bring about a domino effect – a cascading series Compared to its Production of
Greenhouse Gases
f]]X`cli\jk_XkZflc[Yiè^flieXk`feÀjYXebè^#Zfddle`ZXk`fej#kiXĳZ#Xe[
security systems among others to a complete standstill.
ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE CHANGE:=ifd]ff[jX]\kpkfg\ijfeXc_\Xck_#X
Zfdgifd`j\[\emìfed\ekk_i\Xk\ejljXcc%K_\Le`k\[JkXk\jXZZflekj]fifecp
+f]k_\nfic[ÀjgfglcXk`feXe[gif[lZ\j),f]`kjî\\e_flj\^Xj\j%?Xc]f] 4%
fliZflekipÀj\c\Zki`Z`kp`jjk`ccgif[lZ\[YpYlieè^ZfXc#Xi`Z_[fd\jk`Zi\jfliZ\
YlkXdXafiZfeki`Ylkfikf^cfYXcnXidè^%@]n\Xi\kfi\[lZ\fliZXiYfe]ffkgièk
Xe[jkXb\XZcX`dkf^cfYXc\emìfed\ekXcc\X[\ij_`g#Zc\Xe#i\e\nXYc\jfliZ\jf] The U.S. accounts for 4% of the
world’s population while contributing
\e\i^pc`b\jfcXi#nè[Xe[^\fk_\idXcdljkY\èk\îXk\[èkfk_\eXk`feÀjî`[%
25% of its greenhouse gases.
?fn\m\i#n`k_flkXggifgi`Xk\\eXYcè^k\Z_efcf^`\jcèbè^k_\dkfk_\î`[#
their potential will not be fully realized.
GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS: Germany is leading the world in the development

and implementation of photo-voltaic solar power. Japan has similarly moved to
the forefront of distribution automation through its use of advanced battery- 25%
jkfiX^\k\Z_efcf^p%K_\<lifg\XeLe`fe_XjXe\m\edfi\X^î\jj`m\½JdXik
>i`[j¾X^\e[X#XdXafiZfdgfe\ekf]n_`Z__XjYl`c[è^j]leZk`feè^Xjgfn\i
gcXekj%>\e\iXccp#_fn\m\i#k_\j\Zfleki`\j[feÀk_Xm\X½c\^XZpjpjk\d¾fek_\
order of the grid to consider or grapple with.
How will a smarter grid address these risks and others? Read on.
DENMARK’s PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES
Small CHP (Combined Heat & Power)

Large CHP (Combined Heat & Power)
Wind
Centralized System of the mid 1980’s More Decentralized System of Today

9
Prepare for an electric system that is
cleaner and more efficient, reliable,
resilient and responsive –
a smarter grid.
SECTION FOUR :
THE SMART GRID:

WHAT IT IS.
WHAT IT ISN’T.
part 1: what it is.

The electric industry is poised to make the transformation
]ifdXZ\ekiXc`q\[#gif[lZ\i$Zfekifcc\[e\knfibkffe\k_Xk
is less centralized and more consumer-interactive. The move
to a smarter grid promises to change the industry’s entire
Yljè\jjdf[\cXe[`kji\cXk`fej_`gn`k_XccjkXb\_fc[\ij#
èmfcmè^Xe[XĲ\Zkè^lk`c`k`\j#i\^lcXkfij#\e\i^pj\im`Z\
gifm`[\ij#k\Z_efcf^pXe[XlkfdXk`fem\e[fijXe[Xcc
consumers of electric power.
10
A smarter grid makes this transformation possible by bringing 9\ZXlj\k_`jèk\iXZk`fefZZlijcXi^\cp½èk_\YXZbîfle[#¾n`k_
k_\g_`cfjfg_`\j#ZfeZ\gkjXe[k\Z_efcf^`\jk_Xk\eXYc\[k_\ dè`dXc_ldXeèk\im\ek`fe#k_\i\ÀjX[iXdXk`ZjXmè^jfe\e\i^p
èk\ie\kkfk_\lk`c`kpXe[k_\\c\Zki`Zî`[%Dfi\`dgfikXekcp# that would otherwise be consumed.
it enables the industry’s best ideas for grid modernization to
K_`jkpg\f]gifîXd_XjY\\eki`\[èk_\gXjk#Ylkn`k_flkJdXik
achieve their full potential.
>i`[kffcjjlZ_Xj\eXYcè^k\Z_efcf^`\j#èk\ifg\iXY`c`kpYXj\[
Concepts in action. fejkXe[Xi[j#Xe[cfn$ZfjkZfddle`ZXk`feXe[\c\Zkife`Zj#`k
It may surprise you to know that many of these ideas are already possessed none of the potential that it does today.
èfg\iXk`fe%P\k`k`jfecpn_\ek_\pXi\\dgfn\i\[Ypd\Xejf]
Visualization technology. Consider grid visualization and the
the two-way digital communication and plug-and-play capabilities
tools associated with it. Already used for real-time load monitoring
that exemplify a smarter grid that genuine breakthroughs begin
Xe[cfX[$îfnk_gcXeeè^Xkk_\lk`c`kpc\m\c#jlZ_kffcj^\e\iXccp
to multiply.
lack the ability to integrate information from a variety of sources
or display different views to different users. The result: Limited
POWER SYSTEM FACT

AVERAGE COST FOR 1 HOUR OF
POWER INTERRUPTION
INDUSTRY AMOUNT
Cellular communications $41,000
Telephone ticket sales $72,000
Airline reservation system $90,000
Semiconductor manufacturer $2,000,000
Credit card operation $2,580,000
Brokerage operation $6,480,000
Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is an approach to situational awareness. This condition will grow even more acute
integrating consumers based upon the development of open XjZljkfd\i$]fZlj\[\ĳZ`\eZpXe[[\dXe[$i\jgfej\gifîXdj
standards. It provides consumers with the ability to use electricity èZi\Xj\#i\hlìè^j`ê`ÈZXekcpdfi\[XkXXjn\ccXjk_\XY`c`kp
dfi\\ĳZ`\ekcpXe[gifm`[\jlk`c`k`\jn`k_k_\XY`c`kpkf[\k\Zk to understand and act on that data.
gifYc\djfek_\ìjpjk\djXe[fg\iXk\k_\ddfi\\ĳZ`\ekcp%
E\ok$^\e\iXk`fem`jlXc`qXk`fe`jfe`kjnXp%F]gXik`ZlcXiefk\`j
8D@\eXYc\jZfejld\i$]i`\e[cp\ĳZ`\eZpZfeZ\gkjc`b\½Gi`Z\jkf M<I;<#Xgifa\Zkè[\m\cfgd\ek]fi;F<Xkk_\FXbI`[^\EXk`feXc
;\m`Z\j¾kfnfibc`b\k_`j18jjldè^k_Xk\e\i^p`jgi`Z\[fen_Xk CXYfiXkfip%M<I;<M`jlXc`qè^<e\i^pI\jfliZ\j;peXd`ZXccpfe
it costs in near real-time – a Smart Grid imperative – price signals <Xik_ n`ccgifm`[\n`[\$Xi\Xî`[XnXi\e\jj#èk\îXkèî\Xc$
are relayed to “smart” home controllers or end-consumer devices k`d\j\ejfi[XkX#n\Xk_\iè]fidXk`feXe[î`[df[\cè^n`k_
c`b\k_\idfjkXkj#nXj_\i&[ip\ijXe[i\]i`^\iXkfij»k_\_fd\Àj ^\fîXg_`ZXcè]fidXk`fe%Gfk\ek`Xccp#`kn`ccY\XYc\kf\ogcfi\k_\
dXafi\e\i^p$lj\ij%K_\[\m`Z\j#èklie#gifZ\jjk_\è]fidXk`fe state of the grid at the national level and switch within seconds
based on consumers’ learned wishes and power accordingly. The kf\ogcfi\jg\Z`ÈZ[\kX`cjXkk_\jki\\kc\m\c%@kn`ccgifm`[\iXg`[
_flj\fifĳZ\i\jgfe[jkfk_\fZZlgXekj#iXk_\ik_Xem`Z\$m\ijX% information about blackouts and power quality as well as insights
into system operation for utilities. With a platform built on Google
<Xik_#`kZXeXcjfkXb\X[mXekX^\f]Zfek\ek^\e\iXk\[Yp>ff^c\
Earth’s user community.
11
SECTION FOUR : CONTINUED
THE SMART GRID: WHAT IT IS. WHAT IT ISN’T.
Just who’s running the grid?
=fid\[Xkk_\i\Zfdd\e[Xk`fef]k_\=\[\iXc
Phasor Measurement Units. <e\i^pI\^lcXkfip:fdd`jj`fe=<I: #Xe
GfglcXicpi\]\ii\[kfXjk_\gfn\ijpjk\dÀj½_\Xck_d\k\i#¾G_Xjfi @e[\g\e[\ekJpjk\dFg\iXkfi@JF fiI\^`feXc

D\Xjli\d\ekLe`kjGDL jXdgc\mfckX^\Xe[Zlii\ekdXepk`d\j KiXejd`jj`feFi^Xe`qXk`feIKF `jXgifÈk$
Xj\Zfe[XkX^`m\ecfZXk`fe#gifm`[è^Xe½DI@¾f]k_\gfn\ijpjk\d
neutral organization in charge of reconciling
ZfdgXi\[kfk_\½O$IXp¾hlXc`kpXmX`cXYc\]ifd\Xic`\iJlg\im`jfip:fekifc
jlggcpXe[[\dXe[Xj`kZffi[èXk\j#Zfekifcj
Xe[;XkX8Zhl`j`k`feJ:8;8 k\Z_efcf^p%FĲ\iè^n`[\$Xi\Xj`klXk`feXc
and monitors the operation of the power
XnXi\e\jj#g_Xjfijnfibkf\Xj\Zfe^\jk`feXe[Yfkkc\e\ZbjXe[d`k`^Xk\
jpjk\d%K_\@JFÀjZfekifcXi\XZXe\eZfdgXjj
– or even prevent – blackouts.
one state or several.
Kpg`ZXccp#d\Xjli\d\ekjXi\kXb\efeZ\\m\ip)fi+j\Zfe[jfĲ\iè^X
steady state view into the power system behavior. Equipped with Smart K_\ifc\f]k_\j\fi^Xe`qXk`fej`jj`ê`ÈZXek
>i`[Zfddle`ZXk`fejk\Z_efcf^`\j#d\Xjli\d\ekjkXb\eXi\gi\Z`j\cp èdXbè^k_\JdXik>i`[i\Xc%@JFjXe[IKFj
k`d\$jpeZ_ife`q\[Xe[kXb\edXepk`d\jXj\Zfe[`%\%#*'jXdgc\j&j\Zfe[ will use the smart distribution system as
offering dynamic visibility into the power system.
another resource for managing a secure and
Adoption of the Smart Grid will enhance every facet of the electric delivery most economic transmission system. “Lessons
jpjk\d#èZcl[è^^\e\iXk`fe#kiXejd`jj`fe#[`jki`Ylk`feXe[Zfejldgk`fe% learned” from their experiences in building

It will energize those utility initiatives that encourage consumers to modify gifZ\jj\jXe[k\Z_efcf^`\j#\kZ%#n`ccY\[ì\Zkcp
gXkk\iejf]\c\Zki`Z`kpljX^\#èZcl[è^k_\k`dè^Xe[c\m\cf]\c\Zki`Z`kp
Xggc`ZXYc\kf\Ĳfikjèî`[kiXej]fidXk`fe#
[\dXe[%@kn`ccèZi\Xj\k_\gfjj`Y`c`k`\jf][`jki`Ylk\[^\e\iXk`fe#Yiè^è^
both short-term and long-term.
generation closer to those it serves (think: solar panels on your roof rather
k_Xejfd\[`jkXekgfn\ijkXk`fe %K_\j_fik\ik_\[`jkXeZ\]ifd^\e\iXk`fe
kfZfejldgk`fe#k_\dfi\\ĳZ`\ek#\Zfefd`ZXcXe[½î\\e¾`kdXpY\%@kn`cc
empower consumers to become active participants in their energy choices
to a degree never before possible. And it will offer a two-way visibility and
control of energy usage.
smart definition: distributed generation

;`jki`Ylk\[^\e\iXk`fe`jk_\lj\f]jdXcc$jZXc\gfn\i^\e\iXk`fek\Z_efcf^`\j
cfZXk\[Zcfj\kfk_\cfX[Y\è^j\im\[#ZXgXYc\f]cfn\iè^Zfjkj#`dgifmè^
i\c`XY`c`kp#i\[lZè^\d`jj`fejXe[\ogXe[è^\e\i^pfgk`fej%
12
8eXlkfdXk\[#n`[\cp[`jki`Ylk\[\e\i^p[\c`m\ipe\knfib#k_\
Smart Grid will be characterized by a two-way flow of electricity
and information and will be capable of monitoring everything from
power plants to customer preferences to individual appliances.
@kèZfigfiXk\jèkfk_\î`[k_\Y\e\Èkjf][`jki`Ylk\[Zfdglkè^
Demand Profile
and communications to deliver real-time information and enable
the near-instantaneous balance of supply and demand at the
320
device level.
The problem with peak.

240
While supply and demand is a bedrock concept in virtually all
fk_\iè[ljki`\j#`k`jfe\n`k_n_`Z_k_\Zlii\ekî`[jkil^^c\j
KILOWATTS
d`^_k`cpY\ZXlj\#Xjefk\[#\c\Zki`Z`kpdljkY\Zfejld\[k_\
160
moment it’s generated.
N`k_flkY\è^XYc\kfXjZ\ikXè[\dXe[gi\Z`j\cp#XkX^`m\ek`d\#
having the ‘right’ supply available to deal with every contingency 80
is problematic at best. This is particularly true during episodes of
g\Xb[\dXe[#k_fj\k`d\jf]î\Xk\jke\\[]fi\c\Zki`Z`kp[liè^
a particular period.
0
0 6 12 18 24
HOURS of the DAY
13
SECTION FOUR : CONTINUED
THE GRID TODAY: WHAT IT IS. WHAT IT ISN’T.
Imagine that it is a blisteringly hot summer afternoon. With countless commercial

Xe[i\j`[\ek`XcXìZfe[`k`fe\ijZpZcè^lgkfdXo`dld#[\dXe[]fi\c\Zki`Z`kp`jY\è^
[i`m\ejlYjkXek`Xccp_`^_\i#kf`kj½g\Xb%¾N`k_flkXî\Xk\iXY`c`kpkfXek`Z`gXk\#n`k_flk
knowing preciselyn_\e[\dXe[n`ccg\Xbfi_fn_`^_`kn`cc^f#î`[fg\iXkfijXe[
utilities must bring generation assets called peaker plants online to ensure reliability and
d\\kg\Xb[\dXe[%Jfd\k`d\jfc[\iXe[XcnXpj[`ĳZlckkfj`k\#g\Xb\ijXi\\og\ej`m\
kffg\iXk\»i\hlìè^]l\cYfl^_kfek_\dfi\mfcXk`c\½jgfk¾dXib\k%9lkfc[fiefk#
X[[`k`feXcg\Xb\ij^\e\iXk\X[[`k`feXcî\\e_flj\^Xj\j#[\îX[è^k_\i\^`feÀjXì
hlXc`kp%:fdgfle[è^k_\è\ĳZ`\eZpf]k_`jjZ\eXi`f`jk_\]XZkk_Xkg\Xb\igcXekjXi\
generation assets that typically sit idle for most of the year without generating revenue
but must be paid for nevertheless.
@edXbèî\Xc$k`d\î`[i\jgfej\Xi\Xc`kp#XjdXik\iî`[dXb\j`kgfjj`Yc\kfi\[lZ\k_\
high cost of meeting peak demand. It gives grid operators far greater visibility into the
jpjk\dXkXÈe\i½îXelcXi`kp#¾\eXYcè^k_\dkfZfekifccfX[jèXnXpk_Xkdè`d`q\j
k_\e\\[]fikiX[`k`feXcg\XbZXgXZ`kp%@eX[[`k`fekf[i`mè^[fneZfjkj#`kdXp\m\e
eliminate the need to use existing peaker plants or build new ones – to save everyone
money and give our planet a breather.
part 2: what the

smart grid isn’t.
G\fgc\Xi\f]k\eZfe]lj\[Ypk_\k\idjJdXik>i`[Xe[jdXikd\k\ij%8i\k_\pefkk_\
jXd\k_è^6Efk\oXZkcp%D\k\iè^`jaljkfe\f]_le[i\[jf]gfjj`Yc\Xggc`ZXk`fejk_Xk
constitute the Smart Grid; a smart meter is a good example of an enabling technology
that makes it possible to extract value from two-way communication in support of
distributed technologies and consumer participation.
As much as “smart
technologies” can enhance this
familiar device, it’s not the same
thing as the Smart Grid.
14
8jfe\è[ljkip\og\ik\ogcXèj`k#k_\i\`jefj`cm\iYlcc\kn_\e`kZfd\jkf
\eXYcè^k\Z_efcf^`\j]fiXjdXik\iî`[2k_\i\`jèjk\X[½j`cm\iYlZbj_fk#¾
an array of technological approaches that will make it work.
=lik_\iZcXi`ÈZXk`fe1;\m`Z\jjlZ_Xjnè[kliYè\j#gcl^$è_pYi`[\c\Zki`Z
m\_`Zc\jXe[jfcXiXiiXpjXi\efkgXikf]k_\JdXik>i`[%IXk_\i#k_\JdXik
>i`[\eZfdgXjj\jk_\k\Z_efcf^pk_Xk\eXYc\jljkfèk\îXk\#èk\i]XZ\
with and intelligently control these innovations and others.
The ultimate success of the Smart Grid depends on the effectiveness of

these devices in attracting and motivating large numbers of consumers.
illustrating the opportunities: the smart grid as enabling engine.
Enabling nationwide use of Allowing the seamless integration of

plug-in hybrid electric vehicles… renewable energy sources like wind…
Making large-scale energy Ushering in a new era of

storage a reality… SMART consumer choice…
GRID
Making use of solar energy – Exploiting the use of green building

24 hours a day… standards to help “lighten the load...”
15
The Smart Grid transforms the current grid
to one that functions more cooperatively,
responsively and organically.
SECTION FIVE:
COMPARE AND
CONTRAST:
A GRID WHERE
EVERYTHING
IS POSSIBLE.
SMART GRID FACT
Made possible by a smarter grid, DOE’s
Solar Energy Grid Integration Systems
(SEGIS) is a suite of tools, techniques and
technologies designed to achieve a
high penetration of photovoltaic
(PV) systems into homes
and businesses.
16
Intelligent – capable of sensing system overloads and
IN TERMS OF rerouting power to prevent or minimize a potential outage;
OVERALL VISION, of working autonomously when conditions require resolution

faster than humans can respond…and cooperatively in aligning
THE SMART GRID IS: k_\^fXcjf]lk`c`k`\j#Zfejld\ijXe[i\^lcXkfij
Efficient – capable of meeting increased consumer demand without

adding infrastructure
Accommodating – accepting energy from virtually any fuel source including

solar and wind as easily and transparently as coal and natural gas; capable of
èk\îXkè^XepXe[XccY\kk\i`[\XjXe[k\Z_efcf^`\j»\e\i^pjkfiX^\k\Z_efcf^`\j#
for example – as they are market-proven and ready to come online
Motivating – enabling real-time communication between the consumer and utility so

Zfejld\ijZXekX`cfik_\ì\e\i^pZfejldgk`feYXj\[feè[`m`[lXcgi\]\i\eZ\j#c`b\gi`Z\
Xe[&fi\emìfed\ekXcZfeZ\iej
Opportunistic – creating new opportunities and markets by means of its ability to capitalize on
plug-and-play innovation wherever and whenever appropriate
Quality-focused»ZXgXYc\f][\c`m\iè^k_\gfn\ihlXc`kpe\Z\jjXip»]i\\f]jX^j#jg`b\j#[`jkliYXeZ\j
Xe[èk\iilgk`fej»kfgfn\iflièZi\Xjè^cp[`^`kXc\ZfefdpXe[k_\[XkXZ\ek\ij#Zfdglk\ijXe[
electronics necessary to make it run
Resilient – increasingly resistant to attack and natural disasters as it becomes more decentralized and reinforced
with Smart Grid security protocols
“Green”»jcfnè^k_\X[mXeZ\f]^cfYXcZc`dXk\Z_Xe^\Xe[fĲ\iè^X^\elè\gXk_kfnXi[j`ê`ÈZXek
environmental improvement
Applied across various key constituencies, the benefits of The more efficient their systems, the less utilities
creating a smarter grid are drawn in even sharper relief. need to spend.
The Smart Grid as it applies to utilities. Given our nation’s population growth and the exponential
N_\k_\ik_\pÀi\èm\jkfi$fne\[#Zffg\iXk`m\cpfne\[fi increase in the number of power-hungry digital components in
glYc`Z#lk`c`k`\jXi\[\[`ZXk\[kfgifm`[è^]fik_\glYc`Z^ff[ fli[`^`kXc\Zfefdp#X[[`k`feXcè]iXjkilZkli\dljkY\Yl`ck»
»`%\%#kXbè^ZXi\f]jfZ`\kpÀj\c\Zki`Z`kpe\\[j»Ypfg\iXkè^# JdXikfiefk%8ZZfi[è^kfK_\9iXkkc\>iflg#èm\jkd\ekkfkXcè^
maintaining and building additional electric infrastructure. The approximately $1.5 trillion will be required between 2010 and
costs associated with such tasks can run to billions of dollars 2030 to pay for this infrastructure. The Smart Grid holds the
annually and the challenges associated with them are enormous. potential to be the most affordable alternative to “building out”
YpYl`c[è^c\jj#Xe[jXmè^dfi\\e\i^p%@kn`ccZc\Xicpi\hlì\
=fiXjdXik\iî`[kfY\e\ÈkjfZ`\kp#`kdljki\[lZ\lk`c`k`\jÀ
investments that are not typical for utilities. But the overall
ZXg`kXcXe[&fifg\iXkè^\og\ej\jkf[Xp»fii\[lZ\Zfjkjèk_\
Y\e\Èkjf]jlZ_\Ĳfikjn`ccflkn\`^_k_\Zfjkj#Xjjfd\lk`c`k`\j
future. It is estimated that Smart Grid enhancements will ease
are already discovering.
Zfe^\jk`feXe[èZi\Xj\lk`c`qXk`fef]]lccZXgXZ`kp #j\e[è^,'
kf*''dfi\\c\Zki`Z`kpk_ifl^_\o`jkè^\e\i^pZfii`[fij%
17
SECTION FIVE : CONTINUED
COMPARE AND CONTRAST: A GRID WHERE EVERYTHING IS POSSIBLE
One afternoon in early 2008, the wind stopped blowing in Texas.

8c\X[\ièk_`ji\e\nXYc\\e\i^p#k_\jkXk\\og\i`\eZ\[Xjl[[\e#leXek`Z`gXk\[
Xe[[iXdXk`Z[ifgènè[gfn\i»(*''Dnèaljkk_i\\_flij%8e\d\i^\eZp
demand response program was initiated in which large industrial and commercial POWER SYSTEM FACT
lj\iji\jkfi\[dfjkf]k_\cfjk^\e\iXk`fen`k_èk\edèlk\j#XZkè^XjXYlĲ\i
In the United States, the average
for fluctuations in this intermittent resource. Smart Grid principles in action.
generating station was built in the
The Smart Grid as it applies to consumers. 1960s using even older technology. Today, the
=fidfjkZfejld\ij#\e\i^p_Xjcfe^Y\\eZfej`[\i\[XgXjj`m\gliZ_Xj\% average age of a substation transformer
8]k\iXcc#n_XkZ_f`Z\_Xm\k_\pY\\e^`m\e6K_\kpg`ZXc\c\Zki`ZY`cc`jcXi^\cp is 42, two years more than their
unintelligible to consumers and delivered days after the consumption actually
expected life span.
occurs – giving consumers no visibility into decisions they could be making
regarding their energy consumption.
?fn\m\i#`kgXpjkfcffbXk\c\Zki`ZY`ccjZcfj\cp`]]fieffk_\ii\Xjfek_Xek_`j2
they also typically include a hefty “mortgage payment” to pay for the infrastructure
needed to generate and deliver power to consumers.
8jligi`jè^cpjlYjkXek`Xcgfik`fef]pfli\c\Zki`ZY`cc»Y\kn\\e**»,'»`j
Zlii\ekcpXjj`ê\[kf]le[è^fli½è]iXjkilZkli\dfik^X^\#¾fliZlii\ek\c\Zki`Z
infrastructure. This item is non-negotiable because that infrastructure – power
gcXekj#kiXejd`jj`fecè\j#Xe[\m\ipk_è^\cj\k_XkZfee\Zkjk_\d»dljkY\
dXèkXè\[kfb\\gk_\î`[ileeè^Xji\c`XYcpXj`k[f\j%@e]XZk#k_\kiXejd`jj`fe
Xe[[`jki`Ylk`feZ_Xi^\fek_\\c\Zki`ZY`cc`jjg\Z`ÈZXccp]fiè]iXjkilZkli\%
N`k_[\dXe[\jk`dXk\[kf[flYc\Yp)','»Xe[dfi\gfn\igcXekj#kiXejd`jj`fe
cè\j#kiXej]fid\ijXe[jlYjkXk`fejkfY\Yl`ck»k_\Zfjkjf]k_`j½Y`^ìfe¾n`ccXcjf
show up on your bill in one way or another. (The only difference this time is that
^cfYXc[\dXe[]fik_\ìfe#jk\\c#Xe[ZfeZi\k\i\hlì\[kfYl`c[k_`jè]iXjkilZkli\
n`ccdXb\k_\j\Zfddf[`k`\j]Xidfi\Zfjkcp2è]XZk#k_\Zfjkf]dXepiXndXk\i`Xcj
Xe[î`[Zfdgfe\ekj_Xjdfi\k_Xeki`gc\[jèZ\)''-%
smart definition: real-time pricing – K_\j\Xi\\e\i^pgi`Z\jk_XkXi\j\k]fiXjg\Z`ÈZ

time period on an advance or forward basis and which may change according to price changes in the
dXib\k%Gi`Z\jgX`[]fi\e\i^pZfejld\[[liè^k_\j\g\i`f[jXi\kpg`ZXccp\jkXYc`j_\[Xe[befnekf
Zfejld\ijX[XpX_\X[½[Xp$X_\X[gi`Zè^¾ fiXe_fliX_\X[½_fli$X_\X[gi`Zè^¾ èX[mXeZ\f]jlZ_
Zfejldgk`fe#Xccfnè^k_\dkfmXipk_\ì[\dXe[Xe[ljX^\èi\jgfej\kfjlZ_gi`Z\jXe[dXeX^\
k_\ì\e\i^pZfjkjYpj_`]kè^ljX^\kfXcfn\iZfjkg\i`f[#fii\[lZè^Zfejldgk`fefm\iXcc%
18
Now for the good news. The Smart Grid connects consumers to the grid in a way that
`jY\e\ÈZ`XckfYfk_#Y\ZXlj\`kkliejflkk_\i\ÀjXcfkk_XkXm\iX^\Zfejld\ijZXe[f
to help the grid.
Simply by connecting to consumers – by means of the right price signals and

jdXikXggc`XeZ\j#]fi\oXdgc\»XjdXik\iî`[ZXei\[lZ\k_\e\\[]fijfd\f]k_Xk
è]iXjkilZkli\n_`c\b\\gè^\c\Zki`Z`kpi\c`XYc\Xe[XĲfi[XYc\%8jefk\[#[liè^\g`jf[\j
f]g\Xb[\dXe[#jki\jjfek_\î`[k_i\Xk\ej`kji\c`XY`c`kpXe[iX`j\jk_\gifYXY`c`kpf]
widespread blackouts.
By enabling consumers to automatically reduce demand for brief periods through

e\nk\Z_efcf^`\jXe[dfk`mXkè^d\Z_Xe`jdjc`b\i\Xc$k`d\gi`Zè^#k_\î`[i\dXèj
reliable – and consumers are compensated for their help. Efficiency is the way.
Enabling consumer participation also provides tangible results for utilities which are ('f]Xcc^\e\iXk`feXjj\kjXe[
\og\i`\eZè^[`ĳZlckpèj`kèê\nkiXejd`jj`fecè\jXe[gfn\igcXekj%Lck`dXk\cp# ),f][`jki`Ylk`feè]iXjkilZkli\
tapping the collaborative power of millions of consumers to shed load will put are required less than 400 hours
j`ê`ÈZXekYiXb\jfek_\e\\[]fie\nè]iXjkilZkli\XkXepZfjk%@ejk\X[#lk`c`k`\j
g\ip\Xi#ifl^_cp,f]k_\k`d\%
n`cc_Xm\k`d\kfYl`c[dfi\Zfjk$\ĳZ`\eZ`\jèkfk_\ìj`kè^Xe[Yl`c[è^gcXej%
While Smart Grid approaches can’t
Consumers are more willing to be engaged. completely displace the need to

:fejld\ijXi\X[mfZXkè^]fiZ_f`Z\èdXib\kX]k\idXib\k#]ifdk\c\Zfdkf Yl`c[e\nè]iXjkilZkli\#k_\p
entertainment. Already comfortable with the concept of time-differentiated service
n`cc\eXYc\e\n#dfi\g\ij`jk\ek
k_Xebjkfk`d\$[\g\e[\ekZ\ccg_fe\iXk\jXe[Xìcè\]Xi\j#`k]fccfnjk_Xkk_\paljk
forms of demand response that will
d`^_knXekèj`^_kXe[m`j`Y`c`kpèkfk_\\e\i^pZ_f`Z\jk_\pXi\dXbè^#kff%<eXYc\[
succeed in deferring or avoiding
YpJdXik>i`[k\Z_efcf^pXe[[peXd`Zgi`Zè^#Zfejld\ijn`cc_Xm\k_\fggfikle`kpkf
some of it.
see what price they are paying for energy before they buy – a powerful motivator toward
managing their energy costs by reducing electric use during peak periods.
:lii\ekcp#i\Zfê`k`fef]k_\k`d\$[\g\e[\ekZfjkf]\e\i^pmXi`\jYpi\^`fe%@eXi\Xj
n_\i\ZfjkjXi\cfnXe[jg\Z`Xc`q\[iXk\jkfk_`jgfèkefe$\o`jk\ek#k_\i\`jc`kkc\
interest or economic incentive on the part of the consumer to modify usage or even
k_èbXYflk\e\i^p_Xmè^Xe_flicpZfjk%@e:Xc`]fie`X#feX_fkX]k\ieffe#Zfejld\ij
are well aware of the possibility of a blackout driven by peak demand and familiar with
X[aljkè^k_\ì\e\i^pljX^\XZZfi[è^cp%
The rewards of getting involved.
Smart Grid consumer mantra: Ask not what the grid
can do for you. Ask what you can do for the grid – and
prepare to get paid for it.
19
POWER SYSTEM FACT

Given new awareness, understanding, tools and education made possible by a smarter
From 1988-98, U.S. electricity
grid, all consumers will be able to make choices that save money, enhance personal
demand rose by nearly 30 percent,
convenience, improve the environment – or all three.
while the transmission network’s capacity
The message from consumers about the Smart Grid: Keep It Simple. grew by only 15%. Summer peak demand is
I\j\XiZ_è[`ZXk\jk_XkZfejld\ijXi\i\X[pkf\e^X^\n`k_k_\JdXik>i`[Xjcfe^ expected to increase by almost 20%
Xjk_\ìèk\i]XZ\n`k_k_\JdXik>i`[`jj`dgc\#XZZ\jj`Yc\Xe[èefnXpèk\i]\i\j during the next 10 years.

with how they live their lives. Consumers are not interested in sitting around for an
hour a day to change how their house uses energy; what they will do is spend two
_flijg\ip\Xikfj\kk_\ìZfd]fik#gi`Z\Xe[\emìfed\ekXcgi\]\i\eZ\j»\eXYcè^
collaboration with the grid to occur automatically on their behalf and saving money
each time.
8kk_\i\j`[\ek`Xcc\m\c#JdXik>i`[dljkY\j`dgc\#½j\k$`k$Xe[$]fi^\k$`k¾k\Z_efcf^p#
\eXYcè^Zfejld\ijkf\Xj`cpX[aljkk_\ìfne\e\i^plj\%<hl`gg\[n`k_i`Z_#lj\]lc
è]fidXk`fe#Zfejld\ijZXe_\cgdXeX^\cfX[fe$g\XbkfjXm\dfe\pXe[\e\i^p]fi
k_\dj\cm\jXe[#lck`dXk\cp#Xccf]lj%
The Smart Grid as it applies to our environment.

N_`c\k_\eXk`feÀjkiXejgfikXk`fej\Zkfi\d`kj)'f]Xcck_\ZXiYfe[`fo`[\n\
gif[lZ\#k_\^\e\iXk`fef]\c\Zki`Z`kp\d`kj+'»Zc\Xicpgi\j\ekè^Xe\efidflj
challenge for the electric power industry in terms of global climate change. Smart
>i`[[\gcfpd\ek`jXb\pkffcèX[[i\jjè^k_\Z_Xcc\e^\jf]Zc`dXk\Z_Xe^\#
lck`dXk\cpXe[j`ê`ÈZXekcpi\[lZè^î\\e_flj\^Xj\jXe[Zi`k\i`XgfcclkXekjjlZ_
XjEFo#JFoXe[gXik`ZlcXk\j%
=fik_\îfnèêldY\if]\emìfed\ekXccp$XnXi\Zfejld\ij#XjdXik\iî`[ÈeXccp
provides a “window” for them to assess and react to their personal environmental
`dgXZkj%8ci\X[p#jfd\lk`c`k`\jXi\è]fidè^Zfejld\ijXYflkk_\ìZXiYfe
]ffkgièkXcfe^j`[\k_\ì\e\i^pZfjkj%@ek`d\#k_\JdXik>i`[n`cc\eXYc\Zfejld\ij
to react in near real-time to lessen their impacts.
smart definition: criteria pollutants - Criteria pollutants are six common

XìgfcclkXekjk_Xkk_\jZ`\ek`ÈZZfddle`kp_Xj\jkXYc`j_\[XjY\è^_Xid]lckffli_\Xck_
Xe[n\c]Xi\n_\egi\j\ekXkjg\Z`È\[c\m\cj%K_\pèZcl[\e`kif^\e[`fo`[\EFo #ZXiYfe
dfefo`[\#fqfe\#c\X[#jlc]li[`fo`[\JFo Xe[gXik`ZlcXk\dXkk\i#n_`Z_èZcl[\j[ìk#jffk#
ZXiXe[kilZb\o_Xljk#Z`^Xi\kk\jdfb\#jgiXpgXèk[ifgc\kj#Xe[kfo`ZZ_\d`ZXcZfdgfle[j%
20
For utilities, adoption of the Smart Grid clears the air on several fronts.
Energy efficiency:
Fek_\cfX[j`[\#Zfejld\ijZXgXYc\f]\o\iZ`jè^ljX^\ZfekifcXi\jl[[\ecpXe[
j`dlckXe\fljcpXcjfXYc\kf\o\iZ`j\k_\ì\emìfed\ekXcjk\nXi[j_`g#i\jlckè^è
ki\d\e[fljZfejld\i$j`[\\e\i^p\ĳZ`\eZ`\j%
Avoidance of new construction:

Increased asset optimization made possible by a smarter grid means more reliance
lgfek_\dfjk\ĳZ`\ekgfn\igcXekjXe[c\jji\c`XeZ\lgfek_\c\Xjk\ĳZ`\ek#dfi\
\og\ej`m\$kf$ileg\Xb\igcXekj%Fgk`d`qè^gfn\igcXeklk`c`qXk`feZflc[XcjfXccfn
utilities to defer new generation investments or reduce dependence upon sometimes
mfcXk`c\Xe[\og\ej`m\n_fc\jXc\dXib\kj%Lk`c`k`\jjkXe[kfY\e\Èk]ifdcfn\iZfjkj#
n_`Z_èZi\Xj\gifÈkj%
The ability to effectively manage load with existing transmission and distribution
infrastructure means that – ultimately – utilities would no longer have to build or
could at least defer infrastructure to account for rapidly increasing peak demand.
Integration of renewable energy sources:

>`m\ek_\j`ê`ÈZXekZfeZ\ieji\^Xi[è^Zc`dXk\Z_Xe^\#k_\e\\[]fi[`jki`Ylk\[
jfcXiXe[nè[gfn\i`jZi`k`ZXc%8ZZfi[è^kfk_\<lifg\XeNè[<e\i^p8jjfZ`Xk`fe#
èk\îXkè^nè[fijfcXigfn\ièkfk_\î`[XkjZXc\»Xkc\m\cj_`^_\ik_Xe)'»
will require advanced energy management techniques and approaches at the grid
operator level. The Smart Grid’s ability to dynamically manage all sources of power
on the grid means that more distributed generation can be integrated within it.
21
Preparation for the future:

A smarter grid is also a necessity for plugging in the next generation of
Xlkfdfk`m\m\_`Zc\j»èZcl[è^gcl^$è_pYi`[\c\Zki`Zm\_`Zc\jG?<Mj »
to provide services supporting grid operation. Such ancillary services hold
the potential for storing power and selling it back to the grid when the
grid requires it.
<eXYc\[Ype\nk\Z_efcf^`\j#gcl^$è_pYi`[m\_`Zc\j»Zlii\ekcp
scheduled for showroom floors by 2010 – may dramatically reduce our
To get a greener grid, you need
eXk`feÀj]fi\`êf`cY`cc%8ZZfi[è^kfk_\GXZ`ÈZEfik_n\jkEXk`feXc
a Smart Grid.
CXYfiXkfip#\o`jkè^L%J%gfn\igcXekjZflc[d\\kk_\\c\Zki`Z`kpe\\[j
f].*f]k_\eXk`feÀjc`^_km\_`Zc\j`%\%#ZXijXe[jdXcckilZbj `]k_\ Solar and wind power are necessary
vehicles were replaced by plug-ins that recharged at night. Such a shift and desirable components of a cleaner
nflc[i\[lZ\f`cZfejldgk`feYp-%)d`cc`feYXii\cjg\i[Xp#\c`dèXkè^
energy future. To make the grid run
,)f]Zlii\ek`dgfikj%
Zc\Xe\i#`kn`cckXb\Xî`[ZXgXYc\f]
However, there is a lot more to realizing this potential than simply dealing with the variable nature of
plugging in.
these renewable resources.
Without an integrated communications infrastructure and corresponding

gi`Z\j`êXcj#_Xe[cè^k_\èZi\Xj\[cfX[f]gcl^$è_pYi`[jXe[\c\Zki`Z
m\_`Zc\jnflc[Y\\oZ\\[è^cp[`ĳZlckXe[è\ĳZ`\ek%JdXik:_Xi^\ij#
however – enabled by the Smart Grid – will help manage this new
energy device on already constrained grids and avoid any unintended
consequences on the infrastructure.
smart definition : off peak

8g\i`f[f]i\cXk`m\cpcfnjpjk\d[\dXe[#f]k\efZZliiè^è[X`cp#n\\bcp#Xe[
j\XjfeXcgXkk\iej%F]]$g\Xbg\i`f[j[`]]\i]fi\XZ_è[`m`[lXc\c\Zki`Zlk`c`kp%
22
With a smarter grid at work, a community
“without power” is far from powerless.
What might the longer-term future look like? power from a utility is absent. Combining distributed resources
f]\m\ip[\jZi`gk`fe»iff]kfgGMjfcXi #]l\cZ\ccj#\c\Zki`Z
It is a decade from now.
m\_`Zc\j»k_\Zfddle`kpZXe^\e\iXk\jlĳZ`\ek\c\Zki`Z`kpkf
An unusually destructive storm has isolated a community or b\\gk_\îfZ\ipjkfi\#k_\gfc`Z\[\gXikd\ek#kiXĳZc`^_kj#k_\
i\^`fe%K\ep\XijX^f#k_\nX`k]fik_\Xgg\XiXeZ\f]Xlk`c`kpÀj phone system and the community health center up and running.
“trouble trucks” would begin. The citizens would remain literally

N_`c\`kdXpkXb\Xn\\bkfi\jkfi\k_\cè\j#k_\^\e\iXk`fe
èk_\[Xib#k_\ì]ff[jgf`cè^#k_\ìj\Zli`kpZfdgifd`j\[Xe[
potential resident in the community means that citizens still
their families at risk.
_Xm\jlĳZ`\ekgfn\ikfd\\kk_\ì\jj\ek`Xce\\[j%
@ejk\X[#n`k_]lccJdXik>i`[[\gcfpd\ek#k_`j]lkli\Zfddle`kp
`jefknX`kè^%@ejk\X[#`kÀjXYc\`dd\[`Xk\cpkfkXb\X[mXekX^\ THIS IS POWER
of distributed resources and standards that support a Smart
Grid concept known as “islanding.” Islanding is the ability of
FROM THE PEOPLE.
distributed generation to continue to generate power even when And it is coming.
23
Getting from Point A to Point B – from our
present grid to the Smart Grid – requires
a brief examination of the history and
culture of the industry’s primary custodians;
namely, utilities and regulators.
SECTION SIX:
FIRST THINGS FIRST:

TEASING OUT THE
COMPLEXITIES.
SMART GRID FACT

The American Public Power
Association (APPA) has launched
a task force to develop a framework for

N_\e\c\Zki`Z`kpÀji\^lcXkfipZfdgXZknXjÈijkjkilZbèk_\(0*'j#
a nation with little appetite for monopolies recognized the provision deploying Smart Grid technologies in
f]\c\Zki`Z`kpXjX½eXkliXcdfefgfcp¾j\im`Z\#fe\Y\jkXZZfdgc`j_\[ a public-power environment.
YpXjè^c\\ek`kp#n_\k_\i`knXjèm\jkfi$fne\[#Xdle`Z`gXclk`c`kp
or a co-op.
Le[\ik_\k\idjf]k_\ZfdgXZk#è\oZ_Xe^\]figifm`[è^\c\Zki`Z
j\im`Z\kfXccZfejld\ijn`k_èk_\lk`c`kpÀjj\im`Z\k\ii`kfip#lk`c`k`\j
were provided a return on their investments plus a return on those
investments commensurate with risks they take in ensuring service
and reliability. State regulatory commissions were charged with
determining whether the investments made were prudent and what
a reasonable return on those investments should be.
24
Fm\ik_\\ejlè^[\ZX[\j#dlZ__Xi[nfibnXj[fe\feYfk_ Lek`ci\cXk`m\cpi\Z\ekcp#k_`jjkXklkfipXiiXe^\d\ek_Xji\jlck\[
sides of the compact as much of the grid as we know it was built. in little regulatory action among the states and little reason to
\e^X^\èZfcc\Zk`m\XZk`fefeXeXk`feXcYXj`j#Xck_fl^_k_\p
N`k_èlk`c`k`\j#\ĲfikjkfnXi[k_`jfYa\Zk`m\n\i\kpg`ZXccp
work at common purposes through regional associations.
segmented or “siloed.” This division of labor worked well for
lk`c`k`\j#gifm`[è^\ĳZ`\eZ`\jn`k_èk_\fi^Xe`qXk`fe]fihl`Zb J`d`cXicp#i\^lcXk\[lk`c`k`\j_Xm\kiX[`k`feXccpY\\ei\XZk`m\#
execution and maintenance of system reliability. with no need or incentive to be proactive on a national level.
N\ccXc`ê\[]filk`c`kpfg\iXk`fej#k_\pXi\efke\Z\jjXi`cpn\cc
D\Xen_`c\#i\^lcXkfij]fZljfek_\ìi\jg\Zk`m\jkXk\jXjX
positioned for integrated strategic initiatives like the Smart Grid
dXkk\if]cXn#Xele[\ijkXe[XYc\ZìZldjkXeZ\^`m\ek_Xk\XZ_
although they have collectively and forcefully advocated in the
jkXk\dljkXejn\iÈijkXe[]fi\dfjkkf`kjZ`k`q\ejXe[k_\ì
past on issues such as security and climate change.
le`hl\j\kf]e\\[j#i\jfliZ\jXe[X^\e[Xj%
STATES TAKING ACTION:

30 states have developed and adopted renewable portfolio standards, which require
a pre-determined amount of a state’s energy portfolio (up to 20%) to come exclusively
from renewable sources by as early as 2010.
state amount year rps administrator

Arizona 15% 2025 Arizona Corporation Commission
California 20% 2010 California Energy Commission
Colorado 20% 2020 Colorado Public Utilities Commission
Connecticut 23% 2020 Department of Public Utility Control
District of Columbia 11% 2022 DC Public Service Commission
Delaware 20% 2019 Delaware Energy Office
Hawaii 20% 2020 Hawaii Strategic Industries Division
Iowa 105 MW Iowa Utilities Board
Illinois 25% 2025 Illinois Department of Commerce
Massachusetts 4% 2009 Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources
Maryland 9.5% 2022 Maryland Public Service Commission
Maine 10% 2017 Maine Public Utilities Commission
Minnesota 25% 2025 Minnesota Department of Commerce
Missouri* 11% 2020 Missouri Public Service Commission
Montana 15% 2015 Montana Public Service Commission
New Hampshire 16% 2025 New Hampshire Office of Energy and Planning
New Jersey 22.5% 2021 New Jersey Board of Public Utilities
New Mexico 20% 2020 New Mexico Public Regulation Commission
Nevada 20% 2015 Public Utilities Commission of Nevada
New York 24% 2013 New York Public Service Commission * Four states, Missouri,
North Carolina 12.5% 2021 North Carolina Utilities Commission Utah, Vermont, &
Oregon 25% 2025 Oregon Energy Office Virginia, have set
voluntary goals for
Pennsylvania 18% 2020 Pennsylvania Public Utility Commission
adopting renewable
Rhode Island 15% 2020 Rhode Island Public Utilities Commission energy instead of
Texas 5,880 MW 2015 Public Utility Commission of Texas portfolio standards
Utah* 20% 2025 Utah Department of Environmental Quality with binding targets.
Vermont* 10% 2013 Vermont Department of Public Service
Virginia* 12% 2022 Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals, and Energy
Washington 15% 2020 Washington Secretary of State
Wisconsin 10% 2015 Public Service Commission of Wisconsin 25
SECTION SIX : CONTINUED
FIRST THINGS FIRST: TEASING OUT THE COMPLEXITIES
N`k_îfnè^Zfej\ejljXifle[k_\ZilZ`Xce\\[]fiJdXik>i`[[\gcfpd\ek#
the cultures of these entities are now changing dramatically.
=fik_\ìgXik#i\^lcXkfijXi\XZk`m\cpj_Xiè^`[\XjXe[è]fidXk`fen`k_fk_\i
jkXk\j%8Zkè^n`k_Xe\p\kfnXi[eXk`feXcXî\\d\ek#kn\ekp$eè\jkXk\j
_Xm\Xcjf[\m\cfg\[Xe[X[fgk\[i\e\nXYc\gfik]fc`fjkXe[Xi[j#n_`Z_i\hlì\
Xgi\$[\k\idè\[Xdflekf]XjkXk\Àj\e\i^pgfik]fc`flgkf)' kfZfd\
exclusively from renewable sources by as early as 2010.
I\^lcXkfijfeYfk_k_\jkXk\Xe[]\[\iXcc\m\cXi\jk\ggè^lgk_\ì[`Xcf^%
JkXk\i\^lcXkfiji\gi\j\ek\[Ypk_\EXk`feXc8jjfZ`Xk`fef]I\^lcXkfip
Lk`c`kp:fdd`jj`fejE8IL: Xi\\ogcfiè^fgk`fej]fi\og\[`kè^JdXik
>i`[`dgc\d\ekXk`fen`k_k_\ì]\[\iXcZflek\igXik#k_\=\[\iXc<e\i^p
I\^lcXkfip:fdd`jj`fe=<I: %D\Xen_`c\#;F<`jgifm`[è^c\X[\ij_`gn`k_
k_\gXjjè^èkfcXnf]k_\<e\i^p@e[\g\e[\eZ\Xe[J\Zli`kp8Zkf])''.
<@J8 #n_`Z_Zf[`È\jXi\j\XiZ_#[\m\cfgd\ekXe[[\dfejkiXk`fegifîXd
for Smart Grid technologies.
K_Xebjkfk_\j\Xe[fk_\i\Ĳfikj#dXepi\^lcXkfijXi\dfmè^kfnXi[e\n
regulations designed to incentivize utility investment in the Smart Grid.
8dfe^k_\j\Xi\[peXd`Zgi`Zè^#j\ccè^\e\i^pYXZbkfk_\î`[#Xe[gfc`Z`\j
k_Xk^lXiXek\\lk`c`k`\jZfjki\Zfm\ipXe[&fi]XmfiXYc\[\gi\Z`Xk`fefee\n
Smart Grid investments and legacy systems made obsolete by the switch
to “smart meters” and other Smart Grid investments.
26
8j]filk`c`k`\j#XeèZi\XjèêldY\if]k_\dXi\kXbè^Xdfi\èk\îXk\[
m`\nf]XjdXik\iî`[#gXik`ZlcXicpn_\ek_\i\Xi\Xi\Xjf]fm\icXgk_XkZXe
Y\c\m\iX^\[]fiZfjki\[lZk`fefiY\e\ÈkèZi\Xj\%K_\i\Xi\i\^lcXkfip
`dgc`ZXk`fej_\i\Xjn\cc2`]lk`c`k`\jXi\kfXi^l\]fiZfjki\Zfm\ipgifa\Zk
Ypgifa\ZkiXk_\ik_XeYpjè^c\èk\îXk\[gcXe#jfd\Y\e\ÈZ`XcXjg\Zkj
of deployment of a smarter grid could be lost.
@ek\îXk\[gcXejXi\Y\è^gifgfj\[Xe[Zfej`[\i\[%@e:Xc`]fie`X#jdXik
meters only became economic when the commission considered non-utility
Y\e\Èkj»Y\e\ÈkjkfZfejld\ij]ifdcfn\iY`ccj%
KfXeè[ljkip_`jkfi`ZXccpi\^lcXk\[]figi`fièm\jkd\ek#k_\kiXej]fidXk`fe
to regulation for value delivery promises to stimulate substantial progress
and alignment around the Smart Grid vision and implementation. Keep in
dè[#k_fl^_#k_Xki\^lcXkfijn`ccZfekèl\kfi\hlì\Xj_fnè^k_Xkk_\
value of the investments to consumers – whatever they may be – ultimately
exceeds the costs.
SMART GRID FACT

To advance the modernization
of our nation’s electric grid, DOE has
entered into public/private partnerships
with leading champions of the Smart Grid
which include the GridWise Alliance,
EPRI/Intelligrid, and the Galvin
Electricity Initiative.
27
Open architecture. Internet protocol. Plug
and play. Common technology standards.
Non-proprietary. Interoperability.
Fine concepts all, yet one of the reasons

the electric industry has been slow to take
advantage of common technology standards
– which would speed Smart Grid adoption – is
a lack of agreement on what those standards
should be and who should issue them.
SECTION SEVEN:
HOW THINGS
WORK: CREATING
THE PLATFORM FOR
THE SMART GRID.
The industry is not without its role models in this regard.
Consider the ATM. It is available virtually anywhere. Every

le`k]\Xkli\jXj`d`cXilj\ièk\i]XZ\#le[\ijkXe[XYc\n_\k_\i
fiefkpflbefnk_\cfZXccXe^lX^\%Lj\ij[feÀk^`m\`kXj\Zfe[
k_fl^_k%@kj`dgcpnfibj%P\kk_\]XZkk_Xkk_\8KD\o`jkjXk
all was made possible only by industry-wide agreement on
Xdlck`kl[\f]ZfddfejkXe[Xi[j#]ifdZfddle`ZXk`fekf
security to business rules.
=fikleXk\cp#k_\X^\e[Xjf]lk`c`k`\j#i\^lcXkfijXe[XlkfdXk`fe
vendors are rapidly aligning and movement toward identifying
and adopting Smart Grid standards is gaining velocity.
28
DOE lists five fundamental technologies that will drive the Smart Grid:
@ek\îXk\[Zfddle`ZXk`fej#Zfee\Zkè^Zfdgfe\ekjkffg\eXiZ_`k\Zkli\]fii\Xc$k`d\
è]fidXk`feXe[Zfekifc#Xccfnè^\m\ipgXikf]k_\î`[kfYfk_¿kXcbÀXe[¿c`jk\eÀ
J\ejè^Xe[d\Xjli\d\ekk\Z_efcf^`\j#kfjlggfik]Xjk\iXe[dfi\XZZliXk\i\jgfej\
jlZ_Xji\dfk\dfe`kfiè^#k`d\$f]$lj\gi`Zè^Xe[[\dXe[$j`[\dXeX^\d\ek
8[mXeZ\[Zfdgfe\ekj#kfXggcpk_\cXk\jki\j\XiZ_èjlg\iZfe[lZk`m`kp#jkfiX^\#gfn\i
electronics and diagnostics
8[mXeZ\[Zfekifcd\k_f[j#kfdfe`kfi\jj\ek`XcZfdgfe\ekj#\eXYcèîXg`[[`Xêfj`jXe[
precise solutions appropriate to any event
@dgifm\[èk\i]XZ\jXe[[\Z`j`fejlggfik#kfXdgc`]p_ldXe[\Z`j`fe$dXbè^#kiXej]fidè^î`[
operators and managers quite literally into visionaries when it come to seeing into their systems
killer app
N`cck_\G?<MY\k_\JdXik>i`[Àj½b`cc\iXgg#¾k_\flknXi[\ogi\jj`fe
of the Smart Grid that consumers adopt en masse as they did e-mail?
There are plenty of experts who think so.
K_\EXk`feXc@ejk`klk\f]JkXe[Xi[jXe[K\Z_efcf^pE@JK # The GridWise Architecture Council is an important resource

XeX^\eZpf]k_\L%J%;\gXikd\ekf]:fdd\iZ\#_XjY\\e ]fiE@JK%K_\:fleZ`c#i\gi\j\ekè^Xn`[\XiiXpf]lk`c`kpXe[
charged under EISA (Energy Independence and Security k\Z_efcf^pjkXb\_fc[\ijXe[le[\ini`kk\eYp;F<#_XjY\\e
8Zk n`k_`[\ek`]pè^Xe[\mXclXkè^\o`jkè^jkXe[Xi[j# nfibè^Zcfj\cpn`k_E@JKkf[\m\cfgZfddfegièZ`gc\jXe[Xe
d\Xjli\d\ekd\k_f[j#k\Z_efcf^`\j#Xe[fk_\ijlggfik interoperability framework spanning the entire electricity delivery
èj\im`Z\kfJdXik>i`[X[fgk`fe%8[[`k`feXccp#k_\pn`ccY\ Z_Xè%8ci\X[p#k_\nfibf]k_\>i`[N`j\8iZ_`k\Zkli\:fleZ`cXe[
preparing a report to Congress recommending areas where fk_\ifi^Xe`qXk`fejjlZ_Xj8EJ@8d\i`ZXeEXk`feXcJkXe[Xi[j
standards need to be developed. @ejk`klk\ #@<<<@ejk`klk\f]<c\Zki`ZXcXe[<c\Zkife`Zj<e^è\\ij
and the ZigBee Alliance have enabled a smarter grid to readily
accept innovation across a wide spectrum of applications.
29
SECTION SEVEN : CONTINUED
HOW THINGS WORK: CREATING THE PLATFORM FOR THE SMART GRID.
Integration in practice.
FeNXj_è^kfeÀjFcpdg`ZG\eèjlcX#X;F<[\dfejkiXk`fegifa\Zkj\kè Steps toward a common “language.”
motion a sophisticated system that responded to simple instructions set

K_\è[\g\e[\ek#efe$gifÈk<c\Zki`Z
ègcXZ\YpXZfejld\iè_`jfi_\igi\]\i\eZ\gifÈc\%D\Xen_`c\#èk_\
Gfn\iI\j\XiZ_@ejk`klk\<GI@ `j
YXZbîfle[#\e\i^pnXjdXeX^\[fek_\Zfejld\iÀjY\_Xc]kfjXm\dfe\p
and reduce the impact on the grid. also conducting research on key
issues facing the electric power

:fejld\ijjXm\[Xggifo`dXk\cp('fek_\ìY`ccj%Dfi\j`ê`ÈZXekcp#g\Xb
industry and working towards the
cfX[nXji\[lZ\[Yp(,#Yiè^è^k_\ZfejkiXè\[i\^`feXcî`[Xefk_\i
development of open standards for
*$,p\Xijf]g\XbcfX[îfnk_Xe[\eXYcè^k_\èjkXccXk`fef]Zc\Xe\i#
dfi\\ĳZ`\ekk\Z_efcf^`\j]fijlggcp% the Smart Grid. The International
<c\ZkifK\Z_e`ZXc:fdd`jj`fe@<:
8Zifjjk_\eXk`fe#ZfdgXe`\jXi\[\m\cfgèê\nJdXik>i`[k\Z_efcf^`\j
i\Z\ekcpglYc`j_\[<GI@Àj@ek\cc`>i`[
for utility-scale deployments that are progressively raising the bar on what
D\k_f[fcf^p]fi;\m\cfgè^
is possible and practical.
I\hlì\d\ekj]fi<e\i^pJpjk\dj
XjXglYc`ZcpXmX`cXYc\jg\Z`ÈZXk`fe%
30
Another look at the future: PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles)
8jjldè^Zljkfd\iXZZ\gkXeZ\i\^Xi[è^gi`Z\#g\i]fidXeZ\Xe[cfe^\m`kp#k_\j\
vehicles offer consumers the opportunity to shift use of oil and gasoline to electricity
»Xe[kfgfn\iXZXi]fik_\\hl`mXc\ekf]%0'g\i^Xccfe%8jè\ĳZ`\ekXjk_\î`[
`jkf[Xp#`k`jZc\Xe\ifeYXcXeZ\k_Xef`cXe[^Xjfcè\% :fejld\ij^\k]Xidfi\
XĲfi[XYc\kiXejgfikXk`fe%I\cpè^dfi\fe\c\Zki`Z`kp]fikiXejgfikXk`feXe[c\jj
on fossil fuels increases our energy independence as well as our environmental
gifjg\Zkj%G?<MjkXb\X[mXekX^\f]cfn\iZfjkXe[fĲ$g\XbZXgXZ`kpXe[ZXegifm`[\
grid support during the peak periods.
advancements also in development…
Zero-net energy commercial buildings:

N_\k_\id\Xjli\[YpZfjk#\e\i^p#fiZXiYfe\d`jj`fej#jkilZkli\j\hl`gg\[n`k_JdXik
Grid technologies capable of balancing energy generation and energy conservation.
Superconducting power cables:

Capable of reducing line losses and carrying 3-5 times more power in a smaller
right of way than traditional copper-based cable.
Energy storage:
N_`c\\c\Zki`Z`kpZXeefkY\\Zfefd`ZXccpjkfi\[#\e\i^pZXeY\»n`k_k_\Xggc`ZXk`fe
f]JdXik>i`[k\Z_efcf^`\j%K_\idXcjkfiX^\#jfd\k`d\jZXcc\[_pYi`[XìZfe[`k`feè^#
holds promising potential for positively affecting peak load today. Also of note is the
e\Xi$k\idgfk\ek`Xcf]c`k_`ld$`feYXkk\i`\j]fiG?<MXggc`ZXk`fej%
Advanced sensors:
Dfe`kfiè^Xe[i\gfikè^cè\Zfe[`k`fejèi\Xck`d\#X[mXeZ\[j\ejfij\eXYc\dfi\
power to flow over existing lines.
31
The Department of Energy is actively
engaged in supporting a wide variety of
Smart Grid projects. The role of DOE is to
act as an objective facilitator, allowing the
best ideas to prove themselves. Smart Grid
efforts are well underway on several key
fronts, from forward-thinking utilities to
the 50th state.
SECTION EIGHT:
PROGRESS NOW!:
A LOOK AT CURRENT
SMART GRID EFFORTS
AND HOW THEY’RE
SUCCEEDING.
SMART GRID FACT

States such as Texas, California,
Ohio, New Jersey, Illinois, New York
and others are already actively exploring
ways to increase the use of tools and
technologies toward the realization
of a smarter grid.
32
Distribution Management System (DMS) Platform by the University of Hawaii
K_\èk\îXk\[\e\i^pdXeX^\d\ekgcXk]fidn`ccY\[\m\cfg\[#]\Xkliè^X[mXeZ\[]leZk`fej]fi
home energy management by consumers and for improved distribution system operations by utilities.
K_`jgcXk]fidn`ccèk\îXk\8D@XjX_fd\gfikXc]fi[\dXe[i\jgfej\2_fd\XlkfdXk`fe]fi\e\i^p
Zfej\imXk`fe2fgk`dXc[`jgXkZ_f][`jki`Ylk\[^\e\iXk`fe#jkfiX^\#Xe[cfX[jèk_\[`jki`Ylk`fe
jpjk\d#Xe[ZfekifcjkfdXb\k_\[`jki`Ylk`fejpjk\dX[`jgXkZ_XYc\\ek`kpkfZfccXYfiXk\n`k_fk_\i
entities in the bulk grid.
?fd\\e\i^pdXeX^\d\ekf]k_`jkpg\n`cc\eXYc\Zfejld\ijkfkXb\Zfekifc#XlkfdXkè^\e\i^p
conservation and demand response practices based on their personal preferences.
K_\_fd\XlkfdXk`fen`ccY\YXj\[fek_\JdXikD\k\iXe[\Zf;Xj_YfXi[gif[lZkj]ifd>\e\iXc
<c\Zki`Z%K_\JdXikD\k\in`k_XQ`^9\\e\knfibn`ccZfddle`ZXk\n`k__flj\_fc[Xggc`XeZ\j#Xe[
k_\[Xj_YfXi[n`ccXlkfdXk\Zfekifcjf]k_\ìfg\iXk`fej%@eX[[`k`fe#k_`jgcXk]fidn`ccgifm`[\XeZ`ccXip
j\im`Z\jkfk_\cfZXclk`c`kpjlZ_Xjjgèeèî\j\im\#cfX[$]fccfnèî\^lcXk`fe#Xe[èk\id`kk\eZp
dXeX^\d\ek]finè[Xe[jfcXi\e\i^p%K_`jgcXk]fidn`ccY\[\gcfp\[Xkk_\DXl`CXe`JlYjkXk`fe
èDXl`#?XnX``%
Perfect Power by Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT)

8½G\i]\ZkGfn\i¾jpjk\d`j[\Èe\[Xj18e\c\Zki`Zjpjk\dk_XkZXeefk]X`ckfd\\kk_\\c\Zki`Ze\\[j
f]k_\è[`m`[lXc\e[$lj\i%8G\i]\ZkGfn\ijpjk\d_Xjk_\É\o`Y`c`kpkfjlggcpk_\gfn\ii\hlì\[Yp
various types of end-users and their needs without fail. The functionalities of such a system will be
enabled by the Smart Grid.
K_`jgifa\Zkn`cc[\j`êXG\i]\ZkGfn\igifkfkpg\k_Xkc\m\iX^\jX[mXeZ\[k\Z_efcf^pkfZi\Xk\
microgrids responding to grid conditions and providing increased reliability and demand reduction.
This prototype model will be demonstrated at the IIT campus to showcase its operations to the
industry. The model is designed to be replicable in any municipality-sized system where customers
can participate in electric market opportunities.
33
SECTION EIGHT : CONTINUED
PROGRESS NOW! : A LOOK AT CURRENT SMART GRID EFFORTS AND HOW THEY’RE SUCCEEDING
West Virginia Super Circuit by Allegheny Energy

K_\jlg\iZìZl`kgifa\Zk`j[\j`ê\[kf[\dfejkiXk\XeX[mXeZ\[[`jki`Ylk`feZìZl`k
with improved reliability and security through integration of distributed resources
Xe[X[mXeZ\[dfe`kfiè^#Zfekifc#Xe[gifk\Zk`fek\Z_efcf^`\j%K_`jZìZl`kn`cc
èk\îXk\Y`f[`\j\c^\e\iXk`feXe[\e\i^pjkfiX^\n`k_k_\8D@Xe[Xd\j_$YXj\[
N`$=`Zfddle`ZXk`feje\knfib]fiiXg`[]XlckXek`Z`gXk`feXe[cfZXk`feXe[iXg`[]Xlck
restoration with minimized impact to customers.
:lii\ekcp[liè^XZìZl`k]Xlck#XccZljkfd\ijfek_`jZìZl`kXi\Y\è^XĲ\Zk\[n`k_
power loss or with power quality issues. The super circuit will demonstrate an ability
kf[peXd`ZXccpi\ZfeÈ^li\k_\ZìZl`kkfXccfn`jfcXk`fef]k_\]Xlck\[j\^d\ek#
kiXej]\ileèk\iilgk\[j\im`Z\jkf½le]Xlck\[¾j\^d\ekj#Xe[kXgjligcljZXgXZ`kp
]ifdX[aXZ\ek]\\[\ijkffgk`d`q\Zfejld\ij\im`Z\%
Beach Cities MicroGrid by San Diego Gas & Electric

8j`kjeXd\`dgc`\j#Xd`Zifî`[i\j\dYc\jfliZlii\ekî`[Xck_fl^_feXdlZ_
jdXcc\ijZXc\%@k`jle`hl\è`kjXY`c`kp»[liè^XdXafiî`[[`jkliYXeZ\»kf`jfcXk\
from the utility seamlessly with little or no disruption to the loads within it and
seamlessly reconnect later.
K_\9\XZ_:`k`\jD`Zifî`[Gifa\Zkn`ccY\[\dfejkiXk\[XkXe\o`jkè^jlYjkXk`fe
`[\ek`È\[Xj½9\XZ_:`kpJlYjkXk`fe%¾@k`jèk\e[\[kffĲ\iXYcl\gièkkfXcc[`jki`Ylk`fe
utilities – proving the effectiveness of integrating multiple distributed energy resources
with advanced controls and communications. It seeks to improve reliability and reduce
peak loads on grid components such as distribution feeders and substations.
9fk_lk`c`kp$fne\[Xe[Zljkfd\i$fne\[^\e\iXk`fe#`%\%#g_fkfmfckX`ZGM jpjk\dj
Xe[Y`f[`\j\c$]l\c\[^\e\iXkfij#Xe[\e\i^pjkfiX^\n`ccY\èk\îXk\[Xcfe^n`k_
X[mXeZ\[d\k\iè^è]iXjkilZkli\8D@ èkfk_\i\Xc$nfic[jlYjkXk`fefg\iXk`fej
n`k_Xg\XbcfX[f]Xggifo`dXk\cp,'DN%
Beach Cities will serve as a guide for improved asset use as well as for operating the
entire distribution network in the future. Successfully “building” such capabilities
will enable customer participation in reliability- and price-driven load management
giXZk`Z\j#Yfk_f]n_`Z_Xi\b\pkfk_\i\Xc`qXk`fef]XjdXik\iî`[%
34
High Penetration of Clean Energy Technologies by The City of Fort Collins
K_\Z`kpXe[`kjZ`kp$fne\[=fik:fccèjLk`c`kpjlggfikXn`[\mXi`\kpf]Zc\Xe\e\i^p
è`k`Xk`m\j#èZcl[è^k_\\jkXYc`j_d\ekf]XQ\if<e\i^p;`jki`Zkn`k_èk_\Z`kp
befneXj=fikQ<; %
Fe\jlZ_è`k`Xk`m\j\\bjkfdf[\ie`q\Xe[kiXej]fidk_\\c\Zki`ZXc[`jki`Ylk`fe
system by developing and demonstrating an integrated system of mixed distributed
resources to increase the penetration of renewables – such as solar and wind – while
[\c`m\iè^`dgifm\[\ĳZ`\eZpXe[i\c`XY`c`kp%
These and other distributed resources will be fully integrated into the electrical
[`jki`Ylk`fejpjk\dkfjlggfikXZ_`\m\d\ekf]XQ\if<e\i^p;`jki`Zk%@e]XZk#k_`j
;F<$jlggfik\[gifa\Zkèmfcm\jk_\èk\îXk`fef]Xdòf]e\Xicp*'[`jki`Ylk\[
^\e\iXk`fe#i\e\nXYc\\e\i^p#Xe[[\dXe[i\jgfej\i\jfliZ\jXZifjj,Zljkfd\i
cfZXk`fej]fiXeX^î\^Xk\[ZXgXZ`kpf]dfi\k_Xe*%,D\^XnXkkj%
The resources being integrated include:
photovoltaic (PV)
d`ZifkliYè\jjdXccZfdYljk`fekliYè\jk_Xk
produce between 25 kW and 500 kW of power)
[lXc$]l\cZfdYè\[gfn\iXe[_\Xk:?G jpjk\dj
(utilizing the by-product methane generated from
a water treatment plant operation)
i\Z`gifZXkè^fièk\ieXcZfdYljk`fe \e^è\j
YXZblg^\e\iXkfij
nè[
gcl^$è_pYi`[\c\Zki`Zm\_`Zc\jG?<M èXe
ancillary-services role
]l\cZ\ccj
K_`jgifa\Zkn`cc_\cg[\k\idè\k_\dXo`dld[\î\\f]g\e\kiXk`fef][`jki`Ylk\[
resources based on system performance and economics.
35
When Smart Grid implementation
becomes reality, everyone wins –
and what were once our risks become
our strengths.
SECTION NINE:
EDISON UNBOUND:
WHAT’S YOUR
STAKE IN ALL THIS?
36
LET’S REVISIT THAT LIST:
EFFICIENCY: It is estimated that tens of billions of dollars kfnXi[\e\i^pè[\g\e[\eZ\]ifd]fi\`ê\e\i^pjfliZ\j#
will be saved thanks to demand-response programs that n_`Z_k_\dj\cm\jdXpY\kXi^\kj]fiXkkXZb#flkj`[\f]fli
gifm`[\d\XjliXYc\#g\ij`jk\ekjXmè^jXe[i\hlì\ef protection and control.
human intervention or behavior change. The dramatically
reduced need to build more power plants and transmission ENVIRONMENT/CLIMATE CHANGE::c\Xe#i\e\nXYc\
cè\jn`cc_\cg#kff% jfliZ\jf]\e\i^pc`b\jfcXi#nè[#Xe[^\fk_\idXcZXe\Xj`cp
be integrated into the nation’s grid. We reduce our carbon
RELIABILITY: 8JdXik>i`[k_XkXek`Z`gXk\j#[\k\ZkjXe[ footprint and stake a claim to global environmental leadership.
responds to problems rapidly reduces wide-area blackouts to
“We are being

presented with unprecedented
opportunity and challenge across
our industry. By coming together
around a shared vision of a smarter grid,
we have an equally unprecedented opportunity
and challenge for shaping our industry’s
and our nation’s future.”
STEVEN G HAUSER president,

the gridwise alliance
near zero (and will have a similarly diminishing effect on the NATIONAL ECONOMY: Fg\eè^k_\î`[kfèefmXk`fen`cc
cfjkgif[lZk`m`kp % enable markets to grow unfettered and innovation to flourish.
=fiZfdgXi`jfeÀjjXb\#Zfej`[\ik_\dXib\k$dXbè^\Ĳ\Zk
AFFORDABILITY:<e\i^pgi`Z\jn`cci`j\2_fn\m\i#k_\ of the opening of the telephone industry in the 1980s. With
kiXa\Zkfipf]]lkli\ZfjkèZi\Xj\jn`ccY\]Xidfi\îX[lXc i\m\el\jf]**Y`cc`feXkk_\k`d\#k_\\ejlè^gifc`]\iXk`fe
gfjk$JdXik>i`[%JdXik>i`[k\Z_efcf^`\j#kffcj#Xe[ of consumer-centric products and services transformed it into
techniques will also provide customers with new options for X((.Y`cc`fedXib\kXjf])''-%
managing their own electricity consumption and controlling
their own utility bills. GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS:I\^Xèè^fli\Xicpc\X[èjfcXi
and wind will create an enduring green-collar economy.
SECURITY: The Smart Grid will be more resistant to attack
Xe[eXkliXc[`jXjk\ij%Jf]fik`È\[#`kn`ccXcjfdfm\lj
37
SECTION NINE : CONTINUED
EDISON UNBOUND: WHAT’S YOUR STAKE IN ALL THIS?
TODAY’s GRID. AND TOMORROW’s.
Characteristic Today’s Grid Smart Grid
Enables active participation Consumers are uninformed and Informed, involved, and active
by consumers non-participative with power system consumers - demand response and
distributed energy resources.
Accommodates all generation Dominated by central generation- many Many distributed energy resources
and storage options obstacles exist for distributed energy with plug-and-play convenience focus
resources interconnection on renewables
Enables new products, services Limited wholesale markets, not well Mature, well-integrated wholesale
and markets integrated - limited opportunities for markets, growth of new electricity
consumers markets for consumers
Provides power quality for the Focus on outages - slow response to power Power quality is a priority with a variety
digital economy quality issues of quality/price options - rapid resolution
of issues
Optimizes assets & operates Little integration of operational data with Greatly expanded data acquisition of
efficiently asset management - business process silos grid parameters - focus on prevention,
minimizing impact to consumers
Anticipates and responds to system Responds to prevent further damage- focus Automatically detects and responds
disturbances (self-heals) is on protecting assets following fault to problems - focus on prevention,
minimizing impact to consumer
Operates resiliently against attack Vulnerable to malicious acts of terror and Resilient to attack and natural disasters
and natural disaster natural disasters with rapid restoration capabilities
38
K_\JdXik>i`[Zi\Xk\jmXcl\lgXe[[fnek_\mXcl\Z_Xè#dlZ_c`b\k_\
èk\ie\k_Xj%8jn\Àm\\og\i`\eZ\[n`k_k_\èk\ie\k#XĲfi[XYc\#iXg`[Xe[
le`m\ijXcZfddle`ZXk`feZXe\eXYc\jfg_`jk`ZXk\[kiXejXZk`fej#Zi\Xk\
entirely new business models and sweep across society with surprising speed.
Consider for a moment your iPod, YouTube, internet banking…
Gi`fikfk_\èk\ie\kÀjX[fgk`fe#dXib\kj[`[eÀk_Xm\k_\XY`c`kpkffg\iXk\Xj
Zfjk$\Ĳ\Zk`m\cpXe[gif[lZk`m\cpXjk_\p[fkf[Xp%=\ngi\[`Zk\[k_Xkg\fgc\
would engage as seriously with the internet as they have. And no one could
have predicted the revolutionary advancements it has fostered.
J`d`cXicp#n\_X[ef`[\Xk_Xkk_\èk\ie\knflc[i\mfclk`fe`q\jfdXep
aspects of our lives.
The Smart Grid represents the relatively simple extension of this movement
to power consumption.
K_fdXj<[`jfe#K_\N`qXi[f]D\ecfGXib#nflc[Xggifm\f]k_\\ek\igi`j\
and innovation that drive the Smart Grid. He might even ask what took
ljjfcfe^%E\nk\Z_efcf^`\jXe[glYc`Zgfc`Z`\j#\Zfefd`ZèZ\ek`m\jXe[
regulations are aligning to bring the Smart Grid to full implementation. Its
success is imperative to the economic growth and vitality of America far
into the future.
We hope that The Smart Grid: An Introduction has given you a clearer
understanding of the need for immediate and concerted action in the
kiXej]fidXk`fef]flieXk`feÀj\c\Zki`ZXcî`[%Kfc\Xiedfi\#gc\Xj\m`j`k
the websites listed on the following page.
“If we all did the things we are capable of doing,

we would literally astound ourselves.”
thomas a. edison (1847-1931)
39
RESOURCES
2007 INTERGRAPH ROCKET CITY GEOSPATIAL CONFERENCE:

Presentation:_kkg1&&nnn%[ì\Zk`fejdX^%Zfd&`dX^\j&I:>&DXè&;Xdfe)';fl^_\ikp%ggk),.#*#N_Xk)'`j)'JdXik)'>i`[
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY1_kkg1&&nnn%c[\f%ZfcldY`X%\[l&i\j&g`&+[+&k\jkY\[j&JdXik$>i`[$N_`k\$GXg\i%g[]
EEI :
_kkg1&&nnn%\\`%fi^&è[ljkipV`jjl\j&\c\Zki`Z`kpVgfc`Zp&X[mXeZ\[Vd\k\iè^Vè]iXjkilZkli\%_kd
_kkg1&&nnn%\\`%fi^&dX^Xqè\&\[`kfi`XcVZfek\ek&efeXmVjkfi`\j&)''.$'0$'($JdXik%g[]
_kkg1&&nnn%\\`%fi^&dX^Xqè\&\[`kfi`XcVZfek\ek&efeXmVjkfi`\j&)'',$'($'($JdXik\i%g[]
ENERGY FUTURE COALITION :

Smart Grid Working Group:_kkg1&&nnn%\e\i^p]lkli\ZfXc`k`fe%fi^&gi\m`\n%Z]d6ZXk@;4(*
Reports:_kkg1&&nnn%\e\i^p]lkli\ZfXc`k`fe%fi^&glYj&XggVjdXikVî`[%g[]
_kkg1&&\e\i^p]lkli\ZfXc`k`fe%fi^&glYj&GADjdXikî`[%g[]
ELSTER:
_kkg1&&nnn%\\`%fi^&d\\kè^j&efeXmV)''/$')$'-$aX&>iXpV<cjk\i%g[]
_kkg1&&nnn%\\`%fi^&è[ljkipV`jjl\j&\c\Zki`Z`kpVgfc`Zp&]\[\iXcVc\^`jcXk`fe&[\Z`[è^VfeVjdXikVd\k\ij%g[]
GRIDPOINT1_kkg1&&nnn%\c\Zki`Z`kp[\c`m\ip]fild%fi^&g[]j&>i`[gfèkVJdXik>i`[%g[]
NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION:

Presentation:_kkg1&&nnn%e\dX%fi^&^fm&\e\i^p&jdXikî`[&lgcfX[&Gi\j\ekXk`fe$JdXik$>i`[%g[]
NATIONAL ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES LABORATORY:

Presentation:_kkg1&&nnn%\e\i^\k`Zj%Zfd&jlg\iZfe'.&g[]j&E<KCVJpe\i^`\jVf]Vk_\VJdXik>i`[VXe[VJlg\iZfe[lZ`k`m`kpVGlccèj%g[]
THE PEW CENTER ON GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE:

Workshop Proceedings:_kkg1&&nnn%g\nZc`dXk\%fi^&[fZLgcfX[j&('$,'V8e[\ijfeV()'-'+V()'.(*%g[]
SAN DIEGO SMART GRID STUDY1_kkg1&&nnn%jXe[`\^f%\[l&\g`Z&glYc`ZXk`fej&[fZld\ekj&'-('(.VJ;JdXik>i`[Jkl[p=@E8C%g[]
SMART GRID NEWS: _kkg1&&nnn%jdXikî`[e\nj%Zfd&XikdXe&glYc`j_&è[\o%_kdc
XCEL ENERGY:
Smart Grid City Web site:_kkg1&&nnn%oZ\c\e\i^p%Zfd&OCN<9&:;8&'#*'/'#($($(V(,,*(V+*(+(V+-0*)$*0//+$'V'V'$'#''%_kdc
EPRI INTELLIGRID1_kkg1&&èk\cc`î`[%\gi`%Zfd&
PNNL GRIDWISE: _kkg1&&î`[n`j\%gec%^fm&
SMART GRID TASK FORCE: _kkg1&&nnn%f\%\e\i^p%^fm&jdXikî`[VkXjb]fiZ\%_kd
SMART GRID: _kkg1&&nnn%f\%\e\i^p%^fm&jdXikî`[%_kd
GRIDWISE ALLIANCE: www.gridwise.org
GRID WEEK: www.gridweek.com
SOURCES
Sources for this book include the Department of Energy, the GridWise Alliance, the Galvin Electricity Initiative
and EPRI/Intelligrid.
40
GLOSSARY: COMING TO TERMS WITH THE SMART GRID
AMI:8[mXeZ\[D\k\iè^@e]iXjkilZkli\`jXk\id[\efkè^\c\Zki`Z`kpd\k\ijk_Xkd\Xjli\Xe[i\Zfi[ljX^\[XkXXkXdè`dld#è_flicp
èk\imXcj#Xe[gifm`[\ljX^\[XkXkfYfk_Zfejld\ijXe[\e\i^pZfdgXe`\jXkc\XjkfeZ\[X`cp%
AMR:8lkfdXk\[D\k\iI\X[è^`jXk\id[\efkè^\c\Zki`Z`kpd\k\ijk_XkZfcc\Zk[XkX]fiY`ccè^gligfj\jfecpXe[kiXejd`kk_`j[XkXfe\nXp#
usually from the customer to the distribution utility.
ANCILLARY SERVICES: Services that ensure reliability and support the transmission of electricity from generation sites to customer loads. Such
j\im`Z\jdXpèZcl[\1cfX[i\^lcXk`fe#jgèeèî\j\im\#efe$jgèeèî\j\im\#i\gcXZ\d\eki\j\im\#Xe[mfckX^\jlggfik%
APPLIANCE:8g`\Z\f]\hl`gd\ek#Zfddfecpgfn\i\[Yp\c\Zki`Z`kp#lj\[kfg\i]fidXgXik`ZlcXi\e\i^p$[i`m\e]leZk`fe%<oXdgc\jf]Zfddfe
Xggc`XeZ\jXi\i\]i`^\iXkfij#Zcfk_\jnXj_\ijXe[[`j_nXj_\ij#Zfem\ek`feXciXe^\j&fm\ejXe[d`ZifnXm\fm\ej#_ld`[`È\ijXe[[\_ld`[`È\ij#
kfXjk\ij#iX[`fj#Xe[k\c\m`j`fej%Efk\18ggc`XeZ\jXi\fi[èXi`cpj\c]$ZfekXè\[n`k_i\jg\Zkkfk_\ì]leZk`fe%K_lj#\hl`gd\ekjlZ_XjZ\ekiXc
_\Xkè^Xe[XìZfe[`k`feè^jpjk\djXe[nXk\i_\Xk\ij#n_`Z_Xi\Zfee\Zk\[kf[`jki`Ylk`fejpjk\djè_\i\ekkfk_\ìgligfj\j#Xi\efk
considered appliances.
CAPITAL COST:K_\Zfjkf]È\c[[\m\cfgd\ekXe[gcXekZfejkilZk`feXe[k_\\hl`gd\eki\hlì\[]fiè[ljkipfg\iXk`fej%
CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2):8Zfcfic\jj#f[fic\jj#efe$gf`jfeflj^Xjk_Xk`jXefidXcgXikf]<Xik_ÀjXkdfjg_\i\%:XiYfe[`fo`[\`jXgif[lZkf]
]fjj`c$]l\cZfdYljk`feXjn\ccXjfk_\igifZ\jj\j%@k`jZfej`[\i\[Xî\\e_flj\^XjXj`kkiXgj_\Xkè]iXi\[\e\i^p iX[`Xk\[Ypk_\<Xik_èkf
k_\Xkdfjg_\i\Xe[k_\i\YpZfeki`Ylk\jkfk_\gfk\ek`Xc]fi^cfYXcnXidè^%K_\^cfYXcnXidè^gfk\ek`Xc>NG f]fk_\iî\\e_flj\^Xj\j`j
d\Xjli\[èi\cXk`fekfk_Xkf]ZXiYfe[`fo`[\#n_`Z_Ypèk\ieXk`feXcjZ`\ek`ÈZZfem\ek`fe`jXjj`ê\[XmXcl\f]fe\( %
CLIMATE CHANGE:8k\idlj\[kfi\]\ikfXcc]fidjf]Zc`dXk`ZèZfej`jk\eZp#Ylk\jg\Z`Xccpkfj`ê`ÈZXekZ_Xe^\]ifdfe\gi\mX`cè^Zc`dXk`Z
Zfe[`k`fekfXefk_\i%@ejfd\ZXj\j#½Zc`dXk\Z_Xe^\¾_XjY\\elj\[jpefepdfljcpn`k_k_\k\id½^cfYXcnXidè^¾2jZ`\ek`jkj#_fn\m\i#k\e[kf
lj\k_\k\idèXn`[\ij\ej\èZclj`m\f]eXkliXcZ_Xe^\jèZc`dXk\#èZcl[è^Zc`dXk`ZZffcè^%
CONGESTION:8Zfe[`k`fek_XkfZZlijn_\eèjlĳZ`\ekkiXej]\iZXgXZ`kp`jXmX`cXYc\kf`dgc\d\ekXccf]k_\gi\]\ii\[jZ_\[lc\j]fi\c\Zki`Z`kp
transmission simultaneously.
DSM:K_`j;\dXe[$J`[\DXeX^\d\ekZXk\^fipi\gi\j\ekjk_\Xdflekf]Zfejld\icfX[i\[lZk`feXkk_\k`d\f]jpjk\dg\Xb[l\kflk`c`kp
programs that reduce consumer load during many hours of the year. Examples include utility rebate and shared savings activities for the
èjkXccXk`fef]\e\i^p\ĳZ`\ekXggc`XeZ\j#c`^_kè^Xe[\c\Zki`ZXcdXZ_è\ip#Xe[n\Xk_\i`qXk`fedXk\i`Xcj%@eX[[`k`fe#k_`jZXk\^fipèZcl[\jXcc
fk_\i;\dXe[$J`[\DXeX^\d\ekXZk`m`k`\j#jlZ_Xjk_\idXcjkfiX^\#k`d\$f]$lj\iXk\j#]l\cjlYjk`klk`fe#d\Xjli\d\ekXe[\mXclXk`fe#Xe[Xep
fk_\ilk`c`kp$X[dè`jk\i\[;\dXe[$J`[\DXeX^\d\ekXZk`m`kp[\j`ê\[kfi\[lZ\[\dXe[Xe[&fi\c\Zki`Z`kplj\%
DISTRIBUTED GENERATOR: 8^\e\iXkfik_Xk`jcfZXk\[Zcfj\kfk_\gXik`ZlcXicfX[k_Xk`k`jèk\e[\[kfj\im\%>\e\iXc#Ylkefe$\oZclj`m\#
characteristics of these generators include: an operating strategy that supports the served load; and interconnection to a distribution or sub-
transmission system.
DISTRIBUTION: The delivery of energy to retail customers.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: The portion of the transmission and facilities of an electric system that is dedicated to delivering electric energy
to an end-user.
ELECTRIC GENERATION INDUSTRY: Stationary and mobile generating units that are connected to the electric power grid and can generate
\c\Zki`Z`kp%K_\\c\Zki`Z^\e\iXk`feè[ljkipèZcl[\jk_\½\c\Zki`Zgfn\ij\Zkfi¾lk`c`kp^\e\iXkfijXe[è[\g\e[\ekgfn\igif[lZ\ij Xe[
è[ljki`XcXe[Zfdd\iZ`Xcgfn\i^\e\iXkfij#èZcl[è^ZfdYè\[$_\Xk$Xe[$gfn\igif[lZ\ij#Ylk\oZcl[\jle`kjXkjè^c\$]Xd`cp[n\ccè^j%
ELECTRIC GENERATOR:8]XZ`c`kpk_Xkgif[lZ\jfecp\c\Zki`Z`kp#Zfddfecp\ogi\jj\[èb`cfnXkk_flijbN_ fid\^XnXkk_flijDN_ %<c\Zki`Z
generators include electric utilities and independent power producers.
ELECTRIC POWER: The rate at which electric energy is transferred. Electric power is measured by capacity and is commonly expressed in
d\^XnXkkjDN %
ELECTRIC POWER GRID: A system of synchronized power providers and consumers connected by transmission and distribution lines and operated
Ypfe\fidfi\ZfekifcZ\ek\ij%@ek_\Zfekè\ekXcLe`k\[JkXk\j#k_\\c\Zki`Zgfn\iî`[Zfej`jkjf]k_i\\jpjk\dj1k_\<Xjk\ie@ek\iZfee\Zk#
k_\N\jk\ie@ek\iZfee\Zk#Xe[k_\K\oXj@ek\iZfee\Zk%@e8cXjbXXe[?XnX``#j\m\iXcjpjk\dj\eZfdgXjjXi\XjjdXcc\ik_Xek_\JkXk\\%^%#k_\
èk\iZfee\Zkj\imè^8eZ_fiX^\#=XìYXebj#Xe[k_\B\eX`G\eèjlcX2è[`m`[lXc`jcXe[j %
ELECTRIC SYSTEM RELIABILITY: The degree to which the performance of the elements of the electrical system results in power being delivered
kfZfejld\ijn`k_èXZZ\gk\[jkXe[Xi[jXe[èk_\Xdflek[\jì\[%I\c`XY`c`kp\eZfdgXjj\jknfZfeZ\gkj#X[\hlXZpXe[j\Zli`kp%8[\hlXZp
`dgc`\jk_Xkk_\i\Xi\jlĳZ`\ek^\e\iXk`feXe[kiXejd`jj`fei\jfliZ\jèjkXcc\[Xe[XmX`cXYc\kfd\\kgifa\Zk\[\c\Zki`ZXc[\dXe[gclji\j\im\j
]fiZfekè^\eZ`\j%J\Zli`kp`dgc`\jk_Xkk_\jpjk\dn`cci\dXèèkXZkfg\iXk`feXccp`%\%#n`cc_Xm\jlĳZ`\ekXmX`cXYc\fg\iXkè^ZXgXZ`kp \m\e
X]k\iflkX^\jfifk_\i\hl`gd\ek]X`cli\%K_\[\î\\f]i\c`XY`c`kpdXpY\d\Xjli\[Ypk_\]i\hl\eZp#[liXk`fe#Xe[dXê`kl[\f]X[m\ij\\Ĳ\Zkj
on consumer service.
42 41
GLOSSARY (CONT’D)
ELECTRIC UTILITY:8ep\ek`kpk_Xk^\e\iXk\j#kiXejd`kj#fi[`jki`Ylk\j\c\Zki`Z`kpXe[i\Zfm\ijk_\Zfjkf]`kj^\e\iXk`fe#kiXejd`jj`fefi
[`jki`Ylk`feXjj\kjXe[fg\iXk`fej#\`k_\i[ì\Zkcpfiè[ì\Zkcp#k_ifl^_Zfjk$YXj\[iXk\jj\kYpXj\gXiXk\i\^lcXkfipXlk_fi`kp\%^%#JkXk\GlYc`Z
J\im`Z\:fdd`jj`fe #fi`jfne\[YpX^fm\ied\ekXcle`kfik_\Zfejld\ijk_Xkk_\\ek`kpj\im\j%<oXdgc\jf]k_\j\\ek`k`\jèZcl[\1èm\jkfi$
fne\[\ek`k`\j#glYc`Zgfn\i[`jki`Zkj#glYc`Zlk`c`kp[`jki`Zkj#dle`Z`gXc`k`\j#iliXc\c\Zki`ZZffg\iXk`m\j#Xe[JkXk\Xe[=\[\iXcX^\eZ`\j%
ELECTRICITY CONGESTION:8Zfe[`k`fek_XkfZZlijn_\eèjlĳZ`\ekkiXejd`jj`feZXgXZ`kp`jXmX`cXYc\kf`dgc\d\ekXccf]k_\[\jì\[
transactions simultaneously.
ELECTRICITY DEMAND:K_\iXk\Xkn_`Z_\e\i^p`j[\c`m\i\[kfcfX[jXe[jZ_\[lcè^gfèkjYp^\e\iXk`fe#kiXejd`jj`fe#Xe[[`jki`Ylk`fe
facilities.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY, ELECTRICITY:I\]\ijkfgifîXdjk_XkXi\X`d\[Xki\[lZè^k_\\e\i^plj\[Ypjg\Z`ÈZ\e[$lj\[\m`Z\jXe[jpjk\dj#
kpg`ZXccpn`k_flkXĲ\Zkè^k_\j\im`Z\jgifm`[\[%K_\j\gifîXdji\[lZ\fm\iXcc\c\Zki`Z`kpZfejldgk`fei\gfik\[èd\^XnXkk_flij #f]k\e
without explicit consideration for the timing of program-induced savings. Such savings are generally achieved by substituting technologically
dfi\X[mXeZ\[\hl`gd\ekkfgif[lZ\k_\jXd\c\m\cf]\e[$lj\j\im`Z\j\%^%c`^_kè^#_\Xkè^#dfkfi[i`m\ n`k_c\jj\c\Zki`Z`kp%<oXdgc\j
èZcl[\_`^_$\ĳZ`\eZpXggc`XeZ\j#\ĳZ`\ekc`^_kè^gifîXdj#_`^_$\ĳZ`\eZp_\Xkè^#m\ek`cXkè^Xe[XìZfe[`k`feè^?M8: jpjk\djfiZfekifc
df[`ÈZXk`fej#\ĳZ`\ekYl`c[è^[\j`ê#X[mXeZ\[\c\Zki`Zdfkfi[i`m\j#Xe[_\Xki\Zfm\ipjpjk\dj%
ENERGY SAVINGS:8i\[lZk`feèk_\Xdflekf]\c\Zki`Z`kplj\[Yp\e[lj\ijXjXi\jlckf]gXik`Z`gXk`feè\e\i^p\ĳZ`\eZpgifîXdjXe[cfX[
management programs.
ENERGY SERVICE PROVIDER: An energy entity that provides service to a retail or end-use customer.
FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION (FERC):K_\=\[\iXcX^\eZpn`k_ali`j[`Zk`fefm\ièk\ijkXk\\c\Zki`Z`kpjXc\j#n_fc\jXc\\c\Zki`Z
iXk\j#_p[if\c\Zki`Zc`Z\ejè^#eXkliXc^Xjgi`Zè^#f`cg`g\cè\iXk\j#Xe[^Xjg`g\cè\Z\ik`ÈZXk`fe%=<I:`jXeè[\g\e[\eki\^lcXkfipX^\eZp
n`k_èk_\;\gXikd\ekf]<e\i^pXe[`jk_\jlZZ\jjfikfk_\=\[\iXcGfn\i:fdd`jj`fe%
FUEL CELL:8[\m`Z\ZXgXYc\f]^\e\iXkè^Xe\c\Zki`ZXcZlii\ekYpZfem\ikè^k_\Z_\d`ZXc\e\i^pf]X]l\c\%^%#_p[if^\e [ì\Zkcpèkf\c\Zki`ZXc
\e\i^p%=l\cZ\ccj[`Ĳ\i]ifdZfem\ek`feXc\c\Zki`ZXcZ\ccjèk_Xkk_\XZk`m\dXk\i`XcjjlZ_Xj]l\cXe[fop^\eXi\efkZfekXè\[n`k_èk_\Z\ccYlk
Xi\jlggc`\[]ifdflkj`[\%@k[f\jefkZfekXèXeèk\id\[`Xk\_\XkZpZc\#Xj[fdfjkfk_\i\c\Zki`ZXc^\e\iXk`fek\Z_e`hl\j%
GENERATION: K_\gifZ\jjf]gif[lZè^\c\Zki`Z\e\i^pYpkiXej]fidè^fk_\i]fidjf]\e\i^p2Xcjf#k_\Xdflekf]\c\Zki`Z\e\i^pgif[lZ\[#
expressed in kilowatthours.
GLOBAL WARMING: An increase in the near surface temperature of the Earth. Global warming has occurred in the distant past as the result
f]eXkliXcèÉl\eZ\j#Ylkk_\k\id`jkf[Xpdfjkf]k\elj\[kfi\]\ikfk_\nXidè^jfd\jZ`\ek`jkjgi\[`Zkn`ccfZZliXjXi\jlckf]èZi\Xj\[
anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases.
GREENHOUSE GASES: K_fj\^Xj\j#jlZ_XjnXk\imXgfi#ZXiYfe[`fo`[\#e`kifljfo`[\#d\k_Xe\#_p[if]clfifZXiYfej?=:j #
g\i]clfifZXiYfejG=:j Xe[jlc]li_\oX]clfi`[\#k_XkXi\kiXejgXi\ekkfjfcXij_fik$nXm\ iX[`Xk`feYlkfgXhl\kfcfe^$nXm\è]iXi\[
iX[`Xk`fe#k_ljgi\m\ekè^cfe^$nXm\iX[`Xek\e\i^p]ifdc\Xmè^<Xik_ÀjXkdfjg_\i\%K_\e\k\]]\Zk`jXkiXggè^f]XYjfiY\[iX[`Xk`fe
and a tendency to warm the planet’s surface.
INTERMITTENT ELECTRIC GENERATOR OR INTERMITTENT RESOURCE: An electric generating plant with output controlled by the natural
mXi`XY`c`kpf]k_\\e\i^pi\jfliZ\iXk_\ik_Xe[`jgXkZ_\[YXj\[fejpjk\di\hlì\d\ekj%@ek\id`kk\ekflkglkljlXccpi\jlckj]ifdk_\[ì\Zk#efe$
jkfi\[Zfem\ij`fef]eXkliXccpfZZliiè^\e\i^pÉlo\jjlZ_XjjfcXi\e\i^p#nè[\e\i^p#fik_\\e\i^pf]]i\\$Éfnèî`m\ijk_Xk`j#ile$f]$i`m\i
_p[if\c\Zki`Z`kp %
INTERRUPTIBLE LOAD:K_`j;\dXe[$J`[\DXeX^\d\ekZXk\^fipi\gi\j\ekjk_\Zfejld\icfX[k_Xk#èXZZfi[XeZ\n`k_ZfekiXZklXc
XiiXe^\d\ekj#ZXeY\èk\iilgk\[Xkk_\k`d\f]XeelXcg\XbcfX[Ypk_\XZk`fef]k_\Zfejld\iXkk_\[ì\Zki\hl\jkf]k_\jpjk\dfg\iXkfi%K_`j
kpg\f]ZfekifcljlXccpèmfcm\jcXi^\$mfcld\Zfdd\iZ`XcXe[è[ljki`XcZfejld\ij%@ek\iilgk`Yc\CfX[[f\jefkèZcl[\;ì\ZkCfX[:fekifc%
LINE LOSS:<c\Zki`Z\e\i^pcfjkY\ZXlj\f]k_\kiXejd`jj`fef]\c\Zki`Z`kp%DlZ_f]k_\cfjj`jk_\idXcèeXkli\%
LOAD (ELECTRIC):K_\Xdflekf]\c\Zki`Zgfn\i[\c`m\i\[fii\hlì\[XkXepjg\Z`ÈZgfèkfigfèkjfeXjpjk\d%K_\i\hlì\d\ekfi`^èXk\jXk
the energy-consuming equipment of the consumers.
LOAD CONTROL PROGRAM: A program in which the utility company offers a lower rate in return for having permission to turn off the air
conditioner or water heater for short periods of time by remote control. This control allows the utility to reduce peak demand.
OFF PEAK:G\i`f[f]i\cXk`m\cpcfnjpjk\d[\dXe[%K_\j\g\i`f[jf]k\efZZliè[X`cp#n\\bcp#Xe[j\XjfeXcgXkk\iej2k_\j\fĲ$g\Xbg\i`f[j[`Ĳ\i
for each individual electric utility.
ON PEAK:G\i`f[jf]i\cXk`m\cp_`^_jpjk\d[\dXe[%K_\j\g\i`f[jf]k\efZZliè[X`cp#n\\bcp#Xe[j\XjfeXcgXkk\iej2k_\j\fe$g\Xbg\i`f[j
differ for each individual electric utility.
OUTAGE:K_\g\i`f[[liè^n_`Z_X^\e\iXkè^le`k#kiXejd`jj`fecè\#fifk_\i]XZ`c`kp`jflkf]j\im`Z\%
42
PEAK DEMAND OR PEAK LOAD:K_\dXo`dldcfX[[liè^Xjg\Z`È\[g\i`f[f]k`d\%
PEAKER PLANT OR PEAK LOAD PLANT:8gcXekljlXccp_fljè^fc[#cfn$\ĳZ`\eZpjk\Xdle`kj#^XjkliYè\j#[`\j\cj#figldg\[$jkfiX^\
hydroelectric equipment normally used during the peak-load periods.
PEAKING CAPACITY::XgXZ`kpf]^\e\iXkè^\hl`gd\ekefidXccpi\j\im\[]fifg\iXk`fe[liè^k_\_flijf]_`^_\jk[X`cp#n\\bcp#fij\XjfeXc
loads. Some generating equipment may be operated at certain times as peaking capacity and at other times to serve loads on an around-the-
clock basis.
RATE BASE:K_\mXcl\f]gifg\ikplgfen_`Z_Xlk`c`kp`jg\id`kk\[kf\XieXjg\Z`È\[iXk\f]i\klieXj\jkXYc`j_\[YpXi\^lcXkfipXlk_fi`kp%K_\
rate base generally represents the value of property used by the utility in providing service and may be calculated by any one or a combination
f]k_\]fccfnè^XZZflekè^d\k_f[j1]XìmXcl\#gil[\ekèm\jkd\ek#i\gif[lZk`feZfjk#fifi`^èXcZfjk%;\g\e[è^fen_`Z_d\k_f[`jlj\[#k_\
iXk\YXj\èZcl[\jZXj_#nfibè^ZXg`kXc#dXk\i`XcjXe[jlggc`\j#[\[lZk`fej]fiXZZldlcXk\[gifm`j`fej]fi[\gi\Z`Xk`fe#Zfeki`Ylk`fejèX`[f]
ZfejkilZk`fe#Zljkfd\iX[mXeZ\j]fiZfejkilZk`fe#XZZldlcXk\[[\]\ii\[èZfd\kXo\j#Xe[XZZldlcXk\[[\]\ii\[èm\jkd\ekkXoZi\[`kj%
RATE CASE:8gifZ\\[è^#ljlXccpY\]fi\Xi\^lcXkfipZfdd`jj`fe#èmfcmè^k_\iXk\jkfY\Z_Xi^\[]fiXglYc`Zlk`c`kpj\im`Z\%
RATE FEATURES:Jg\Z`XciXk\jZ_\[lc\jfikXi`ĲjfĲ\i\[kfZljkfd\ijYp\c\Zki`ZXe[&fieXkliXc^Xjlk`c`k`\j%
RATE OF RETURN: The ratio of net operating income earned by a utility is calculated as a percentage of its rate base.
RATE OF RETURN ON RATE BASE:K_\iXk`ff]e\kfg\iXkè^èZfd\\Xie\[YpXlk`c`kp#ZXcZlcXk\[XjXg\iZ\ekX^\f]`kjiXk\YXj\%
RATE SCHEDULE (ELECTRIC):8jkXk\d\ekf]k_\ÈeXeZ`Xck\idjXe[Zfe[`k`fej^fm\ieè^XZcXjjfiZcXjj\jf]lk`c`kpj\im`Z\jgifm`[\[kfX
customer. Approval of the schedule is given by the appropriate rate-making authority.
RATEMAKING AUTHORITY: 8lk`c`kpZfdd`jj`feÀjc\^XcXlk_fi`kpkfÈo#df[`]p#Xggifm\#fi[`jXggifm\iXk\jXj[\k\idè\[Ypk_\gfn\ij^`m\e
k_\Zfdd`jj`feYpXJkXk\fi=\[\iXcc\^`jcXkli\%
RATES:K_\Xlk_fi`q\[Z_Xi^\jg\ile`kfic\m\cf]Zfejldgk`fe]fiXjg\Z`È\[k`d\g\i`f[]fiXepf]k_\ZcXjj\jf]lk`c`kpj\im`Z\jgifm`[\[kfX
customer.
RELIABILITY (ELECTRIC SYSTEM): A measure of the ability of the system to continue operation while some lines or generators are out of service.
I\c`XY`c`kp[\Xcjn`k_k_\g\i]fidXeZ\f]k_\jpjk\dle[\ijki\jj%
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES: Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually inexhaustible in duration
Ylkc`d`k\[èk_\Xdflekf]\e\i^pk_Xk`jXmX`cXYc\g\ile`kf]k`d\%I\e\nXYc\\e\i^pi\jfliZ\jèZcl[\1Y`fdXjj#_p[if#^\fk_\idXc#jfcXi#
nè[#fZ\Xek_\idXc#nXm\XZk`fe#Xe[k`[XcXZk`fe%
SOLAR ENERGY:K_\iX[`Xek\e\i^pf]k_\jle#n_`Z_ZXeY\Zfem\ik\[èkffk_\i]fidjf]\e\i^p#jlZ_Xj_\Xkfi\c\Zki`Z`kp%
TARIFF: A published volume of rate schedules and general terms and conditions under which a product or service will be supplied.
THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE:K_\jkfiX^\f]_\Xk\e\i^p[liè^lk`c`kpfĲ$g\Xbk`d\jXke`^_k#]filj\[liè^k_\e\ok[Xpn`k_flkèZliiè^
daytime peak electric rates.
THERMAL LIMIT:K_\dXo`dldXdflekf]gfn\iXkiXejd`jj`fecè\ZXeZXiipn`k_flkjlĲ\iè^_\Xk$i\cXk\[[\k\i`fiXk`fef]cè\\hl`gd\ek#
particularly conductors.
TIME-OF-DAY PRICING: A special electric rate feature under which the price per kilowatthour depends on the time of day.
TIME-OF-DAY RATE: The rate charged by an electric utility for service to various classes of customers. The rate reflects the different costs of
providing the service at different times of the day.
TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION LOSS:<c\Zki`Z\e\i^pcfjk[l\kfk_\kiXejd`jj`feXe[[`jki`Ylk`fef]\c\Zki`Z`kp%DlZ_f]k_\cfjj`j
thermal in nature.
TRANSMISSION (ELECTRIC) (VERB): The movement or transfer of electric energy over an interconnected group of lines and associated
equipment between points of supply and points at which it is transformed for delivery to consumers or is delivered to other electric systems.
Transmission is considered to end when the energy is transformed for distribution to the consumer.
UTILITY GENERATION: Generation by electric systems engaged in selling electric energy to the public.
UTILITY-SPONSORED CONSERVATION PROGRAM: 8epgifîXdjgfejfi\[YpXe\c\Zki`ZXe[&fieXkliXc^Xjlk`c`kpkfi\m`\n\hl`gd\ekXe[
ZfejkilZk`fe]\Xkli\jèYl`c[è^jXe[X[m`j\fenXpjkfèZi\Xj\k_\\e\i^p\ĳZ`\eZpf]Yl`c[è^j%8cjfèZcl[\[Xi\lk`c`kp$jgfejfi\[gifîXdj
kf\eZfliX^\k_\lj\f]dfi\\e\i^p$\ĳZ`\ek\hl`gd\ek%@eZcl[\[Xi\gifîXdjkf`dgifm\k_\\e\i^p\ĳZ`\eZpèk_\c`^_kè^jpjk\dfi
Yl`c[è^\hl`gd\ekfik_\k_\idXc\ĳZ`\eZpf]k_\Yl`c[è^j_\cc%
WIND ENERGY:Bè\k`Z\e\i^pgi\j\ekènè[dfk`fek_XkZXeY\Zfem\ik\[kfd\Z_Xe`ZXc\e\i^p]fi[i`mè^gldgj#d`ccj#Xe[\c\Zki`Zgfn\i
generators.
43
www.energy.gov

DEUSA-2013-The Smart Grid An Introduction PDF

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Titolo originale

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

DEUSA-2013-The Smart Grid An Introduction PDF

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Exploring the imperative of revitalizing

America’s electric infrastructure.

How a smarter grid works as an enabling engine

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

IT IS A COLOSSAL TASK. BUT IT IS A TASK

It is to this mission that The Smart Grid: An Introduction is dedicated.

From the Department of Energy

The Smart Grid Introduction is intended primarily to

acquaint non-technical yet interested readers about:

means for our country

ONE Introduction: We Don’t Have Much Time. 2

TWO Edison vs. Graham Bell: The Case for Revitalization. 4

THREE The Grid as It Stands: What’s at Risk? 6

FOUR The Smart Grid: What It Is. What It Isn’t. 10

FIVE Compare and Contrast: A Grid Where Everything is Possible. 16

SIX First Things First: Teasing Out the Complexities.

NINE Edison Unbound: What’s Your Stake in All This? 36

Resources and Glossary 40

WE DON’T HAVE MUCH TIME.

Some might even say history-making.

Fortunately, we have a way forward.

A tale of two timelines

There is a popular comparison that

The story goes like this:

POWER SYSTEM FACT

percent reliable, yet still allows for

power outages and interruptions that cost

Americans at least $150 billion each

year — about $500 for every man,

woman and child.

@eZ\c\YiXkè^k_\Y\^èeè^f]k_\)(jkZ\eklip#k_\EXk`feXc Engineered and operated by dedicated professionals over

hundreds of thousands of high-voltage transmission Stone,

Yl`ckj`eZ\)'''%8jXi\jlck#jpjk\dZfejkiX`ekj Durable Goods

worsen at a time when outages and power quality Healthcare

issues are estimated to cost American business more Office Mech

did you know

only way a utility knows there’s an outage

is when a customer calls to report it.

EFFICIENCY:@]k_\^i`[n\i\aljk,dfi\\ĳZ`\ek#k_\\e\i^p the 1990s than in the first half of the decade.

NATIONAL ECONOMY: The numbers are staggering and speak

billion economic loss to the region.

Compounding the problem is an economy relentlessly grown digital. In

Decrease in Transmission Investment (Dollar Amount In Billions)

GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS: Germany is leading the world in the development

DENMARK’s PROGRESS OVER THE PAST TWO DECADES

Small CHP (Combined Heat & Power)

Centralized System of the mid 1980’s More Decentralized System of Today

THE SMART GRID:

part 1: what it is.

POWER SYSTEM FACT

Just who’s running the grid?

Phasor Measurement Units. <e\i^pI\^lcXkfip:fdd`jj`fe=<I: #Xe

GfglcXicpi\]\ii\[kfXjk_\gfn\ijpjk\dÀj½_\Xck_d\k\i#¾G_Xjfi @e[\g\e[\ekJpjk\dFg\iXkfi@JF fiI\^`feXc

jpjk\d#`eZcl[`e^^\e\iXk`fe#kiXejd`jj`fe#[`jki`Ylk`feXe[Zfejldgk`fe% learned” from their experiences in building

smart definition: distributed generation

The problem with peak.

HOURS of the DAY

Imagine that it is a blisteringly hot summer afternoon. With countless commercial

part 2: what the

The ultimate success of the Smart Grid depends on the effectiveness of

illustrating the opportunities: the smart grid as enabling engine.

Enabling nationwide use of Allowing the seamless integration of

Making large-scale energy Ushering in a new era of

EFFICIENCY:@]k_\^i`[n\i\aljk,dfi\\ĳZ`\ek#k_\\e\i^p the 1990s than in the first half of the decade.

Phasor Measurement Units. <e\i^pI\^lcXkfip:fdd`jj`fe=<I: #Xe

GfglcXicpi\]\ii\[kfXjk_\gfn\ijpjk\dÀj½_\Xck_d\k\i#¾G_Xjfi @e[\g\e[\ekJpjk\dFg\iXkfi@JF fiI\^`feXc

Zfejld\ijX[XpX_\X[½[Xp$X_\X[gi`Zè^¾ fiXe_fliX_\X[½_fli$X_\X[gi`Zè^¾ èX[mXeZ\f]jlZ_

K_\EXk`feXc@ejk`klk\f]JkXe[Xi[jXe[K\Z_efcf^pE@JK # The GridWise Architecture Council is an important resource