Turbomachinery

Centrifugal Compressors
Class 13

1
 Centrifugal Compressor Design

• Geometry
• Rothalpy
• Impeller Design Considerations
– Eye – Inducer
– Slip
• Diffuser Design Considerations
• Volute Design Considerations

2
Centrifugal Compressor Components

3
Centrifugal Compressor Components
Collector scroll and vanes may be
replaced with vaneless diffuser

4
Centrifugal Compressor Components
Centrifugal compressor= impeller+diffuser

Geometrical Definitions

Eye: L.E. of impeller

Impeller: raises energy level of fluid by
increasing radius
Inducer: portion of impeller from eye to
region where flow turns radial
Diffuser: converts K.E. from impeller into
P.E.. Adding vanes reduces
size of diffuser
Scroll or volute: collects flow from diffuser
and delivers to outlet

5
 Centrifugal Compressor Design

• Compressor’s role is to produce high pressure flow

• High pressure is achieved by imparting kinetic energy t
o flow by impeller / rotor.
• Kinetic energy is converted to high pressure in diffuser
/ stator.
• As radius increases, pressure increases
– ½ pressure rise in impeller passage
– ½ pressure rise in diffuser passage
• Diffuser may have vanes, but stator passages must ha
ve increasing area
• Volute cross-section area increases gradually to exit

6
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
• In class we defined "Rothalpy" for rotors:

−
2
C2
UCW2 2
U 2
U
=
I+ U
h =
h+− =h0
r
e
l−=c
on
s
t
a
nt
2g
J 2
gJ2
gJ 2 g
J
• Since across the impeller I1=I2 then the change in swirl velocity U

(
W2
− 2
WU)(2
−U2
) See result shown late
−
hh = 1 2
+2 1

J r is Example 1
2 1
2
gJ 2g

explains why static enthalpy rise is so large for centrifugal compar

ed to single-stage axial compressors
• If no prewhirl Cu1=0


=

W=
h
U
0C
2[
U
2=
gH
f
o
rp
um
p
s
]
7
8
Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

Blade TE shape for opt. performance

• Forward: against rotation
• Radial
• Backward: with rotation 9
 Straight

Back

Forward

10
Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

• Radial T.E.
– Ideal no-slip view
– Increased Cr/Wr for same U do
es not change Cu or work
– T02/T01 unchanged with increa
sed Cr

11
Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

• Backward T.E.
– Increased Cr/Wr for same U dec
reases Cu or work
– T02/T01 decreases with increas
ed Cr
– Stable side of compressor map

12
Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

• Forward T.E.
– Increased Cr/Wr for same U incr
eases Cu or work
– T02/T01 increases with increas
ed Cr
– Unstable side of compressor ma
p

13
 Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

Radial T.E.

14
 Centrifugal Compressor Design: T.E.

Backswept Impellor • Radial: dotted triangle

• Backswept: solid

• Same radial component,

same mass flow

• Relative velocity increased,

absolute decreased

• Increases efficiency, but

reduces work absorbing
capacity [Cw2 lower]

15
Centrifugal
Compressor
Design: T.E.
 Centrifugal Compressor Design: L.E.
• Prewhirl [in the direction of rotation] added from added upstream g
uide vanes
• In high PR compressors, may be necessary to provide prerotation t
o reduce high relative inlet velocity. Also reduces incidence / reduc
es twist  lower bending stresses
• Vane radial design impact on inducer
– Free vortex Cu  1/r: high incidence at low rh/rt designs
– Forced vortex Cu  rn

Wo
Wn

- IGV will allow untwisted impellor inlet

- Untwist will reduce rotor root bending
stresses
17
 Centrifugal Compressor Design: Tip
• Tip Leakage Issues
– Flow from pressure [+] to suction [-] side over tip
– Flow from downstream [+] to upstream [-]

18
 Review: Axial Compressor Slip
• Slip: flow does not leave impeller at metal angle

• Carter's Rule:

m(1 −2)
= n

m& n Constants

– Blade turning & solidity are important

• Viscosity plays small role within low loss incidence range

• T.E. thickness & shape significant

19
 Centrifugal Compressor Slip
• Slip: flow does not leave impeller at metal angle [even for inviscid f
low] – due to less than perfect guidance from blade.
• If absolute flow enters impeller with no swirl, =0.
• If impeller has swirl (wheel speed) , relative to the impeller the flo
w has an angular velocity -  called the relative eddy [from Helmh
oltz theorem].
• Effect of superimposing relative eddy and through flow at exit is on
e basis for concept of slip.

20
Relative eddy Relative eddy with throughflow
Centrifugal
Compressor
Slip
Axial Compressor Slip

22
Axial Compressor Slip

23
 Centrifugal Compressor Slip
• "Slip" (Deviation) Reduces Swirl & Work



=C/
C U
2 U
2i
dea
l

*
2 i
s
t
he
i
de
a
l
r
el
a
t
i
ve
fr
a
m
ee
x
i
tf
l
o
wa
ng
l
e

s=
Vsl
ipv
el
oci
t =u
yW2−W
u
2i

=
Cu
2i−
Cu
2

Vs
W W
C = =
UiU
r

tan
2
*

tan
2

• Slip Factor


=1−
V/U s 2
24
 Centrifugal Compressor Slip
• Several Correlations for Centrifugal Impeller Slip Factor

 =−
c
o1
s/
2*
 −
1

Weisner 1 2
1
0
.
Z7
(1− t
an *
) Z0
.
7


2 2

Stodola
 =−
cos2*
 −
  as Z  
1
Z
(
1 −2t
a n)
*
2
1
Z 
  1
 =−
0.
63 0
−

.
63 
 
Stanitz
1 1
Z
(1−2tan *
2) Z
w
h
er
e =
Z#o
fi
mpe
l
le
rv
an
es
and2=
Cr
2/U2 
N
o
t:2=
e Cr
2/U2
i
sl
i
ke=
Cx/
U f
ora
xi
al
s
A
l
sof
orm
an
yp
ro
bl
ems
1−t
an
1 2
*
2 25
 Centrifugal Compressor Design


• In general, with possible prewhirl Cu10


=
W
C
−
p
T
0
2T
0
1=
U
C
2−
U
U
2C
1
U=
1U
2−
U
C
1
U1

• Introduce work done-input factor 

– In turbines [work done]  < 1, due to boundary layer effects
– In compressors [work input]  > 1, need more power to accoun
t for boundary layer effects

C 02−T01=
pT  U2−U
1CU1

p   −1
03
=1+ c (T
R−)
1
p
01  T01 
26
 Centrifugal Compressor Design


• Impeller Performance Effects:

 a
d=
a
i
d
e
c
t
u
a
l
a
w
l
w
o
r
o
k
t
o
r
k
t
f
l
o
f
u
i
d
l
u
id
(
h
=
0

(
−
3

h
0
3
h
0

−
)
1
i
dl 
e
a

hU
0
1
=
p
/
0

) 2
C
U2

W
c=C
U
u
2 2 n
op
re
wh
i
rlC
u
1=0
=
c
pT
0−
2T0
1
 
p03 T03ideal −1  T03 −1
=  =1+c  −1
p01  T01   T01 

 U2 2 −1
=1+c  
  
 p 01 
cT  27
 Centrifugal Compressor Design

Backward sweep

Splitter impeller vane

Reduce effect of slip by using splitter vane to reduce diffusion

28
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
E
xa
mple1
:Ce
ntr
ifu
galc
omp
res
sor
T
01=2
88K p
01=
1ba
r
D
H−
eye=0
.1
25m D e=
−y
Te 0
.2
50m
m=5
.5k
gs/ N=
16,5
00r
pm

• Calculate inlet blade angle at root and tip

• Calculate Mach number at eye tip
• Assume no whirl at inlet

• Axial velocity can be determined from continuity but

density needs trail and error iteration

29
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
A
1 =r2
−r
 T H
2
=
0.1252
−0.06252

=0.038m2

Assume 1 =p01/RT01 =1105 /(287•288)=1.21kg/m3

m 5.5
C1x =C1= = =119.6mps
1A1 1.21•0.038
2 2
C 119.6
T =T − 1
=288− =280.9K
2•1005
1 01
2cp
/(−1)
p1 T1  p1
=   p1 =92kPa  1 = =1.13kg/m3
p01 T01 RT1

Assume no more iteration is needed

30
 Centrifugal Compressor Design

2rN 2rHN
UT−eye = T
=216m ps UH−eye = =108m ps
60 60
−1 T−eye −1 H−eye
U U
T−eye =tan  =59.560
H−eye =tan  =40.390

 1x 
C  1x 
C

W
T1 = C
1
2
+U2
T1 = 129.962
+2162
=250mps
W
M1−relative = T1
=0.747
RT 1

31
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
• Example #2: Dixon 7.1
– A radial vaned centrifugal impeller is required to provide a sup
ply of pressurized air to a furnace. The specification requires t
hat the fan produce a p0 rise equal to 7.5 cm of water at a vol
umetric flow rate (Q) of 0.2 m3/s.
– The fan impeller is made from [Z=30] thin sheet metal vanes, t
he ratio of the passage width to exit height=2 and r=0.1.
– Assume ad=0.75, m=0.95, slip can be estimated from Stanit
z correlation
– Assume R=287 J/(kg-C), p01=101.3 bar, T01=288K


– Assume

=
p
1/
0
1(
R
T
0
1=
)
15
0
/
(•
2
8
7=
2
9
3
)1
.
1
8
9k
g3
/
m

32
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
1- Determine the impeller vane exit speed
p / p
ad = 0 = 02
UC
2 U2 U2
C 1.98 1.98 Stannitz
= U2 =1− =1− =0.934 21.98
U2 Z 30
p0 =gH=1.21
x 03•9.81•0.075=882.96N/m2
p0 882.96
U2 = = =47.66m/s
 1.189•0.934•0.75
2- Determine the volumetric flow rate
C
Q=AannulusCr =Cr 2
rb=U r 2rb=Ur2rb
U
b 1 b
= = b=r/Z
s 2 2r/Z
Q=U0.12rr/Z
2 Q Z 2 0.2•30
D=2r= = =0.505m
 0.2U  0.2•47.66 33
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
2- Determine the volumetric flow rate cont’d
R
ot
ati
ona
lsp
ee
d

=2/
U D=•
24
7.6
6/0
.5
0 =8
518.7
5ra
d/s
ec
6
0
N=
 • =1
802
re
v/m
i
n

2

3- Power required if mechanical efficiency is 0.95



No swirl m
WQ2
U1
.1
8
9•
0
.
2•
0.
9
34•
4
7
.2
6
6
==2
P = =
5
31
.
1
W
m0
.
95 0
.9
5

4- Determine specific speed

Q1
/
2
Q1/
2
1
88
.7•
50.
21
/2
= 3 = = =
s
(
gH /
4
) ( 
p/) (
0
3
/
4
8
82
.
96/
1.1
8
93
)/
4
0.
593
r
ad
1
/
2
NQ 60 6
0
= 3 =
 = •= =
N
s
(
gH)/
4 s
2
0.
593
2
5
.
26

7
re
v/
m i
n 0
.
84r
ad/
se
34
c
Axial vs. Radial Machines

35
 Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Rotation Effect on Diffuser Pressure Rise

– Rotation reduces boundary layer thickness and limits pr

essure rise in radial portion of impeller

– Johnston & Rothe varied area ratio & rotational speed in 2D

diffuser test

– Rotated Diffuser with flow axis radial

36
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
Example #3: Will work through design of each component separately
Centrifugal Compressor & Diffuser

Given

D1 hub 3.00 in R 53.349 ft.lbf/lbm/R

D1 shroud 6.00 in Cp 0.24 BTU/lbm/R
D2 12.00 in alpha 1 0.00 degrees
D3 diffuser 20.52 in back sweep 30.00 degrees
N 27,500 RPM No. blades 32.00
Flow 3.50 lbm/sec b2 0.350 in.
Pt1 14.70 psia Slip Factor Weisner
Tt1 519.00 Imp Eff 90.00% Poly, T-T
gamma 1.40 Diff Cp 0.40

Find
a) Velocity diagram & flow properties at impeller inlet
b) Velocity diagram & flow properties at impeller exit
c) Velocity diagram & flow properties at diffuser exit
d) Adiabatic total to static efficiency at rotor & diffuser
e) Adiabatic total to total efficiency at rotor & diffuser

Know U2, slip, not p02, T02,  37

 Centrifugal Compressor Design: Sta. 1
  D + DH  Station 1
A1 =  D T2 − D H2  D m1 = T 
4  2
1/ 2 A1 sq in 21.2058
N m  R T01  Dm1 in 4.5000
U 1 =  D m1 F P0 =
720 p 0 1 A1   g  U1 ft/sec 539.9612
FPt 0.2784
G u e ss M 1 a n d c a lc u la te
guess M 0.2929
 +1
  −1 2 2 ( −1) Calc M 0.2930
M 1* = F P0  1 +  M1  error 0.0000
  2   Tt/T 1.0172
C h e c k u n til M 1 = M 1* Pt/P 1.0614
 T 510.2420
 −1 2  −1
T0 / T = 1 +  M1 p 0 / p = (T 0 / T ) P 13.8500
 2  C1 = Cx1 324.3767
S in c e  1 = 0 C 1 = C x 1 = M 1  g R T U1 = Wu1 539.9612
W1 629.9035
WU 1 = U 1 W x1 = C x1 W 1 = W x21 + W U21 Beta 1 59.0050
180
1 = ta n − 1 (W U 1 / W x 1 )
 38
 Centrifugal Compressor Design: Sta. 2
U 2 =  D2N / 720 Station 2

 U2 1439.8966
1 − c o s1/ 2 [  2* ] Slip Factor 0.9177
 = 180 ; W e is n e r  2* = b a c k s w e e p Vs 118.4382
0 .7
Z A2 13.1947
V s = U 2 [1 −  ] A2 =  D 2b2 Poly Exp't 0.3175
Guess Pt2 56.1893
G u e s s p 0 2 th e n c a lc u la te Tt2 794.3942
 −1 delta ho 66.0946
  p o ly Cu2 1149.2347
T 0 2 = 5 1 9 ( p 0 2 / 1 4 .7 )  h 0 = c p (T 02 − T 01 ) Wu2 -290.6620
Wu2i -172.2238
C U 2 = g J  h0 / U 2 WU 2 = CU 2 − U 2 Cr 298.3004
 C 1187.3177
W U 2 id e a l = W U 2 + V s C r 2 = W U 2 id e a l / ta n [  2* ] T 677.0886
180 P2 32.1208
 rho 0.1280
C 22  −1
T2 = T02 − p 2 = p 0 2 (T 2 / T 0 2 ) flow 3.5000
2 gJc p error 0.0000
Pr t-t 3.8224
 2 = p 2 /( R T 2 ) Tr 1.5306
m 2 =  2 A2C r 2 c h e c k w ith m 1 Eta - ad 87.98%

 −1 Pr t-s 2.1851

Pr −1 Eta - ad 47.16%
P r = p 02 / p 01 T r = T02 / T01  ad =
Tr −1 Alpha2 75.4492
180 a2 1275.5646
2 = s in − 1 [ C U 2 / C ] M2 39 0.9308

 Centrifugal Compressor Design: Sta. 2
Impeller Exit Velocity Diagram
350

300 U2
Vs Wu2i
Cu2
250

Cr2
200

2*
150

C2
100 W2

50

0
-50 150 350 550 750 950 1150 1350 1550

W −
W2U−
2 2 2 2
U
−
h
2h=
1
1
+ 1
2
=+
4.
463
5
.5
6
2g
J 2gJ 40
 Centrifugal Compressor Design
• Impeller Performance:

– Efficiency up to 90 to 95% Polytropic

– Small size reduces efficiency

– Thickness, finish affect performance

 
– Clearance .3
 b2
– Multi-stage usually shrouded because axial location (and the
refore, ) difficult to control

41
 Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Basic Parameters

h = height of 2D diffuser
Y = entrance width
L = Length
B = entrance boundary layer blockage
W = inlet velocity
h

• Rotation Number

h 
rT U
R=  = 2
1
o
W
1 WW
2 2
42
Diffuser Design: Sta. 23

43
 Radial Diffuser Performance: Sta. 23
• Pressure coefficient [compressor-type definition]

P−P P− P
C=3 2
f
orl
ows
pe
e=
d 3 2

− 
p
P P 1 2
0
2 2
2C
2
2

• Effectiveness, Diffuser Efficiency


2
C −
2 2
CC 
A
=I =2 = −
p

2 3 2
n
c
om
p
re
s
s
ib
l
y:Cp
i 1
C
pi C2 
A
3

2
r
fi=−

2
f
orc
on
st
antb
:Cpd
i
f 1
r
3
44
 Rotation Reduces Diffuser Pressure Rise

1.00

0.80

0.60
Pressure
Coefficient
0.40
Ideal Cp
0.20 Ro=.000
Ro=.006
Ro=.029
0.00 Ro=.039

-0.20
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25
Area Ratio

45
Diffuser Issues

Jet Flow

Appreciable Stall

No Stall

46
 Radial Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Diffusers for Centrifugal Impellers:

Rotor Exit Flow Often Contains:

High Swirl up to 80

High Velocity M>1 often

Distortion Impeller Separation

Unsteady Flow Rotating Distortion

47
 Radial Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Diffuser reduces velocity & swirl

• Diffuser Configurations:

Vaneless inexpensive, limited effectiveness,

work over wide range of operation,
large, ok for industrial use

Vaned more expensive, better performance,

smaller, sensitive to incidence effects

Pipe most expensive, best performance,

compact, complete angle control

48
Vaneless Diffuser Performance: Sta. 23
• Vaneless Diffuser: removes swirl of fluid by increasing radius

• Continuity: m=Cr 2rb

2Cr2rb 1
Cr = 2 2

rb r
• Inviscid Tangential Momentum, (Friction Important for quantitative
calculations!).
For constant angular momentum:

Cu
r  Cu = r2  Cu2 tan =  constant
 Cr
1 
Cu  tan = tan2
r 2
49
Vaneless Diffuser Performance: Sta. 23
• Swirl angle

Increases - compressible flow

Constant - incompressible flow

Reduced by friction

50
Vaneless Diffuser Performance: Sta. 23
• Flow trace for vaneless, incompressible diff
user
dr rd 
dt = =
Cr Cu
C u dr
d =
Cr r
 r 
 −  2 = tan   ln  
 r2 

• Ex: Radius ratio=2, =77.6: =180 ! In o

ther words, radius will grow by factor of 2.26
as flow revolves 1800 around the diffuser
• Lot's of friction in Vaneless Diffusers
Flow path in vaneless, inco
mpressible diffuser is log sp
iral outward radially and circ
umferentially
51
Vaneless Diffuser Performance: Sta. 23

• Diffuser Flow not Simple

– 1D Inviscid Analysis with Momentum and Continuity Gives Inco

rrect Pressure Rise in Diffuser (Too High)

– Need More Physics for Valid Solution – Friction !

52
Centrifugal Compressor Design: Sta. 23
p 3 = p 2 + C p diff [ p 02 − p 2 ] Diffuser

D2 P3 41.7482
CU 3 = CU 2 assum ing  2 =  3 Cu3 672.0671
D 3 diff

G uess  3 C r 2 = C U 3 / tan[ 3] Guess Al3 77.4467
180 Cr3 149.6501
C3 688.5269
C 32
C3 = C 2
U3 +C 2
r3 T3 = T 02 − T3 754.9461
2 gJc p rho3 0.1493
Area 3 22.5629
 3 = p 3 /( R T3 ) A3 =  D 3 diff b 2 Flow 3.5000
Error 0.0000
check m 3 =  3 C r 3 A3 = m 1
 Po3 49.8952
 −1
p 03 = p 3 (T 02 / T3 ) Pr t-t 3.3942
Eta ad t-t 0.7875
 −1
P r3 − 1

P r3 = p 03 / p 01 T r = T 02 / T 01  ad = Pr t-s 2.8400
Tr − 1 Eta ad t-s 0.6548
53
 Vaned Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Vaned Diffusers

– Vanes added to remove swirl of fluid at a higher rate than do

ne by increasing radius

– Better Performance BUT matching is critical

– Steifel 1972

34% increase in throat area, same vane shape

15% greater rotor flow

54
 Vaned Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Diffuser Performance

Rundstadler & Deane 2D & Conical diffusers

Large Range of:

Area Ratio
Length/Height
Aspect Ratio
Mach No.
Reynolds No.
Blockage

• Effect of increasing diffuser angle: range of steady and transient

flows

• Blockage drives effectiveness! 55

 Vaned Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Diffuser Geometry

• Throat area is critical

• Pipe Diffuser better with M>1

56
 Vaned Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Throat Blockage Drives Effectiveness

57
 Vaned Diffuser Design: Sta. 23
• Throat Blockage Driven by diffusion between blade exit and throat

58
 Volute and Vaneless Diffuser: Sta. 34
• Impeller, Vaneless Diffuser, and Volute

59
 Volute: Sta. 34

Radius
characteristic
of volute
is Rv

Rv is function of angular position,

usually linear from entrance to exit 60
 Volute Design
• Volute Design Considerations

– Effects overall performance

– Tongue aligned at only one Cx/U

– Pressure Loss

– Space requirements

– Flow Uniformity

61
 Volute Design

• Volute designed for uniform flow around circumference at diffus

er exit

• Angular momentum sets swirl velocity

• Volute area set to match uniform flow from diffuser by angular m

omentum and continuity

62
 Volute Design
• Common design practice is to maintain simple conservation of a
ngular momentum along mean streamline in volute [r=rV]

Cref r 1.0 if nodiffusion

=c
1=
ref

Cr
VV 1.0if somediffusion

reference= 2exitof impeller[novanes]

= 3exitof diffuser

63
 Volute Design
• The Best Volute Design is Not Perfect

Stagnation point on tongue creates local high pressure

Curvature stops at end of volute changing radial

pressure gradient

Tongue incidence at off-design 3 creates general

distortion

Vanes or dual volutes used to reduce distortion

64
 Volute Design
3 u3 =(r3 +rvol )Cu−vol
-Constant angular momentum: rC
-Since rv varies,volute flowvaries. At  volute flowis: m= mtotal  /360
-Circular volute area: Avol =rvol
2

-rv canbe found at any by combining continuity &angular momentum.

rC
− Ang. momentum: = 3 u3
r3 +rvol
.  r Cu3
−Continuity: m= 2rb
3 Cr3 =rvol Cu−vol =rvol
2 2 3

360 r3 +rvol
2
b   rvol   r3  Cu3
For incompressible flows : 2 =   
r3 360  r3   r3 +rvol  Cr3
2
b   rvol   rvol 
or 2 cot3 1+  = 
r3 360  r3   r3 
65
 Volute Design
 b 
−1 
 
rvol b  
Solving the quadratic = cot 3 1 + 1 + 2  cot 3 
r3 r3 360   r3 360  
 
1 P Cu Cr
2
Radial static pressure gradient in volute : = − Cr
 r r r
rC
Letting : rV = r3 + rvol Cu−vol = 3 u3
r3 + rvol
From mass conservation (rCr = constant), Volute exit radial velo
city is arbitrary and ca
Crvol = Cr 3 / 2 Cr = Cr 3 / 2 n be changed to optim
ize diffusion.
r = rvol (
CVol = Crvol + Cu−vol
2
)
2 1/ 2

1  pvol − p3   r3Cu3   1  (Cr 3 / 2)

2 2

then   =   −
  rv   r3 + rv   r3 + rv  rv
 r C 2  r   Cr 3 
2 
pvol = p3 +   3 u3   vol  −  
 r3 + rvol   r3 + rvol   2   66
 Volute Design

Theequations for pvol ,po-vol ,rv all apply for all  from0to3600.

Volute Exit : Incompressiblecalculations.

 −1 
rvol b   b   
= cot3 1+ 1+2 cot3  =0.1821
r3 r3 360   r3 360  
 
rC
Cu−vol = 3 u3 =594.21ft /sec
rV
Crvol =Cr3 /2=74.81ft /sec
 2 rvol 2
pvol = p3 +Cu−vol  −CrV  =43.07psia
 rV 

67
 Volute Design
Volute Exit
p 3 , T 3 c o n d itio n s a t e x it o f d iffu s e r
 3 = p 3 /( R T 3 ) "C" 0.0076
rv/r3 0.1311
T 0 3 = T 0 2 , C U 3 , C r 3 fr o m d iffu s e r e x it rv 1.3449
D d iff − e x it rV 11.6049
r3 = Cuv 594.1787
2 Crv 74.8250
b 3 = w id th o f d iffu s e r Cv 598.8716
Pv 42.8861
rv o l / r3  rV o l = rv o l + r3 Pov 48.6634
CU 3
C U − vol = fr o m a n g u la r m o m e n tu m Pr t-s 2.9174
rV o l / r3 Eta t-s 0.6744
C r − v o l = C r 3 / 2 fr o m ???
Pr t-t 3.3104

p = 3
 2 ( rv o l / r3 − 1 ) 
− C r − vol 
2 Eta t-t 0.7685
 C U − vol
g  rv o l / r3  a3 1346.9071
M3 0.4446 68
 Volute Design
Volute Exit Compressible Solution in Volute

"C" 0.0076 P3 41.7482 Cr3 149.6501

rv/r3 0.1311 T3 754.9461 Cu3 672.0671
rho 3 0.1493 r3 10.2600
rv 1.3449
To3 794.3942 rCu3 6895.4079
rV 11.6049 rCu3 6895.4079 b3 0.3500
Cuv 594.1787
Crv 74.8250 rV/r3 rV Cuv Crv delta P
Cv 598.8716 1.0000 10.3 672.0671 74.8250 -0.1804
Pv 42.8861 1.0100 10.4 665.4129 74.8250 -0.0391
1.0200 10.5 658.8893 74.8250 0.0939
Pov 48.6634
1.0300 10.6 652.4923 74.8250 0.2191
1.0400 10.7 646.2183 74.8250 0.3371
Pr t-s 2.9174 1.0500 10.8 640.0639 74.8250 0.4481
Eta t-s 0.6744 1.0600 10.9 634.0255 74.8250 0.5527
1.0700 11.0 628.1000 74.8250 0.6511
1.0800 11.1 622.2843 74.8250 0.7438
Pr t-t 3.3104
1.0900 11.2 616.5753 74.8250 0.8309
Eta t-t 0.7685
1.1000 11.3 610.9700 74.8250 0.9129
1.1100 11.4 605.4658 74.8250 0.9900
a3 1346.9071 1.1200 11.5 600.0599 74.8250 1.0625
M3 0.4446 1.1295 11.6 594.9876 74.8250 1.1277

69
 Volute Design
Volute Radius vs Circumference

Volute Radius -
12.0
11.5

in.
11.0
10.5
10.0
0 90 180 270 360

Circumference - Degrees

Pressure vs Circumference
Volute Mean Flow
Pressure - psia

50
48
Ptv
46
44 Psv
42
40
0 90 180 270 360

Circumference - Degrees 70