Human Behavior &

Crisis Management
DR. RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ
Ph. D Crim, MS Crim, BS Crim
2nd Place, 2008 Licensure Examination for Criminologist
Faculty, CCJE and Graduate School,
Angeles University Foundation
Former Dept. Head, University of the Cordilleras
National Lecturer for Criminologist Licensure Examination
 Coverage of the Review

• Concept of Human
Behavior
• Psychology of Crimes
• Criminal Behavior
• Crisis Management
 Behavior defined.

• refers to the actions or reactions of an object or

organism, usually in relation to the environment.
Behavior can be:

– conscious or unconscious,
– overt or covert, and
– voluntary or involuntary.
 Human Behavior

• A product of learning.
• The way people behave cannot be attributed solely to
inherited physical and mental characteristics although
reflexes are present at birth.
 Different Terminologies
• Attitude- state of mind, behavior, or conduct
regarding some matter.
• Instinct- biological drive; an inborn pattern of
behavior characteristic of a species and
shaped by biological necessities such as
survival and reproduction
• Sensation- power to perceive: the capacity to
receive impressions through the sense organs
 Manifestation of Behavior
• Sensation – feeling of impressive stimulus
▫ visual - sight
▫ olfactory - smell
▫ Tactile/ cutaneous – touch
▫ auditory – hearing
▫ gustatory – taste
• Perception – knowledge of stimulus
• Awareness – psychological activity according to
interpretation and experience of stimulus
 Other terms:
• Tabula Rasa- empty
state
• Babinsky Reflex-
reflexes which are
necessary for his
survival. Some of this
reflexes are: sucking,
swallowing, yawning,
smelling, crying,
grasping.
 ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR

1. Intellectual Aspect – aspects of behavior pertains

to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving, problem,
processing info and coping with the environment.
2. Emotional Aspect – pertains to our feelings,
moods, temper, and strong motivational force.
3. Social Aspect – how we interact or relate with
other people.
4. Moral Aspect – refers to our conscience and
concept on what is good or bad.
6. Psychosexual Aspect – pertains to our
being a man or a woman and the expression
of love.
7.Political Aspect – pertains to our ideology
towards society/government.
8.Value/Attitude – pertains to our interest
towards something, our likes and dislikes.
 Levels of Behavior

• The Vegetative - responsible for nurturing and

reproduction, mostly found in plants; in human beings,
for food and reproduction.
• The Animal - movement and sensation, mostly the
use of the senses and sex drives.
• The Rational/Psyche/Human - values and morals,
reasons and the will (purpose and freedom).
 Psychology vs. Psychiatry
Psychology Psychiatry
study of human mind: field of medicine:
the scientific study of the a medical specialty concerned
human mind and mental with the diagnosis and
states, and of human and treatment of disorders that have
animal behavior primarily mental or behavioral
symptoms and with the care of
people having such disorders
 Determinants of Behavior

• Heredity/Biological Factors
(nature) - are those that explained
by heredity, the characteristics of a
person acquired from birth
transferred from one generation to
another. It explains that certain
emotional aggression, our
intelligence, ability and potentials
and our physical appearance are
inherited.
• Atavism, Eugenics,
Physiogamy, Phrenology
Determinants of Behavior
Environmental Factors (nurture) – refers to anything
around the person that influences his actions. Some
environmental factors are:
▫ The family background is a basic consideration
because it is in the family whereby an individual first
experiences how to relate and interact with another.
▫ The influences of childhood trauma, the
development processes are being blocked
sometimes by parental deprivation as a consequence
of parents or luck of adequate maturing at home
because of parental rejection, overprotection,
restrictiveness, over permissiveness, and faulty
discipline.
 Pathogenic Family Structure
1. Inadequate Family – characterized by the inability to cope
with the ordinary problems of family living and lacks the
resources, physical/psychological demands of family
satisfaction.
2. Anti-social Family – Unacceptable values as a result of the
influence of parents to their children.
3. Discordant/Disturbed Family – characterized by non-
satisfaction of one or both parent from the relationship that
may express feeling of frustration.
4. Disrupted Family – characterized by incompleteness
whether as a result of death, divorce, separation or some
other circumstances.
 Psychology of Human
Adjustment
• Adjustment is the satisfaction of a need.
• Three Elements in the Adjustment
Process
– A need which arouses.
– Purposive behavior, leading toward.
– A goal which satisfies the needs.
 FRUSTRATION
• Frustration refers to the
unpleasant feelings that results
from the blocking of motive
satisfaction. It is a form of stress,
which results in tension. It is the
feeling that is experienced when
something interferes with our
hopes, wishes, plans and
expectations.
Reaction to Frustration
• Coping Mechanism.
– by fighting the problem in a
constructive and direct way by breaking
the obstacles barring him from his goal,
or by getting angry and become
aggressive; and/or
– by running away (flight) from the
problem, by sulking, retreating,
becoming indifferent, and by giving up
without a fight.
Frustration- Tolerance

• Individuals also differ in their capacity

to tolerate unadjusted states, or
frustration tolerance. Some people are
able to withstand prolonged periods of
tension without showing signs of
abnormality. Others become neurotic
or psychotic, or convert their
frustrations into physical illness, while
some act out their frustrations by
committing anti-social acts or becoming
alcoholics or drug addicts.
 Conflict
• Double Approach Conflict – a person is motivated to engage in two
desirable activities that can not be pursued simultaneously.
• Double Avoidance Conflict - a person faces two undesirable situations in
which the avoidance of one is the exposure to the other resulting to an intense
emotion.
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict – a person faces a situation having both a
desirable and undesirable feature. It is sometimes called “dilemma”, because
some negative and some positive features must be accepted regardless of
which course of action is chosen.
• Multiple Approach- Avoidance Conflict – a situation in which a choice must
be made between two or more alternatives each of which has both positive
and negative features. It is the most difficult to resolve because the features of
each portion are often difficult to compare.
 Personality

• Personality, deeply
ingrained and relatively
enduring patterns of
thought, feeling, and
behavior. Personality
usually refers to that which
is unique about a person,
the characteristics that
distinguish him or her from
other people.
 Psychoanalysis
• The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include the following:
▫ Human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely
determined by irrational drives;
▫ Those drives are largely unconscious;
▫ Attempts to bring those drives into awareness
meet psychological resistance in the form of defense
mechanisms;
▫ Beside the inherited constitution of personality, one's
development is determined by events in early childhood;
▫ Conflicts between conscious view of reality and unconscious
(repressed) material can result in mental disturbances such as
neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety, depression etc.;
 Psychosexual Stages of Development
Stage Age Characteristics
Oral Stage Birth to 1 year The mouth is vital for eating, and the infant derives
pleasure from oral stimulation through gratifying
activities such as tasting and sucking. If this need is
not met, the child may develop an oral fixation later
in life, examples of which include thumb-sucking,
smoking, fingernail biting and overeating.

Anal Stage 1 to 3 years Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido
was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
Toilet training is a primary issue with children and
parents. Too much pressure can result in an
excessive need for order or cleanliness later in life,
while too little pressure from parents can lead to
messy or destructive behavior later in life.
 Psychoanalytic
Divisions of the Mind
• Id—instinctual drives present at birth
– does not distinguish between reality and fantasy
– operates according to the pleasure principle
• Ego—develops out of the id in infancy
– understands reality and logic
– mediator between id and superego
• Superego
– internalization of society’s & parental moral standards
– One’s conscience; focuses on what the person “should” do
– Develops around ages 5-6.
– Partially unconscious
– Can be harshly punitive using feelings of guilt
 Freud’s Concept of the “Id”
• The part of personality that consists of
unconscious energy from basic
aggressive and sexual drives
• Operates on the “pleasure principle” - the
id demands immediate gratification
• Is present from birth
 Id: The Pleasure Principle
• Pleasure principle—drive toward
immediate gratification, most
fundamental human motive
• Sources of energy
– Eros—life instinct, perpetuates life
• Libido—sexual energy or motivation

– Thanatos—death instinct, aggression, self-

destructive actions
 Superego

• The Shoulds & Should Nots of Society

• Your Conscience
• Moralistic, judgmental, Perfectionist dimension of
personality
 Freud’s Concept of the “Ego”
• The part of personality that mediates
the demands of the id without going
against the restraints of the superego
• Rational, organized, logical, mediator to
demands of reality
• Reality principle—ability to postpone
gratification in accordance with demands of
reality
• Can repress desires that cannot be met in
an acceptable manner
The Personality

Id: “I want”
Superego: “I should”
Ego: “I will”
 Psychoanalytic Approach
Rational, Information
planful, in your
mediating Conscious
Conscious immediate
dimension Ego
Ego awareness
of personality
Superego
Superego Preconscious Information
which can
Moralistic, easily be
judgmental, made
Unconscious conscious
perfectionist
dimension of
personality Id Thoughts,
feelings,
urges, and other
Irrational, information
illogical, that is difficult
impulsive to bring to
dimension of conscious
personality awareness
Defense Mechanisms

Unconscious Self-Deceptions
 Defense Mechanisms

• Unconscious mental processes

employed by the ego to reduce
anxiety by unconsciously
distorting reality.
 Repression

• Puts anxiety-producing thoughts,

feelings, and memories into the
unconscious mind
• Unconscious forgetting
• The basis for all other defense
mechanisms
 Denial

• Rejecting the truth of a painful

reality.
 Regression

• Going back to a safer, simpler way

of being.
• Assuming childlike behaviors
when facing stress or trauma
 Reaction Formation
• Replacing an unacceptable
wish with its opposite
• Behaving in ways that are
exactly opposite of how we
truly feel.
 Projection

• Attributing something that we don’t

like about ourselves to someone
else.
 Displacement
• Shifts an unacceptable impulse
toward a more acceptable or less
threatening object or person
• “Taking out” an emotion on a safe
or more accessible target than the
actual source of the emotion.
 Rationalization
• Displaces real, anxiety-provoking
explanations with more comforting
justifications for one’s actions
• Reasoning away or making
excuses to reduce anxiety-
producing thoughts
 Sublimation
• Substitute an undesirable
emotion or drive with a socially
acceptable one.
 Undoing

• Unconsciously neutralizing an anxiety causing action

by doing a second action that undoes the first.
 Freud’s
Psychosexual
Stages
 Psychosexual Stages
• In Freudian theory, the childhood stages of
development during which the id’s pleasure
seeking energies are focused on different
parts of the body
• The stages include: oral, anal, phallic,
latency, and genital
• A person can become “fixated” or stuck at a
stage and as an adult attempt to achieve
pleasure as in ways that are equivalent to
how it was achieved in these stages
 Oral Stage (birth – 18 mo.)

• Mouth is associated with sexual

pleasure
• Pleasure comes from chewing, biting,
and sucking.
• Weaning a child can lead to fixation if
not handled correctly
• Fixation can lead to oral activities
in adulthood
Freud’s Stages of
Development
 Anal Stage (1 – 3 years)

• Gratification comes from bowel

and bladders functions.
• Toilet training can lead to fixation
if not handled correctly
• Fixation can lead to anal retentive
or expulsive behaviors in
adulthood
Freud’s Stages of
Development
 Phallic Stage (3 – 6 years)
• Focus of pleasure shifts to the genitals
• Sexual attraction for opposite sex parent
• Boys cope with incestuous feelings
toward their mother and rival feelings
toward their dad (Oedipus Complex).
For girls it is called the Electra Complex.
•Child identifies with and
tries to mimic the same sex
parent to learn gender
identity.
 Oedipus Complex
• Boys feel hostility and jealousy towards their
fathers but knows their father is more powerful.
This leads to…
• Castration Anxiety results in boys who feel
their father will punish them by castrating them.
• Resolve this through Identification – imitating
and internalizing one’s father’s values, attitudes
and mannerisms. (Formation of gender identity
& superego)
• The fact that only the father can have sexual
relations with the mother becomes internalized
in the boy as taboo against incest in the boy’s
superego.
 Electra Complex
• Girls also have incestuous feelings for
their dad and compete with their mother.
• Penis Envy – Little girl suffer from
deprivation and loss and blames her
mother for “sending her into the world
insufficiently equipped” causing her to
resent her mother
• In an attempt to take her mother’s place
she eventually indentifies with her mother
• Fixation can lead to excessive masculinity
in males and the need for attention or
domination in females
Freud’s Stages of
Development
 Latency Stage (5 – puberty)
• Sexuality is repressed (Latent means
“hidden”) due to intense anxiety caused
by Oedipus complex
• Children participate in hobbies, school,
and same-sex friendships that
strengthen their sexual identity
Freud’s Stages of
Development
 Genital Stage (puberty on)
• Incestuous sexual feelings re-emerge
but being prohibited by the superego
are redirected toward others who
resemble the person’s opposite
sex parent.
• Healthy adults find pleasure in love
and work, fixated adults have their
energy tied up in earlier stages
Freud’s Stages of
Development
Phallic 3 to 6Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id's
Stage years energy is on the genitals. According to Freud, boy's
experience an Oedipal Complex and girl's experience
and Electra Complex, or an attraction to the opposite
sex parent. To cope with this conflict, children adopt
the values and characteristics of the same-sex parent,
thus forming the superego.

Latent 6 to 11During this stage, the superego continues to develop while

Stage years the id's energies are suppressed. Children develop social
skills, values and relationships with peers and adults
outside of the family.
Genital 11 to 18The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active
Stage years once again. During this stage, people develop a strong
interest in the opposite. If development has been
successful to this point, the individual will continue to
develop into a well-balanced person.
Abnormal Behaviors
 Norm of Behavior

• Normal Behavior – the standard behavior, the

socially accepted behavior because they follow the
standard norms of society.
• Abnormal behavior – behaviors that are deviant from
social expectations because they go against the
norms or standard behavior of society.
 Model Description Possible Application to Patients

Medical Model Suggests that physiological causes Examine the patient for medical
are root of abnormal behavior. problems, such as brain tumor, chemical
imbalance in the brain, or disease.

Psychoanalytic Model Abnormality stems from childhood Seek out information about the patient’s
conflicts. past, considering possible childhood
conflicts.
Behavioral Model Abnormal behavior is a learned Concentrate on rewards and
response. punishment for patient’s behavior, and
identify environmental stimuli that
reinforce her behavior.

Cognitive Model Assumes people’s belief and
thoughts are central to abnormal
behavior.
Humanistic Model Emphasizes people’s control and
responsibility for their own behavior.
Focus on patient’s perceptions of herself
and her environment.
Consider patient’s behavior in terms of
the choices she has freely made.

Socio-cultural Model Assumes behavior is shaped by Focus on how societal demands

family, society, and culture. contributed to patients’ disorder.
 Effects of Frustration

• He may compromise with reality by developing

imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, or
compulsions. This is known as neurosis.
• He may withdraw from the real world into the world
of fantasy and make-believe where his hidden or
unexpressed desires can be fulfilled. In this stage of
mind, the person becomes psychotic.
 Effects of Frustration

• Instead of compromising with reality or

withdrawing into his well-being, the person may
go to the other extreme and may become very
aggressive and cruel in his behavior towards
others. He is then known as an anti-social
personality or a psychopath or sociopath, and
when his anti-social behavior becomes in
conflict with the law, he becomes a criminal
 Causes of Deviant Behavior
• The Primary Cause – used to designate the condition without
which the disorder would not have occurred. The main reason
of the existence of the disorder.
• The Predisposing Cause – a condition that comes before
and paves the way for a possible later occurrence of disorder
under certain conditions.
• The Precipitating Cause – a condition that proves too much
for the individual and triggers the disorder.
• The Reinforcing Cause – a condition that tends to maintain
maladaptive behavior that is already occurring.
Three Categories of Abnormal Behavior

• Neurosis- symptom= worry/ anxiety

• Psychopathy- Lack of conscience
• Psychosis- Detachment from reality
 Stress

• Stress- refers to the negative emotional experiences

associated behavioral, biochemical, and psychological
changes that are related to perceived acute or chronic
challenges.
• Stressors- are events that stimulate these changes.
• Coping Mechasims
• Eustress vs. Distress
 Forms of Stress

• Acute stress
• Acute stress is the most common form of stress.
It comes from demands and pressures of the
recent past and anticipated demands and
pressures of the near future. Acute stress is
thrilling and exciting in small doses, but too
much is exhausting.
 Forms of Stress
• Episodic acute stress
• There are those, however, who suffer acute stress
frequently, whose lives are so disordered that they are
studies in chaos and crisis. They're always in a rush,
but always late. If something can go wrong, it does.
They take on too much, have too many irons in the
fire, and can't organize the slew of self-inflicted
demands and pressures clamoring for their attention.
They seem perpetually in the clutches of acute stress.
 Forms of Stress
• Chronic stress
• While acute stress can be thrilling and exciting, chronic stress is not.
This is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day, year
after year. Chronic stress destroys bodies, minds and lives. It wreaks
havoc through long-term attrition. It's the stress of poverty, of
dysfunctional families, of being trapped in an unhappy marriage or in a
despised job or career.
• Chronic stress comes when a person never sees a way out of a
miserable situation. It's the stress of unrelenting demands and pressures
for seemingly interminable periods of time. With no hope, the individual
gives up searching for solutions.
 Adjustment Disorder

• Adjustment disorder is a group of symptoms, such

as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical
symptoms that can occur after you go through a
stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you
are having a hard time coping. Your reaction is
stronger than expected for the type of event that
occurred
 Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociative amnesia is one of a group of conditions
called dissociative disorders. Dissociative disorders
are mental illnesses that involve disruptions or
breakdowns of memory, consciousness, awareness,
identity, and/or perception. When one or more of these
functions is disrupted, symptoms can result. These
symptoms can interfere with a person's general
functioning, including social and work activities,
and relationships.
 Dissociative amnesia

• Dissociative amnesia occurs when a person blocks out

certain information, usually associated with a stressful
or traumatic event, leaving him or her unable to
remember important personal information. With this
disorder, the degree of memory loss goes beyond
normal forgetfulness and includes gaps in memory for
long periods of time or of memories involving the
traumatic even
 Dissociative Fugue
• Psychogenic fugue
• People with dissociative fugue temporarily lose their sense of personal
identity and impulsively wander or travel away from their homes or places
of work. They often become confused about who they are and might even
create new identities. Outwardly, people with this disorder show no signs
of illness, such as a strange appearance or odd behavior.
• Dissociative disorders are mental illnesses that involve disruptions or
breakdowns of memory, conscious awareness, identity, and/or
perception. When one or more of these functions is disrupted, symptoms
can result. These symptoms can interfere with a person's general
functioning, including social and work activities, and relationships.
 Depersonalization
• Depersonalization disorder is marked by periods of feeling
disconnected or detached from one's body and thoughts
(depersonalization). The disorder is sometimes described as feeling
like you are observing yourself from outside your body or like being
in a dream. However, people with this disorder do not lose contact
with reality; they realize that things are not as they appear. An
episode of depersonalization can last anywhere from a few minutes
to many years. Depersonalization also might be a symptom of other
disorders, including some forms of substance abuse, certain
personality disorders, seizure disorders, and certain other brain
diseases.
NEUROSIS

• The group of mild functional personality

disorders in which there is no gross
personality disorganization and the
individual is not required for
hospitalization.
• The patient is called psychoneurotic
• Neurosis was coined by the Scottish
doctor William Cullen in 1769 to refer to
"disorders of sense and motion" caused
by a "general affection of the nervous
system".
 Neurotic Lifestyle

• Neurotic Nucleus – the faulty evaluation of reality and

the tendency to avoid rather than to cope with stress.
It is characterized by anxiety, avoidance instead of
coping, and blocked personal growth.
• Neurotic Paradox – the tendency to maintain the life
style despite its maladaptive nature. It is characterized
by unhappiness and dissatisfactions.
 General Anxiety Disorder

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common

chronic disorder characterized by long-lasting anxiety
that is not focused on any one object or situation.
Those suffering from generalized anxiety experience
non-specific persistent fear and worry and become
overly concerned with everyday matters.
 Panic Disorder
• In panic disorder, a person suffers from brief
attacks of intense terror and apprehension,
often marked by trembling, shaking, confusion,
dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing.
These panic attacks, defined by the APA as
fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and
peaks in less than ten minutes, can last for
several hours and can be triggered by stress,
fear, or even exercise; the specific cause is not
always apparent.
 Phobia

• Sufferers typically anticipate

terrifying consequences from
encountering the object of
their fear, which can be
anything from an animal to a
location to a bodily fluid to a
particular situation. Sufferers
understand that their fear is
not proportional to the actual
potential danger but still are
overwhelmed by the fear.
PHOBIAFEARED OBJECT OR SITUATION
Acrophobia Heights
Aerophobia Flying
Agoraphobia Open spaces, public places
Aichmophobia Sharp pointed objects
Ailurophobia Cats
Amaxophobia Vehicles, driving
Anthropophobia People
Aquaphobia Water
Arachnephobia Spiders
Astraphobia Lightning
Batrachophobia Frogs, amphibians
Blennophobia Slime
Brontophobia Thunder
Carcinophobia Cancer
Claustrophobia Closed spaces, confinement
Cynophobia Dogs
Dementophobia Insanity
• Dromophobia Crossing streets
• Emetophobia Vomiting
• Entomophobia Insects
• Genophobia Sex
• Gephyrophobia Crossing bridges
• Herpetophobia Reptiles
• Homilophobia Sermons
• Linonophobia String
• Monophobia Being alone
• Musophobia Mice
• Mysophobia Dirt and germs
• Nudophobia Nudity
• Numerophobia Numbers
• Nyctophobia Darkness, night
• Ochlophobia Crowds
• Ophidiophobia Snakes
• Ornithophobia Birds
• Phobophobia Phobias
• Pnigophobia Choking
• Pogonophobia Beards
• Pyrophobia Fire
• Siderodromophobia Trains
• Taphephobia Being buried alive
• Thanatophobia Death
• Trichophobia Hair
• Triskaidekaphobia The number 13
• Trypanophobia Injections
• Xenophobia Strangers
• Zoophobia Animals
 Categories of Phobia

• Social
• Specific
• Agoraphobia
 Agoraphobia

• Agoraphobia is the specific anxiety about

being in a place or situation where escape
is difficult or embarrassing or where help
may be unavailable.
 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• Obsessive–compulsive disorder
(OCD) is a type of anxiety disorder
primarily characterized by
repetitive obsessions (distressing,
persistent, and intrusive thoughts or
images) and compulsions (urges to
perform specific acts or rituals
• Checking, cleaning, slowness,
doubting and conscientiousness
 Post- traumatic Stress
Disorder
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an
anxiety disorder which results from a traumatic
experience. Post-traumatic stress can result
from an extreme situation, such as combat,
natural disaster, rape, hostage situations, child
abuse, bullying or even a serious accident. It
can also result from long term (chronic)
exposure to a severe stressor, for example
soldiers who endure individual battles but
cannot cope with continuous combat. Common
symptoms include hyper vigilance, flashbacks,
avoidant behaviors, anxiety, anger and
depression.
 Separation Anxiety Disorder
• Separation anxiety disorder (SepAD) is the feeling
of excessive and inappropriate levels of anxiety
over being separated from a person or place.
Separation anxiety is a normal part
of development in babies or children, and it is only
when this feeling is excessive or inappropriate
that it can be considered a disorder.
 Categories of Anxiety disorder

• GAD
• Panic Disorder
• OCD
• Phobic disorder
• PTSD
• SepAD
 Somatoform Disorders

• Somatoform Disorders - Complains of bodily

symptoms that suggest the presence of physical
problem but no organic basis can be found.
Somatoform disorders are grouped as:
– Hypochondriasis
– Psychogenic Pain Disorder
– Conversion Disorder
 Somatoform Disorders
• Hypochondriasis – the excessive concern about state of health or
physical condition (multiplicity about illness).
• Psychogenic Pain Disorder – characterized by the report of severe
and lasting pain. Either no physical basis is apparent or the reaction is
greatly in excess of what would be expected form the physical
abnormality.
• Conversion Disorders – a neurotic pattern in which symptoms of some
physical malfunction or loss of control without any underlying organic
abnormality.
 Somatization disorder
• Briquets Syndrome
• Factitious disorder by proxy
– Symptoms are voluntary induced by the patients, presumably in
an effort to receive attention and care
• Munchausen Syndrome
– Is an extreme form of disorder in which the person deliberately
simulates the symptoms of disease by faking a symptoms and
even manipulating the results of a test.
• Malingering- the person reports the symptoms in order to
achieve some specific goal, ie insurance
 Body Dysmorphic Disorder
• Body dysmorphic disorder is a mental disorder
in which you can't stop thinking about one or
more perceived defects or flaws in your
appearance — a flaw that, to others, is either
minor or not observable. But you may feel so
ashamed and anxious that you may avoid
many social situations.
Manifestations of Conversion Disorders
• Sensory Symptoms of Hysteria:
▫ Anasthesia – loss of sensitivity
▫ Hyperesthesia – excessive sensitivity
▫ Hypesthesia – partial loss of sensitivity
• Motor Symptoms of Hysteria
▫ Paralysis – selective loss of function
▫ Astasia-abasia – inability to control leg when standing
▫ Aphonia – partial inability to speak
 Dissociative Disorder
• Amnesia – partial or total inability to recall or identify past experiences.
– brain pathology amnesia
– psychogenic amnesia
• Multiple Personality – also called “dual personalities”. The person
manifests two or more symptoms of personality usually dramatically
different.
• Depersonalization – loss of sense of self or the so called out of body
experience.
 Sexual Disorders
• Sexual dysfunctions affecting males
– Erectile Insufficiency (Impotency)
– Pre-mature Ejaculation.
– Retarded Ejaculation
• Sexual dysfunctions affecting females
– Arousal Insufficiency (Frigidity) – a failure to attain sexual
excitement by the female partner.
– Orgasmic Dysfunction – a sexual disorder characterized by
the difficulty in achieving orgasm
– Vaginismus – involuntary spasm of the muscles at the
entrance to the vagina that prevent penetration of the male
sex organ.
– Dyspareunia – called painful coitus/painful sexual acts in
women
 Sexual Reversals/ Paraphilia
• Homosexuality “lesbianism or tribadism”
– Overt or Latent
• Transvestism –the achievement of sexual excitation
by dressing as a member of the opposite sex such a
man who wears female apparel.
• Fetishism – a psychological state in which a non
living object serve primary source of sexual arousal.
 Based on choice of partner
• Pedophilia – a sexual perversion where a person has the
compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of
either sex.
• Bestiality – the sexual gratification is attained by having
sexual intercourse with animals.
• Auto-sexual – “sexual self abuse”; sexual satisfaction is
carried out without the cooperation of another
• Gerontophilia – is a sexual desire with an elder person.
• Necrophilia – an erotic desire or actual intercourse with a
corpse
• Incest – a sexual relation between person who, by reason of
blood relationship cannot legally marry.*manceres
 Based on sexual urge

• Satyriasis – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of men

to have sexual intercourse
• Nymphomania – a strong sexual feeling of women with
an excessive sexual urge
 As to mode of expression
• Oralism – the use of mouth or the tongue as a way of sexual
satisfaction
– Fellatio – male sex organ to the mouth of the women
coupled with the act of sucking that initiates orgasm
– Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking
the external female genitalia
– Anilism (anillingus) – licking the anus of the sexual
partner
• Sadism – achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification
through the infliction of physical pain on the sexual partner.
Masochism – infliction of pain to oneself to achieve sexual pleasurE
• Sado-Masochism (Algolagnia) – pain/cruelty for sexual gratification
 As to parts of the body
• Sodomy – is a sexual act through the anus of the
sexual partner.
• Uranism – sexual gratification is attained through
fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the
body.
• Frottage – the act of rubbing the sex organ against
body parts of another person.
• Partialism – it refers to the sexual libido on any part
of the body of a sexual partner.
 Based on visual stimulus

• Voyeurism – the person is commonly called “the

peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures
through clandestine peeping
• Scoptophilia – the intentional act of watching people
undress or during sexual intimacies.
 Based on Number of Participants in the
Sexual Act

• Troilism – three person participate in sex orgy such as

two women versus on man or vice versa
• Pluralism – group of persons in sexual orgies such as
couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called
“sexual festival”
 Other sexual disorders
• Exhibitionism – it is called “indecent exposure”, intentional exposure of
genitals to members of the opposite sex under inappropriate
conditions.
• Coprolalia – the use of obscene language to achieve sexual
satisfaction.
• Mysophilia- response to filth or excretion
• Urolgania- sight of urine
• Don Juanism – the act of seducing women as a career with out
permanency of sexual partner or companion.
• Anthropophagy- eating the victims flesh or slicing off
parts of the flesh from the body, ie. Breast, thighs
• Autoeroticism- sexual arousal thru self- stimulation
and self asphyxiation (scarfing)
• Coprolagnia/ Coprohilia - sight of women defecating;
touching or eating excrement
• Klismaphilia- sexual arousal through the administration
of enemas; some substitute sex for enemas
• Infibulation- self- torture; involves piercing one’s own
nipples, labia, clitoris, scrotum or penis with sharp
needles or pins.
• Lust murder- murdering sadistically and brutally,
including body parts and genitalia
• Pederasty- adults having sexual intercourse with
children
• Scatophilia- sexual gratification by making obscene
phone call
• Mixoscopia/ triolism- sexual arousal from seeing
oneself in
 Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa- the refusal to maintain minimally

normal weight, intense fear of gaining weight and
extreme disturbance in perception of shape and size.
• Bulimia Nervosa- characterized by repeated episodes
of binge eating followed by purging behaviors.
 PSYCHOPATHY
• Typically stemming from immature and distorted personality
development, resulting in persistent maladaptive ways of perceiving and
thinking.
• These are persons who do not have any neurotic or psychotic symptoms
but are not able to conform to prevailing customs and standards of
conduct of his social group. Some common characteristics are:
• absence of a conscience
• emotional immaturity
• absence of a life plan
• lack of capacity for love and emotional involvement
 Anti- Social Personality Disorder
• Disregards the feelings and rights of other people.
• Often break the law, and they may use or exploit other
people for their own gain.
• They may lie repeatedly, act impulsively, and get into
physical fights. They may mistreat their spouses, neglect or
abuse their children, and exploit their employees.
• Sociopaths or psychopaths.
• Antisocial behavior in people less than 18 years old is called
conduct disorder.
• Guilt, remorse, shame, and anxiety are unpleasant feelings,
but they are also necessary for social functioning and even
physical survival.
 Borderline Personality Disorder
• Experience intense emotional instability, particularly in
relationships with others;
• They may make frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined
abandonment by others. They may experience minor
problems as major crises;
• They may also express their anger, frustration, and dismay
through suicidal gestures, self-mutilation, and other self-
destructive acts. They tend to have an unstable self-image or
sense of self.
• Borderline personalities are at high risk for developing
depression, alcoholism, drug dependence, bulimia,
dissociative disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder
 Mnemonic for Borderline PD (5/9)
• A - Abandonment fears
• M - Mood instability
• S - Suicidal / self-injurious behavior
• U - Unstable, intense relationships
• I - Impulsivity
• C - Control of anger poor
• I - Identity disturbance
• D - Dissociative / paranoid symptoms
• E - Emptiness
 Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Avoidant personality disorder is social
withdrawal due to intense, anxious shyness.
• People with avoidant personalities are
reluctant to interact with others unless they
feel certain of being liked.
• They fear being criticized and rejected. Often
they view themselves as socially inept and
inferior to others.
 Dependent Personality Disorder
• Dependent personality disorder involves
severe and disabling emotional dependency
on others.
• People with this disorder have difficulty
making decisions without a great deal of
advice and reassurance from others.
• They urgently seek out another relationship
when a close relationship ends. They feel
uncomfortable by themselves.
 Histrionic Personality

• People with histrionic personality disorder constantly

strive to be the center of attention.
• They may act overly flirtatious or dress in ways that
draw attention.
• They may also talk in a dramatic or theatrical style and
display exaggerated emotional reactions.
 Narcissistic Personality

• People with narcissistic personality disorder have a

grandiose sense of self-importance.
• They seek excessive admiration from others and
fantasize about unlimited success or power.
• They believe they are special, unique, or superior to
others..
 Paranoid Personality Disorder

• People with paranoid personality disorder feel

constant suspicion and distrust toward other people.
• They believe that others are against them and
constantly look for evidence to support their
suspicions.
• They are hostile toward others and react angrily to
perceived insults.
 Schizoid Personality

• Schizoid personality disorder involves social isolation

and a lack of desire for close personal relationships.
• People with this disorder prefer to be alone and seem
withdrawn and emotionally detached.
• They seem indifferent to praise or criticism from other
people.
 Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• People with schizotypal personality disorder
engage in odd thinking, speech, and behavior.
• They may ramble or use words and phrases in
unusual ways, and they may believe they have
magical control over others.
• They feel very uncomfortable with close personal
relationships and tend to be suspicious of others.
Some research suggests this disorder is a less
severe form of schizophrenia.
 Other personality disorders

• Many psychiatrists and psychologists use two

additional diagnoses. Depressive personality disorder
is characterized by chronic pessimism, gloominess,
and cheerlessness. In passive-aggressive personality
disorder, a person passively resists completing tasks
and chores, criticizes and scorns authority figures, and
seems negative and sullen.
 Three different types of
multiple murder
• Serial murder - several victims in three or more
separate incidents over weeks, months or years.
• Mass murder - the killing of four or more victims at
one location within one event (en masse- in group)
• Spree murder - involves killing at two ore more
locations with almost not time to break between
murder.
 PSYCHOSIS

• The group of disorders involving gross structural

defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of the
mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.
• People suffering from psychotic behaviors
(psychosis) are also called psychotic. They are
regarded as the most severe type of mental disorder.
 Classification of Mental Disorders

• Functional – without physical cause, and

therefore psychological
• Organic – with physical cause
• Complex – combinations of both
Functional and Organic
Groups of Psychotic Disorders (Solis, 1980)

• Disorder of Cognition
– Illusion- false interpretation of a stimuli
– Hallucination- perception of an absent stimuli
• Visual, Auditory, Olfactory, Gustatory, Tactile,Lilliputian
– Delusion- false perception of one’s self
 Disorder in the trend of thought

• Mania- a state of excitement accompanied by

exaltation with no apparent reason
• Melancholia- a state of depression and misery which
is unwarranted
• Alternative condition of the above-mentioned is called
Manic- Depressive Psychosis/ folie circulaire
 Disorder in Volition/ Conation

• Impulsion or Compulsion- sudden and irresistible force

compelling a person to commit an act consciously
without afterthought
 Types of Compulsion
• Pyromania
• Kleptomania
• Mutilomania- maim animals
• Dipsomania- alcohol or drugs
• Homicidal impulse- vigilante
• Sex impulse
• Suicidal impulse
 Schizophrenia
• Schizophrenia – refers to the group of psychotic
disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality,
withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thoughts and emotion. It
also refers to terms such as “mental deterioration”,
“dementia praecox”, or “split mind”.
 Three Types of Feebleminded

• Morons – those with IQ’s from 50-70

• Imbeciles – from 25-50
• Idiots – from 0-25
• Mild Retardate a.k.a. Moron
– Can reach grade six (educable group)
– Outcasts of society come- prosti, crimi, thieves,
delinquents etc
• Moderate and Severely Retardate a.k.a.
Imbeciles
– Maximum E.A. –grade 2 or that of a six yr old
(Trainable group)
• Profound Mental Retardate a.k.a Idiots
– Max level of performance is that of a 2 year old
– Dependent or life support group
Crisis Management
 Crisis defined(psychology)

• An overwhelming reaction to a threatening situation in

which an individual’s usual problem solving skills and
coping responses are inadequate for maintaining
psychological equilibrium.
 Types of Crises

• Developmental crisis- occurs in response to a

transition from one stage of maturation to another life
cycle.
• Situational crisis- occurs in response to a sudden,
unexpected event in an individual’s life around
experiences of loss.
• Adventitious crisis- occurs in response to a sever
trauma or natural crisis.
• CRISIS - comes from the greek word “krisis”
which means to separate
. . . An unstable or crucial time or state of affairs
in which a decisive change is impending; a
situation that has reached critical phase.
▫ the turning point of a disaster or emergency, if not contained or controlled.
• CRISIS MANAGEMENT - consists of skills and
techniques required to assess, understand, and
cope with any serious situation, especially from
the moment it first occurs to the point that
recovery procedures start.
 Objectives of Crisis Management

1. Resolve without further incident.

2. Safety of all participants.
3. Apprehension of all perpetrators.
4. Accomplish the task within the framework of current
community standards.
 Delineation of Responsibility

NDRRMC-Natural disaster
National Risk Reduction Management
Council

POC - Man-made and terrorist-based

crisis
Peace and Order Council
 Organization of National CMC

• Chairman - Secretary DILG

• Members - Secretary DND
Secretary DSWD
Secretary DOJ
Chief, PNP
Chief of Staff, AFP
Other concerned cabinet
members
 Functions of the CMC
• Formulate crisis management
procedures
• Integrate and orchestrate actions to
prevent and control crisis incidents
• Address crisis situations arising from
peace and order and internal security
concern
 Executive Order 320

• Mandates the National Peace and order Council to

create Crisis Management Committees (CMC) at all
levels
 Relationship of POC and CMC

Provincial PPOC
CMC

City/Municipality CMPOC
CMC

Barangay BPOC
CMC
 Composition of Lower Level CMC

• Lower level CMC is a replicate of National CMC

• Lower level CMC is composed of

- Political leadership
- Military/Police
- NGOs
 Local Chief Executives’ Dual Role

✓Chairmen of the local government

Crisis Management Committees (CMCs)

✓ Chairmen of the Local Risk Reduction

Management Council (LDCCs)
 POC
AFP/PNP CMC DCC

Crisis Service Consequence

Management Support Management
Action Group Group Groups

Negotiati Admin DANA

on Tm
Intel Tm
Group SAR
Operatio Invest/Le
ns FS
gal Tm
Group
Public Logistics
Affairs Tm EMS
Group Commel EAR
Tm
 Crisis Management Action Group

• Negotiation Group

• Operational Group

• Public Affairs Group

 Negotiation Group

Function:
Negotiation or communication
with the threat groups

Composition:
Selected civilian officials or
personalities and military/police
 Operations Group

Function:
Security functions and tactical
operations/interventions

Composition:
Regular and Special Military and Police
 Public Affairs Group

Function:
Coordination and control of public
information, media coverage and
community relations

Composition:
Civilian agencies and Military/Police
 Service Support Group
• Administrative Team

• Intelligence Team

• Investigation/Legal Team

• Logistics Team

• Commel Team
 Consequence Management Group

• Damage Assessment Needs Analysis Team (DANA)

• Search and Rescue (SAR)

• Fire Suppression

• Emergency Medical Services (EMS)

• Evacuation and Relief

 CMC
AFP/PNP OSC DCC

Crisis Service Consequence

Management Support Management
Action Group Group Groups

Negotiati Admin DANA

on Tm
Intel Tm
Group SAR
Operatio Invest/Le
ns FS
gal Tm
Group
Public Logistics
Affairs Tm EMS
Group Commel EAR
Tm
 On-Scene Commander
• On-scene Commander or incident manager
may be designated from the officials of the
PNP or any officer in the locality.

• Criteria for choosing OSC

- Nature of the incident
- Gravity of the incident
- Possible implications of the incident
Flow of Communication

CMC

CMOC

OSCP

OSC
 Responsibility of the OSC

• Responsible for everything at the crisis scene

• Exercise direct command and control over crisis

management, service support and consequence
management

• Communicate and clear all actions and decisions,

if necessary with the CMC
E Preparation
V and Planning C
O R
L Intelligence / I
Information
V Management
(Security
S
I Assessments)
I
N S
G
 Two-Pronged Approach to address Crisis and
Terrorism

• Integration of

–Crisis Management

–Consequence Management
Crisis Management Model (4Ps)

PREDICTION

PREVENTION
PREPARATION
PERFORMANCE
Consequence Management

• Mitigation

• Preparedness

• Response

• Rehabilitation
Phases of Crisis Management
• Proactive Phase

• Reactive Phase

• Post Conflict Phase

 Proactive Phase

• Predict or prevent the probability of occurrence of

crises and mange them when they occur. It
consists of three stages:
a. Prediction

b. Prevention

c. Preparation
 PREDICTION
• Provides the early warning
• Requires the continuous
assessment of all possible
threats and threat groups,
Predictive capability their probable targets and the
vulnerabilities of critical
is our first line of installations and facilities
defense • Analysis of developing or
reported events/incidents are
also done at this stage
 What to do under Prediction?

✓Assist intelligence units in the collection of relevant

information by enlisting support and cooperation of
private groups like communication groups, anti-
crime groups, civic groups, peoples’ organization,
homeowners’ associations, drivers’ associations,
cooperatives, etc.

✓ Facilitate the establishment of Barangay

Information Networks (BINs) that shall monitor
and report possible terrorist or criminal
activities at the barangay level
 PREVENTION

Prevention capability is
essentially physical
security. It is the
responsibility of gov’t
security forces with the
support of private
security forces or “blue
guards” and barangay
tanods.
 PREVENTION

• Requires vigilance and alertness to signs and

manifestations of suspicious looking individuals
• Warning and alert systems have to be established to
alert the population to minimize the effects of terrorist
attacks in terms of casualties and damages
• Involves active, passive and physical security
measures
 What do under Prevention
✓ Security forces should develop and enforce a
positive means of identifying and controlling
personnel who have authorized access to critical
areas and denying access to unauthorized
personnel

✓ There should be increase surveillance by security

and maintenance personnel throughout buildings
especially of restrooms, stairwells and public areas
to ensure that no unauthorized parcels or persons
are present
 What to do under Prevention?

✓Coordinate with private security forces or the

“blue guards” and barangay tanods providing
security to communities, schools, subdivisions,
and establishments as regards the observance
of strict security measures in their respective
areas of responsibility

✓ Security forces should increase patrols and

surveillance of receiving and shipping areas, garages,
parking spaces and the like

✓ Check fire exits and make sure that they are not
obstructed
 PREPARATION

are pre-disaster actions and

measures being undertaken to
avert or minimize loss of lives
and properties, such as, but
not limited to, community
organizing, training, planning,
equipping, stockpiling, hazard
mapping and public
information and education
initiatives
 What to do under Preparation?

✓ Organize and train response units in different

communities with particular attention to damage
assessment, search and rescue, fire suppression,
emergency medical service, and evacuation and relief

✓ Identify both government and private resources

that can be tapped as response units should the
need arise

✓ Audit and evaluate these available resources in the

different communities and procure needed ones as
necessary
 What to do under Preparation?

✓ Be prepared to command and control these

available resources in managing the
consequences of a terrorist attack

✓ Conduct drills and rehearsals to test existing

communication networks and reaction time of
response units to evaluate effectiveness of
contingency plans and make the necessary
adjustments as needed
 PERFORM

… is the actual execution or implementation of

contingency plan when a crisis situation occurs
despite the proactive measures taken. It is focused
on responding to an ongoing terrorist incident and
its consequences.
 Reactive Phase

• Actual Execution or implementation of

contingency plan.
• This is the Performance Phase
• Its objectives:
- Ensure high probability of success
- Minimize adverse effects of crisis
• Its stages
- Initial action
- Action
- Post action
 What to do under Performance?

✓Implements the contingency plan

✓ Provides leaderships in handling the situation and
managing the consequences of the incident

✓ Establishes an Incident Command Post within or near

the site of the incident following, as much as possible,
the emergency response model for man-made
disasters, and directs emergency operations
✓ Undertake emergency responses to save lives and
properties while preparing for recovery
 Post Conflict

• Synonymous to Rehabilitation and Recovery

• Objective is to address the consequences of the

crisis in order to move towards normalcy as fast
as possible
 Basic Policies in Crisis Management

• Peaceful means and other options in the

resolution of crisis
• Terrorism is a criminal act
• No compromise with terrorists
• Safety of victims and civilians
• Prompt handling of crises at the lowest
level possible
• Coordinated government response to crises
• Public information management and
advocacy
Your greatest ally, is God and your
faith. Believe that you can.