1. What’s the kind of epidemiological research?

a. Case series
The clinical case-series is usually a coherent and consecutive set of cases
of a disease (or similar problem) which derive from either the practice of one
or more healthcare professionals or a defined healthcare setting such as a
hospital or family practice.Clinical case-series are usually put together by
clinicians on a topic of their interest. A case-series is, effectively, a register
of cases. The cases can be analysed to aid clinical practice and research
and explored in an epidemiological way by seeking commonalities and
differences in characteristics within the set of cases. Clinical case-series are
of value in epidemiology, especially for studying symptoms and signs and
creating case definitions, and are important for clinical education, audit, and
research.
b. Case report
Case reports are defined as the scientific documentation of a single clinical
observation and have a time-honored and rich tradition in medicine and
scientific publication.

c. Correlative study
 A correlational study is a scientific study in which a
researcher investigates associations between variables and none
of the variables are manipulated.

2. What’s the purpose and usage of epidemiological research?

3. How can we get the resource for epidemiological research?
a. Data sources
b. Government sources (ex : Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Surveillance Systems
c. Private data sources (ex : registries, etc)
4. What’s the factor influencing epidemiology?

a. Agent

originally referred to an infectious microorganism or pathogen: a virus,

bacterium, parasite, or other microbe. Generally, the agent must be
present for disease to occur; however, presence of that agent alone is not
always sufficient to cause disease.

b. Host

refers to the human who can get the disease. A variety of factors intrinsic
to the host, sometimes called risk factors, can influence an individual's
exposure, susceptibility, or response to a causative agent. Opportunities
for exposure are often influenced by behaviors such as sexual practices,
hygiene, and other personal choices as well as by age and sex.
Susceptibility and response to an agent are influenced by factors such as
genetic composition, nutritional and immunologic status, anatomic
structure, presence of disease or medications, and psychological makeup.

c. Environment

refers to extrinsic factors that affect the agent and the opportunity for
exposure. Environmental factors include physical factors such as geology
and climate, biologic factors such as insects that transmit the agent, and
socioeconomic factors such as crowding, sanitation, and the availability of
health services.

5. What’s the function of natural history?

(No 8)
6. What’s the category for outbreak?
a. well-defined clinical symptoms (with or without laboratory confirmation)
b. information relating to time (timing of onset of symptoms)
c. persons affected
d. the place or location where the outbreak has or is occurring.

7. How to prevent outbreak?

8. What’s the classification for natural history?
9. What’s the different betrween epidemic, endemic, pandemic, outbreak?
o Endemic is defined as the habitual presence of a disease within a given
geographic area. It may also refer to the usual occurrence of a given
disease within such an area.
o Epidemic is defined as the occurrence in a community or region of a
group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal
expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source.
o Pandemic refers to a worldwide epidemic.

10. What’s the indicator for public health?

(dibuku)
o Definition. The indicator must be well defined, and the definition must
be uniformly applied internationally.
o Validity. The indicator must be valid (it must actually measure what it is
supposed to measure), reliable (replicable and consistent between
settings) and readily interpretable.
o Feasibility. The gathering of the required information must be
technologically feasible and affordable and must not overburden the
system.
o Utility. The indicator should provide information that is useful to
decision-makers and can be acted upon at various levels (local,
national and international).