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A point indicates a position; it has no length, width, or depth.
P C
A point is named by a single capital letter, i.e. point P.
A line is a set of continuous points that extend forever in both
directions. Two points determine a line.
A B
l S
The line containing points A and B is denoted by AB.
Alternatively, a line can also be named by a single lower case
letter: l.
• Collinear points are three or more points that lie on the same A ray, also known as a half-line, is part of line consisting of one
line. endpoint and extends infinitely in the other direction.
• Noncollinear points are three or more points that do not lie on
the same line. M N
B
A
D
The ray consisting of endpoint M extending through N is denoted
Collinear points: A-B-C
Noncollinear points: A-B-D, A-C-D, B-C-D, A-B-C-D by MN .
• Opposite rays are two rays that have the same end point but
A line segment is a part of a line that is bounded by two extend in opposite directions.
endpoints, and contains all points between them.
E T
F R
The line segment above with endpoints E and F is denoted by EF . SR and ST are opposite rays.

The measure of an angle indicates how wide or narrow it is. For Two lines or two segments that intersect to form a right angle are
example, the measure of BOA is 60 , denoted as said to be perpendicular.
m BOA = 60 . m
Angles are measured in degrees ( ) or radians (rad). A complete
revolution is 360 or 2 rad.
Conversion between radians and degrees
l
1 revolution = 360 = 2 rad
180
1 rad = -----------


1 = -----------
180
180 If line l is perpendicular to line m , we write lm .
Therefore, to convert from radians to degrees, multiply by -----------.


Conversely, to convert from degrees to radians, multiply by -----------.
180

Acute Angle
An angle whose measure is less than 90 is called an acute angle.
A

B C

Right Angle
An angle whose measure is equal to 90 is called a right angle.

B C

Straight Angle
An angle that is formed by two opposite rays and whose measure
is equal to 180 is a straight angle.

A B C

Obtuse Angle
An angle whose measure is greater than 90 but less than 180 is
called obtuse angle.

B C
 2
a
c

1 3
b
Interior Angles
The sum of the measures of the interior angles in a triangle is
180 . 1 + 2 + 3 = 180

Triangle Inequality
In a triangle, the sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater
than the length of third side. Mathematically, this means:

a + b  c

a + c  b

b + c  a

Greater Angle Opposite Longer Side

In a triangle, the greater angle is opposite to the longer side, and
vice versa.

Height
A height (also known as altitude) of a triangle is a line segment
drawn from a vertex of the triangle perpendicular to the opposite
side (base). In every triangle, three different heights can be drawn
from the three vertices.

h3 A
h2
h1
B C
1 1 1 1
Area = ---  base  height = --- BC  h 1 = --- AB  h 2 = --- AC  h 3
2 2 2 2

Heron’s Formula
The area of a triangle whose sides have lengths a , b , and c can
also be calculated by

Area = ss – as – bs – c

where s = a--------------------
+ b + c is the semiperimeter.
-
2

Median
A median of a triangle is a line segment connecting the vertex
and the midpoint of the opposite side. The median divides the
triangle into two smaller triangles of equal area.
A

B D C
In the figure above, D is the midpoint of side BC . Then the area
of triangle ABD is equal to the area of triangle ADC .

Exterior Angle
The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the measures of the two remote interior angles of the triangle.

1 2 4

In the figures above, m 1 = m 3 + m 4 . This is because

m 1 + m 2 = 180 = m 2 + m 3 + m 4 . Subtracting
m 2 from the left and right hand sides of the equation yields the
desired result.
 A D
A
1 D
4

B C
2 3 In isosceles trapezoid ABCD, legs AB = CD , diagonals
B C AC = DB , m ABC = m DCB , m BAD = m CDA ,
• A quadrilateral has four sides, four vertices, and two ABC  DCB , and ABD  DCA .
diagonals.
• The sum of the measures of the interior angles in a
quadrilateral is 360. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 360

A trapezoid is a quadrilateral that has exactly one pair of parallel

sides. The parallel sides are called the bases; the nonparallel sides
are called the legs. A trapezoid is not a parallelogram, or vice
versa.

Height
A height of a trapezoid is a segment drawn from any point on
one of the bases perpendicular to the other base. An infinite
number of heights can be drawn in a trapezoid, and all of them
have the same length.

Median
The median of a trapezoid is a line segment that joins the
midpoints of the legs. The median is parallel to the bases and
equal to half of the sum of the lengths of the bases.

A D

E F

B G C
In trapezoid ABCD, bases AD  BC ; AG is a height; E and F are
midpoints of legs AB and CD; median EF = 1---  AD + BC  .
2
Area: A =  average base   height = 1
---  AD + BC   AG
2

Isosceles Trapezoid
An isosceles trapezoid is a trapezoid with congruent legs.
Properties
• The two diagonals are congruent.
• The two legs are congruent.
• The lower (and upper) base angles are congruent.
 Inscribed Right Angles
An angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle; the line
A circle is the set of all points that have the same distance from a segment formed by the arc intercepts of an inscribed right angle
fixed point. The fixed point, usually denoted by letter O, is called is a diameter.
the center of the circle. C
• The distance from the center of the circle to any point of the B
O
circle is called the radius of the circle. m ACB = 90
• A line segment whose endpoints are on the circle and which A
passes through the center of the circle is called a diameter.
The length of any diameter is twice the length of the radius.
• Two circles that have the same center are concentric circles. Congruent Inscribed Angles
If inscribed angles intercept the same or congruent arcs, then they
A are congruent; if inscribed angles are congruent, then their
intercepted arcs are congruent.
Circle with center O, r B
diameter AB, and radius r O
m ABC = m ADC
O
m BAD = m BCD A
B D
Perimeter (Circumference): C
P = diameter   = 2  radius   = 2r
Area: A =    radius  2 = r 2

An arc is a connected section of a circle. An arc with endpoints A

)

and B is denoted as AB .
Central Angle
A central angle is a an angle whose vertex is at the center of the
circle.
The measure of an arc is same as the measure of its central angle.
• A minor arc is an arc whose measure is less than 180 .
• A major arc is an arc whose measure is greater than 180. A
major arc is usually denoted by three letters (see example
below).
C
)

mAB = 60 A
O 60
)

mACB = 360 – 60 = 300

B
)

The measure of minor arc AB is 60 , denoted as mAB = 60 ;

)

the measure of major arc ACB is 360 – 60 = 300 , denoted

)

as mACB = 300 .

Arc Length & Area Sector

In a circle with radius r, an arc measuring x has length
x x
-----------  2r . The enclosed sector has area -----------  r 2 .
360 360

A
x
)

arc length AB = -----------  2r r

360 O x
x
shaded sector area = -----------  r 2
360 B

Inscribed Angles
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on a circle and
whose sides intersect the circle.
The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to half of the measure
of its intercepted arc.

1
)

m ACB = --- mAB x

-----
O x
2 C 2

B
 Triangle
1 1 Square Sphere
a c Area = --- base  height = --- bh Area =  side  2 = s 2
2 2 s r Surface Area = 4   radius  2 = 4r 2
h
= ss – as – bs – c Perimeter = 4  side = 4s 4 3 4 3
Volume = ---   radius  = --- r
b 3 3
where s = a +b+c
--------------------- is the semiperimeter.
2
Regular n-gon
Equilateral Triangle Area = 1--- apothem  perimeter = 1
--- aP Cylinder
3 3 a 2 2
s Area = -------   side  2 = ------- s 2 s Perimeter = n  side = ns Surface Area = 2r 2 + 2rh
4 4
r
Perimeter = 3  side = 3s Volume = base  height = r 2 h

b1
Circle
Trapezoid r
l1 l2 Area =    radius  2 = r 2
h Area=(average base)height = 1---  b 1 + b 2 h Cone
2 Perimeter = 2  radius = 2r s Surface Area = rs + r 2
Perimeter = b 1 + b 2 + l 1 + l 2 h
b2 1 1
r Volume = ---  base  height = --- r 2 h
3 3
Parallelogram A Arc Length and Area Sector
s
h Area = base  height = bh x
)

r Arc Length AB = -----------  2r

Perimeter = 2  base + side  = 2  b + s  360 Right Prism
b x
B Shaded Sector Area = -----------  r 2
360 Surface Area = Ph + 2B
h where P is the perimeter of the base, and B
Rhombus is the area of the base.
s 1 Rectangular Solid
d2 Area = ---  diangonal 1  diangonal 2 h Volume = base  height = Bh
d1 2 Surface Area = 2  lw + lh + hw 
1
= --- d 1 d 2 w Volume = base  height = lwh
2 l
Perimeter = 4  side = 4s Right Regular Pyramid
1
Cube Surface Area = --- Ps + B
h s 2
Rectangle
Surface Area = 6   side  2 = 6s 2 where P is the perimeter of the base, and B
h Area = base  height = bh s is the area of the base.
Volume =  side  3 = s 3
Perimeter = 2  base + height  = 2  b + h  1 1
Volume = --- base  height = --- Bh
b 3 3