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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING
FUNDAMENTALS
Dr. MOHAMED G. GADO

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First printing, March 2019

Contents
I Part One: Refrigeration
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2.1 Exercises 9
2.2 Experiments 13
2.2.1 Experiment 1: Experimental investigation of a vapor compression heat pump used
for cooling and heating applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2.2 Experiment 2: Determination of VCRS COP using different expansion devices 13
2.2.3 Experiment 3: Domestic refrigerator COP Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAbRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

4.1 Exercises 17
5 Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAdRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.1 System Description and Operation 23
6 Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

6.1 Basic Principle 25
6.2 Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle 26
6.3 Advantages of Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle 28
7 Cold Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Magnetic Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
II Part Two: Air Conditioning
9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10 Psychrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11 Oral Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12 Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Articles 69
Books 69
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
I
Part One: Refrigeration
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

(VCRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Exercises
2.2 Experiments
3 Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
4 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

(VAbRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
4.1 Exercises
5 Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle

(VAdRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.1 System Description and Operation
6 Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC) . 25

6.1 Basic Principle
6.2 Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle
6.3 Advantages of Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cy-
cle
7 Cold Stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
8 Magnetic Refrigeration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1. Introduction
Exercise 1.1 Write short notes on: Natural refrigeration - History of artificial refrigeration in
Egypt - Cryogenic applications - Classification of refrigeration systems.

Tc Th − Tm
COPCarnot =
Th Tm − Tc
2. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC)
2.1 Exercises
Exercise 2.1 Distinguish between a reversed Carnot refrigeration cycle and a simple vapor
compression refrigeration cycle. Derive an expression for COP of both cycles. Support your
answer by schematic and T-s diagrams.
Exercise 2.2 Show by the help of schematic and P-h diagrams, the coefficient of performance of
a single stage vapor compression refrigeration cycle employing a liquid-suction heat exchanger
may be either greater than, less than, or the same as that of a saturated cycle operating between
the same pressure limits.
Exercise 2.3 Write true or false with proper reasoning:

1. COP in winter is higher than in summer.
2. A heat pump is better than a simple electric heater for heating applications.
3. Carnot COP for heat pump varies between 1 and infinity.

Exercise 2.4 With the help of a neat p−h diagram, distinguish between the following items:
1. R12 and R134a as primary working fluids in a domestic refrigerator.
2. R502 and R404a as primary working fluids in a domestic freezer.
3. Single−star and double−star domestic refrigerator.
4. Cryogenic and ordinary refrigeration.

Exercise 2.5 How does the increase in condenser pressure affect COP? Also, explain the
influence of evaporating pressure on COP. Which of the two pressures have more influence on
COP? Support your answer with graphs.
10 Chapter 2. Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC)
Exercise 2.6 What is the purpose of of the following auxiliary parts: heat exchanger, refrigerant
receiver and filter-drier. With the aid of neat sketch, show the proper place of each in a
refrigeration system.
Exercise 2.7 Suggest ozone safe refrigerants for the following systems; (i) single−star domestic
refrigerator and (ii) split air conditioner. If these systems operate under tropical conditions. Find
their coefficients of performance.
Exercise 2.8 Superheating process at compressor suction is important although it has disadvan-
tages on the performance characteristics of VCRS. Discuss the statement in detail.
Exercise 2.9 What do you mean by a ton refrigeration? Obtain the same in SI system proceeding
in the fundamental manner. If a refrigerating machine requires one HP per ton refrigeration, find
out its COP?
Exercise 2.10 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle that uses refrigerant-134a as its
working fluid maintains a condenser at 800 kPa and the evaporator at -12◦ C. Determine this
system’s COP and the amount of power required to service a 150 kW cooling load.
Exercise 2.11 A homeowner is trying to decide between an electric heater resistance and an
air-source heat pump with a COP of 2.5. The unit cost of electricity is 0.45 LE/kWh. Determine
which system will have a lower energy cost. If the outdoor condition temperature increases,
hence the COP reduces to the value of 0.9 if you recommended the using of an air-source heat
pump or an electric heater resistance.
Exercise 2.12 Show the actual vapour compression cycle on a p-h diagram and explain the
various irreversibility in the cycle
Exercise 2.13 A refrigerant 22 compressor with a 5 percent clearance volume and a displace-
ment rate of 60 lit./sec operates in a refrigeration system that maintains a constant condensing
temperature of 30◦ C. Plot the power required of this compressor from minimum to maximum
suction pressure.
Exercise 2.14 A single compressor using R134a as a refrigerant has three evaporators of
capacity 35 TR, 25 TR, and 15 TR. The temperature in the three evaporators is to be maintained
at -10◦ C, 5◦ C and 10◦ C respectively. The system is provided with multiple expansion valves
and back pressure valves. The condenser temperature is 45◦ C. The liquid refrigerant leaving
the condenser is sub cooled to 35◦ C. The vapours leaving the evaporators are dry and saturated.
Assuming isentropic compression, find the COP of the system.
Exercise 2.15 A single compressor using R134a as a refrigerant has three evaporators of
capacity 35 TR, 25 TR, and 15 TR. The temperature in the three evaporators is to be maintained
at -10◦ C, 5◦ C and 10◦ C respectively. The system is provided with multiple expansion valves
and back pressure valves. The condenser temperature is 45◦ C. The liquid refrigerant leaving
2.1 Exercises 11
the condenser is sub cooled to 35◦ C. The vapours leaving the evaporators are dry and saturated.
Assuming isentropic compression, find the COP of the system.
Exercise 2.16 What are the limitations due to which one does not think of building a Carnot
refrigeration system?
Exercise 2.17 Explain influence of both condenser and evaporator pressures on the performance
characteristics of a cooling system. Which of the two pressures have more influence on the
system COP? Support your answer by graphs.
Exercise 2.18 Show that the use of liquid-liquid heat exchanger in a single-stage vapor com-
pression refrigeration system has no effect on its coefficient of performance.
Exercise 2.19 Derive an expression for COP of a vapor compression refrigeration system
having three evaporators at different temperatures with compound compression, individual
expansion valves and flash inter-cooling.
Exercise 2.20 Two-stage compression refrigeration system with water inter-cooler uses R404a
as a refrigerant. The cooling capacity is 50 TR at –25◦ C. The condenser and inter-cooler
pressures are 20 bar and 10 bar respectively. The volumetric efficiency of low-pressure (LP) and
high-pressure (HP) cylinders are 85 % and 80 %. The pressure losses in suction and discharge
valves of LP cylinder are 0.15 bar and 0.35 bar respectively while those in suction and discharge
valves of HP cylinder are 0.3 bar and 0.7 bar respectively. The temperature of refrigerant leaving
the water inter-cooler, the condenser and the evaporator are 32◦ C, 30◦ C and -20◦ C respectively
while that entering the suction valve of LP cylinder is –18◦ C. A flash inter-cooler is introduced in
the system to improve its performance. Assuming isentropic compression, find the improvement
in COP. Discuss your results.
Exercise 2.21 Show that the use of flash chamber has no effect on the coefficient of performance
of the vapor compression cycle. What are the advantages of using the flash chamber in parallel
with the evaporator?
Exercise 2.22 Show the actual vapor compression cycle on a p-h diagram and explain the
various losses in the cycle.
Exercise 2.23 Two stages R404a refrigeration system operates between pressure limits 25 and
2 bar. The temperature of liquid coming out of condenser is limited to 40◦ C. Find out the power
required to run the system and COP of the system. The condenser cooling water is supplied to a
forced draught cooling tower at 40◦ C and the cooling tower approach is 4◦ C. The air entering
the tower is at 35◦ C DBT and 28◦ C WBT. Determine the quantity of air handled by the induced
draft fan if air leaves the tower at 38◦ C DBT and 50 % RH. Condenser requires 50 m3 of cooling
water per mint. Assume that the temperature of vapor coming out of the inter-cooler is 30◦ C.
Exercise 2.24 Explain how the saturated vapor compression refrigeration cycle differs from a
reversed Carnot cycle operating between the same temperatures.
Exercise 2.25 Do you think a heat pump system will be more cost effective in Aswan and Why.

Exercise 2.26 How does the COP of a water source heat pump system in compare to that of an
air source system.
Exercise 2.27 Consider a two stage compression refrigeration cycle with water intercooler and
a two stage compression refrigeration cycle with flash chamber. Both cycles operate between
the same pressure limits and use the same refrigerant. Which system would you favor and Why.

Exercise 2.28 Can a vapor compression refrigeration system with a single compressor handle
several evaporators operating at different pressures and Why
Exercise 2.29 What is the relation between refrigeration and air conditioning
Exercise 2.30 A refrigerator manufactured by one manufacturing company works between

-5◦ C and 40◦ C. The manufacturer claims that coefficient of performance of that refrigerator is
7.0. Do you agree with this statement. Justify your answer.
Exercise 2.31 Although of low ambient temperature at high altitudes, there is an essential need
for aeroplane air conditioning. Discuss the statement in details.
Exercise 2.32 Distinguish between the following terms:

1. Room sensible heat factor and grand sensible heat factor
2. R717 and R22 from viewpoints of dielectric strength and thermal conductivity
3. Direct and indirect part of TEWI for a domestic refrigerator and an automotive air
conditioner.

Exercise 2.33
Exercise 2.34
2.2 Experiments 13
Figure 2.1: Components of VCRS using different expansion devices.
2.2 Experiments
2.2.1 Experiment 1: Experimental investigation of a vapor compression heat pump used
for cooling and heating applications
Figure 2.2: Schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus with measuring point locations.
2.2.2 Experiment 2: Determination of VCRS COP using different expansion devices

2.2.3 Experiment 3: Domestic refrigerator COP Determination
Exercise 2.35 • For the given figure, write down the name of the experiment components
from 1 to 8?
• For the previous experiment, for condenser and evaporator pressures of 4 and 0.5 Mpa.
Find the performance characteristics of the system?
• What are the different types of compressors?
• State the functions of expansion device? Compare between its different types?
• Refrigeration cycle contains main and accessory components. Explain the statement in
detail.


3. Refrigerant
Exercise 3.1 Write short notes on leakage detection, refrigerants replacement and physical
properties of refrigerants.
Exercise 3.2 Give the series name for R22, R113, R504, R610, R764 and R1150. What are the
refrigerant numbers of the refrigerants whose chemical formula are; CCl2F2, CHClF2, Ch4 and
C2H4Cl2F2 .
Exercise 3.3 What are the refrigerant numbers of the refrigerants whose chemical formula are;
CCl2F2, CHClF2, Ch4 and C2H4Cl2F2 ?
Exercise 3.4 Give the series name for R22, R113, R504, R610, R764 and R1150. What are the
refrigerant numbers of the refrigerants whose chemical formula are; CCl2F2, CHClF2, CH4
and CH2ClF .
Exercise 3.5 Write short notes on moisture chock, chemical stability, viscosity and thermal
conductivity of the refrigerant.
Exercise 3.6 What is the critical temperature of a refrigerant? Give an example of critical
temperature and its effect on the performance characteristics of a refrigeration system. Take
ambient temperature = 35◦ C.
Exercise 3.7 Give the chemical formula and names of the refrigerants R22 and R114. How
will you assign number to methyl chloride (CH3Cl) and tetrachloro-ethane (C2H2Cl4)?
16 Chapter 3. Refrigerant
Exercise 3.8 How the refrigerants are classified? Give the refrigerant number and the chemical
formula of dichloro trifluoro ethane, ammonia, trichloro trifluoro ethane and monochloro
trifluoromethane. What are the cylinder color codes of common use refrigerants?
Exercise 3.9 What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?
Exercise 3.10 Give the series name for R21, R114, R505, R630, R744 and R1113. What are
the refrigerant numbers of the refrigerants whose chemical formula are; CCl3F, C4H10 and
C3H8
Exercise 3.11 Discuss the chemical and physical properties of refrigerants.
Exercise 3.12 How the refrigerants are classified? Give the refrigerant number and the chemical
formula of dichloro trifluoro ethane, ammonia, trichloro trifluoro ethane and monochloro
trifluoromethane. What are the cylinder color codes of common use refrigerants?
Exercise 3.13 Refrigerants can be classified into different categories. State these classifications
with examples
Exercise 3.14 Discuss in details the thermodynamic requirement for the best refrigerant
4. Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAbRC)
4.1 Exercises
Exercise 4.1 Make a comparative list between a vapor compression system and a vapor absorp-
tion system. Explain briefly the working principle of a vapor absorption refrigeration system.
Derive an expression for the COP of this system in terms of operating temperatures.
Exercise 4.2 Make a comparative list between a vapor absorption system and a vapor com-
pression system. Derive an expression for Carnot COP of a simple VARS and how may it be
improved?
Exercise 4.3 The absorption refrigeration systems are currently attracting increasing interest
because an ARS can be driven by low-temperature heat sources such as solar energy, geothermal
energy and waste heat. With the help of neat sketches, Explain the improvement techniques
which enhance it is coefficient of performance.
Exercise 4.4 How can the solar energy be used to obtain refrigerating effect? Explain with
a neat and clean sketch. Obtain an expression for the cooling capacity of an ideal simple
absorption cooling system in terms of solar collectors, generator, ambient and room (space to be
cooled) temperatures.
Exercise 4.5 If the evaporator temperature of a waste heat operated absorption system has
decreased, what should be done to the waste heat temperature to operate the system with the
same COP?
Exercise 4.6 What is the idea behind the heat exchanger between the hot weak R22-DMA
solution leaving the generator and the strong R22-DMA solution pumped from the absorber?
18 Chapter 4. Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAbRC)
Exercise 4.7 With the help of graphs, Show the effect of heat source temperature, cooling
medium temperature and load temperature on the coefficient of performance of VARS.
Exercise 4.8 The operating conditions of a vapor absorption air conditioning system using
H2o-LiBr as a working fluid are as the following: Heat source temperature 120◦ C, Cooling
medium temperature 45◦ C and conditioned space temperature 25◦ C. For 10 T R refrigeration
capacity, Estimate the thermal coefficient of performance and the heat input to the generator if
the relative coefficient of performance 0.4. [Ans. 1.4 – 25.14 kW ]
Exercise 4.9 The following values refer to R22-DMA absorption refrigeration system: cooling
capacity = 100 T R, generator temperature = 80◦ C, condenser and absorber temperatures = 40◦ C,
evaporator temperature = 0◦ C, the condensate temperature = 20◦ C and solution heat exchanger
effectiveness = 0.85. Calculate the amount of diesel fuel to be fired per day if the heating value
of fuel is 42,000 kJ/kg. Also obtain the cost of the fuel per month if diesel costs 1.5 L.E/liter
(specific gravity = 0.87). [Ans. System is off-operated]
Exercise 4.10 The following values refer to R22-DMA absorption refrigeration system: cool-
ing capacity = 100 T R, generator temperature = 120◦ C, condenser and absorber temperatures
= 40◦ C, evaporator temperature = 0◦ C, the condensate temperature = 20◦ C and solution heat
exchanger effectiveness = 0.85. Calculate the amount of diesel fuel to be fired per day if the
heating value of fuel is 42,000 kJ/kg. Also obtain the cost of the fuel per month if diesel costs
1.5 L.E/liter (specific gravity = 0.87).
Exercise 4.11 A R22-DMA absorption refrigeration system works under the following op-
erating conditions: Generator pressure = 12 bar, generator temperature = 90◦ C, condenser
temperature = 40◦ C, evaporator temperature = -10◦ C and absorber temperature = 40◦ C. For one
kilowatt capacity calculate: (a) Minimum generator temperature, (b) circulation ratio, (c) Heat
load to or from generator, condenser and absorber, and (d) Relative COP.
Exercise 4.12 The operating conditions for a water-lithium bromide chilled water plant for air
conditioning are as follows: Generator temperature = 100◦ C, condenser temperature = 45◦ C,
chilled-water temperature = 10◦ C and absorber temperature = 45◦ C. Solution heat exchanger
effectiveness is 0.85. Determine for one ton refrigeration capacity the followings:
• Thermodynamic conditions at all points
• Mass flow rate at all sections and flow and circulation ratios
• Energy balance of complete system
• Relative COP

Exercise 4.13 The simple water-lithium bromide VARS works under the following operating
conditions: Generator temperature =95◦ C, condenser temperature = 40◦ C, evaporator tempera-
ture = 10◦ C, absorber temperature = 30◦ C and refrigerating capacity = 1.0 TR
• Compute the water flow rate through the condenser and evaporator, heat quantities and
relative COP.
• If the above system is modified by the insertion of solution heat exchanger with an
4.1 Exercises 19
effectiveness of 0.8 and other temperatures remain constant, what are the rates of energy
transfer at each component and the relative COP.
• In absorption system described in (2), condensing temperature is reduced to 34◦ C while
other temperatures remain unchanged. Is there a danger of crystallization?
• The absorption system described in (b) is equipped with capacity control to throttle the
steam providing heat to the generator and thus reduces the steam pressure and generator
temperature. If the generator temperature is reduced to 95◦ C while all other temperature
and flow rate through pumped remain constant, determine the new refrigerating capacity,
the relative COP.

Exercise 4.14 The following values refer to a water-lithium bromide VARS: Cooling medium
temperature = 30◦ C, application temperature = 5◦ C, and heat source temperature = 80◦ C.
• Locate the state points on p-h diagram of the refrigerant as well as p-t-x and h-t-x charts
of the solution and obtain the COP of the system. Compare the COP with the ideal value.
• If the condensate is sub-cooled by 20 K before throttling and the strong solution leaving the
generator is cooled by 20 K, while all other operating conditions are kept constant, obtain
the tonnage and COP of the system. Find the improvement in COP and corresponding
relative COP.

Exercise 4.15 For the lithium-bromide/water absorption refrigeration system shown below,
Determine:
• Heat required at the generator per ton of cooling [Ans: 516 Btu/min]
• COP [Ans: 0.39]
• Heat rejection ratio (Qabsorber + Qcondenser )/Qevaporator [Ans: 3.58]

Exercise 4.16 In the basic lithium-bromide water absorption system, the generator operates
at 170◦ F while the evaporator is at 47◦ F. The absorbing temperature is 75◦ F and the condensing
temperature is 88◦ F. Calculate the heat rejection ratio for these conditions. [Ans. 2.28]
Exercise 4.17 Consider a baseline of source temperature 90◦ C, cooling medium temperature
30◦ C and load temperature 5◦ C.
• Find derivative of Carnot COP with source temperature.
• Plot the derivative determined by holding two of the baseline temperature constant and
varying the third around the baseline value (five points required)
• Propose a design to improve the COP.

Exercise 4.18 A water-lithium bromide single-effect vapor absorption refrigeration system

operates between pressures of 0.8 and 8 kPa. If the solution circuit mass fractions are 0.55 and
0.6, the solution heat exchanger effectiveness is 0.7 and the stream leaves each component is
saturated, Determine:
• Circulation and flow ratios
• Heat load of each component
• Relative COP
20 Chapter 4. Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAbRC)
Exercise 4.19 Define the following terms; Minimum generator temperature of a vapor
absorption refrigerator, low-grade energy, and Double-effect in vapor absorption systems.

Exercise 4.20 If condenser and absorber temperatures equal to 30◦ C, plot cut-off generator
temperature viruses evaporator temperatures (from -20◦ C to 20◦ C) for both R22-DMA and
water lithium bromide VARS, Discuss your results.
Exercise 4.21 A water –lithium bromide vapor absorption refrigeration system has the fol-
lowing data: Condensing temperature of 40◦ C, evaporation temperature of 5◦ C, temperature
of solution leaving absorber of 35◦ C, and temperature of solution leaving generator 100◦ C.
Assume saturated conditions at the exit of each component. Warm water from the load returns
to the machine at a temperature of 12◦ C and at a rate flow 3000 liter /min. chilled water leaves
the machine at 8◦ C. Saturated steam at 2 bar enters the generator and leaves as saturated water.
Calculate:
• Relative COP
• Required rate of flow of steam
• Required fuel flow rate (Make any assumption if necessary)

Exercise 4.22 If the evaporator temperature of a waste heat operated absorption system has
decreased, what should be done to the waste heat temperature to operate the system with the
same COP? The reversible coefficient of performance (COP) of an absorption refrigeration cycle
is a function of the three temperatures of the external heat transfer interactions.

Exercise 4.23 How can the solar energy be used to obtain refrigerating effect? Explain with
a neat and clean sketch. Obtain an expression for the cooling capacity of an ideal simple
absorption cooling system in terms of solar collectors, generator, ambient and room (space to be
cooled) temperatures.
Exercise 4.24 The reversible coefficient of performance (COP) of an absorption refrigeration

cycle is a function of the three temperatures of the external heat transfer interactions. (i)
determine the sensitivity of the reversible COP to each of the three temperatures by evaluating
the partial derivative with respect to each temperature, (ii) Consider a baseline of source
temperature (90◦ C), cooling medium temperature (30◦ C) and load temperature (5◦ C). Plot the
derivative determined in (a) by holding two of the baseline temperature constant and varying the
third around the baseline value (five points required), and (iii) Based on the results in (a) and (b),
propose a design to improve the COP.
Exercise 4.25 State the different types of cascade vapor absorption refrigerators and make a
neat sketch for them stating the coefficient of performance of each type.
4.1 Exercises 21
Exercise 4.26
Exercise 4.27 A vapor absorption refrigeration system has refrigeration capacity of 100 TR.
Taking the heat rejection rates in the condenser and absorber as 365.5 kW and 577.4 kW,
respectively. Calculate coefficient of performance of that system.
Exercise 4.28 An Absorption refrigeration system that receives heat from a source at 130◦ C
and maintains the refrigerated space at -5◦ C is claimed to have a COP of 2. If the environment
temperature is 27◦ C, can this claim be valid. Justify your answer.
Exercise 4.29
Exercise 4.30
5. Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAdRC)
5.1 System Description and Operation

In the configured adsorption chiller, adsorption is just an exothermic process, so the heat of
adsorption needs to be removed by using a cooling water flow rate. On the other hand, heat
(via hot water flow rate) is required to release the refrigerant from the adsorbent pores during
the desorption process. The desorber and adsorber beds are controlled to work sequentially
through four processes as shown in Fig. 5.1 namely; isosteric heating (preheating switching,
1→2), isobaric desorption/condensation (2→3), isosteric cooling (precooling switching, 3→4) and
isobaric adsorption/evaporation (4→1). In the isosteric heating/cooling, the refrigerant amount in
the beds remains constant. The following valves V1 , V2 , V3 and V4 are closed to keep the amount
of refrigerant in the beds constant during preheating/precooling process as given in Fig. 5.2. As
a result, during the preheating process the bed pressure increases from the evaporation pressure
to the condensation pressure and vice versa during the precooling process. During the isobaric
cooling process, one of the beds is connected to the evaporator to suck the refrigerant vapor from
the evaporator producing the cooling effect. Moreover, during the isobaric heating process, the
other bed is connected to the condenser to deliver the refrigerant to be condensed and then to
evaporator through the liquid line. Using two adsorption beds is necessary to obtain continuous
cooling by making both of them work in parallel whilst one bed in the adsorption process and the
other bed in desorption process [Freni].
24 Chapter 5. Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAdRC)
100
1 2 Preheating process 0.3
0.25
2 3 Desorption process 0.2
3 4 Precooling process tion 0.15
a t ura
4 1 Adsorption process S
0.1
Saturation pressure (kPa)
10 Qcon
2 3
Pcon 0.05
Peva
1 4
1 Qeva
o n
centrati 0.01 kg kg-1
Con
0.1
10 Teva 20 30 Tcon 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
Figure 5.1: Pressure−temperature diagram of adsorption chiller.
Figure 5.2: Schematic diagram of a two−bed adsorption chiller [48].

6. Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC)
6.1 Basic Principle

Typical vapor compression refrigeration cycle uses capillary tube, thermostatic expansion valve and
other throttling devices to reduce refrigerant pressure from condenser to evaporator. Theoretically,
the pressure drop is considered isenthalpic process (constant enthalpy). Isenthalpic process causes
a decrease in the evaporator cooling capacity because of energy loss in the throttling process.
To recover this energy loss, isentropic (constant entropy) is required in the expansion process.
An ejector can be used to generate isentropic condition in the throttling process, Because the
phase of the working fluid in the diffuser is a two phase, an ejector as an expansion device is
usually named as two phase ejector in most papers, while others refer to it as an ejector-expansion
refrigeration cycle (EERC) [4]. Figure(6.1) [6] shows a comparison between conventional VCRC
and modified VCRC.
Throttling devices are used to reduce the refrigerant condensing pressure (high pressure) to the
evaporating pressure (low pressure) by a throttling operation. The main difference between the
basic cycle and the EERC is that reducing of pressure and temperature in EERC is accomplished
with the ejector instead of an expansion valve[5]. Other components in the cycle are the same for
both refrigeration cycles.
26 Chapter 6. Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC)
6.2 Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle

Throttling loss in the expansion device, through which the refrigerant is expanded from the con-
denser pressure to the evaporator pressure, is one of the thermodynamic losses in a conventional
vapor compression refrigeration cycle. This expansion results during the isenthalpic process in
which the kinetic energy developed as the refrigerant pressure decrease is dissipated to the refriger-
ant as friction heat.
The isenthalpic process causes the larger amount of therefrigerant to flash into a vapor than
in the isentropic process. As a result, the refrigerating effect of the cycle is reduced.In order to
recover the potential kinetic energy in the expansion process, various researchers have attempted
to use other expanders rather than the expansion engine. Due to the low cost, no moving parts
and ability to handle twophase flow without damage, an ejector is an attractive alternative for the
expansion device in the refrigeration system.
The ejector consists of primary and secondary nozzle which decrease the fluid pressure to the
pressure of suction chamber and the exit of two nozzles mix in a constant area mixing chamber,
then enter the diffuser as the pressure increase as shown in Fig. (6.2).
The ejector connected to the system as shown in Fig. (6.3). The system operates in this way:
a high-pressure and high-temperature primary fluid in liquid form coming from the condenser
enters motive nozzle (state 1) and expands there until its pressure drops to that of suction chamber
(Pb ).Whereas the pressure of secondary fluid entrained from the evaporator at (state 2) drops to
the pressure of suction chamber (Pb ). The primary and secondary fluids, which are at the same
pressure, enter the mixing chamber and mix there at a constant area, and then they leave the mixing
chamber at (state 3m ).
Figure 6.1: Comparison between conventional VCRC and modified VCRC.

6.2 Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle 27
The mixed flow, which has now raised to (P3m ), pressure enters the diffuser section of the ejector
and here its velocity drops until it almost, comes to a stagnation state. Here, its pressure increases
and it leaves the ejector at (state 3). In this way, the ejector will have transferred the energy of a
high-pressure fluid to a low pressure fluid and thereby will have increased the pressure of the latter.
In this way, the compressor inlet pressure in this system is relatively higher than that in a basic
system and hence less work is used to operate the compressor in the EERC.
The mixture leaving the ejector enters the separator and it separates into saturated liquid and
saturated vapor in there. With the help of a small expansion valve, the pressure and temperature
of the saturated liquid, which leave the separator in (state 6), are dropped to the pressure and
temperature of the evaporator and then the refrigerant is sent to the evaporator in (state 7). Here, the
refrigerant takes heat from a cooled medium; vaporizes and then returns to the ejector in (state 2)
as a saturated vapor. The other part of the fluid leaving the separator, which is in a saturated vapor
state, enters the compressor at (state 4) and here the pressure and temperature of the fluid are raised
to those of the condenser. Therefore, the fluid in (state 5), which has now come to a superheated
vapor state, is delivered to the condenser. Here, it gives out heat to the surrounding, condenses to
(state 1) and enters the ejector again. Fig. (6.4) represents the process of the system.
Figure 6.2: Schematic diagram of constant area ejector.

28 Chapter 6. Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC)
Figure 6.3: Ejector expansion device cycle.
6.3 Advantages of Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle
In many instances, the EERC is more feasible and has many advantages as compared with conven-
tional refrigeration cycle[4]and[5]e.g.:
• Can be applied to the current system with minor modifications.
• Higher cooling effect over simple cycle.
• Decreases the expansion losses.
• Lower specific work from the simple cycle which means less power consumption.
• The system COP improvement increases when condenser temperature increases which make
it most suitable for hot and dry climate.
• The maximum theoretical system COP improvement up to 22 %.
Exercise 6.1 Nowadays, energy problem is one of the most important problems over the world.
Is it is possible to derive refrigeration system with a renewable energy. Describe a refrigeration
system can driven by solar energy.
Exercise 6.2 A vapor jet refrigeration system uses R134a as a working fluid. The operating
pressures are 1, 5, and 10 bar. Evaporator, condenser, and boiler exit are dry and saturated.
System cooling capacity is 30 kW. Calculate system COP for entrainment ratio of 0.2, 0.3, and
0.4 and then draw a diagram to show how the relation between entrainment ratio and COP.
6.3 Advantages of Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle 29
Figure 6.4: P − h diagram of both EERC and conventional VCRC.
Exercise 6.3 Explain the working principle of vapour jet refrigeration system with the help of
T-S diagram. Mention also the ejector internal processes
7. Cold Stores
8. Magnetic Refrigeration
II
Part Two: Air Conditioning
9 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
10 Psychrometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
11 Oral Exams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
12 Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Articles
Books
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
9. Introduction
10. Psychrometry
Exercise 10.1 Determine the properties of moist air at the following states:
DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

40 20
24 50
30 9.5
15 60
25 100
Solution:

40 20 17 6.25 56.5 0.896 7
24 17 50 9.25 47.5 0.854 12.5
30 19.2 35 9.5 54.5 0.8725 13
21.8 20.6 90 15 60 0.857 20
25 25 100 20 76.5 0.8725 25
Exercise 10.2 1.5 CMM of moist air at a state of 28◦ C DBT and 20◦ C WBT cooled by a
cooling coil (sensibly) to 16◦ C DBT, Determine:
• The properties of air at the exit of the cooling coil
• Cooling coil load

Solution:
The properties of air at the exit of the cooling coil:

40 Chapter 10. Psychrometry

16 16 100 11.35 44.8 0.834 16
Cooling coil load:

V̇ 1.5/60
ṁa = = = 0.0288kg/s
ν 0.868
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.0288(57 − 44.8) = 0.236kW
Inlet Air Cooling Coil Exit Air
1 2
1.5 CMM
28C DBT 16C DBT
20C WBT
ℎ1 = 57 20C 𝑣1 = 0.868
ℎ2 = 44.8
2 1
x
16C DBT 28C
Exercise 10.3 50 CMM of air enters a cooling coil at 35◦ C DBT and 26.5◦ C WBT and the
air leaves the cooling coil at 15◦ C and 50 % RH, Determine:
• All properties of air entering and leaving the cooling coil
• Cooling coil capacity

Solution:
The properties of air at the exit of the cooling coil:
Cooling coil load:
V̇ 50/60
ṁa = = = 0.927kg/s
ν 0.899
41

15 9.7 50 5.3 28.5 0.823 4.7
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.927(82.5 − 28.5) = 50kW = 14.2T R
1 2
50 CMM
26.5C WBT 50% RH
ℎ1 = 82.5 26.5C 𝑣1 = 0.899
ℎ2 = 28.5
1
x
2
50%
DBT 15C 35C
Exercise 10.4 An air conditioning plant is to be designed for a small office room according to
the following conditions:
• Outdoor conditions 10◦ C DBT and 8◦ C WBT
• Indoor condition 30◦ C DBT
• Amount of air 0.3 CMM per person
• Seating capacity 50
The required condition is achieved by heating, Determine:
• The properties of air leaving the heating coil
• The coil heating capacity.

Solution:
The properties of air at the exit of the heating coil:

30 16.5 50 5.8 45 0.867 6.1
Heating coil load:

V̇ 50 ∗ 0.3/60
ṁa = = = 0.288kg/s
ν 0.867
Qhc = ṁa (h2 − h1 ) = 0.288(45 − 24.5) = 5.9kW
Inlet Air Heating Coil Exit Air
1 2
0.3*50 CMM
30C DBT
10C DBT
8C WBT
ℎ2 = 45 𝑣2 = 0.867
ℎ1 = 24.5
8C
1 2
x
DBT 10C 30C
Exercise 10.5 1.5 CMM of moist air at a state of 28◦ C DBT and 20◦ C WBT flows across a
cooling coil and leaves it at 17◦ C DBT and 9 gwv /kgda . Determine:
• Apparatus dew point temperature
• Cooling load
• By-pass factor and sensible heat factor

Solution:
Apparatus dew point temperature
Apparatus dew point temperature = 8.5◦ C
43
Cooling load
V̇ 1.5/60
ṁa = = = 0.0287kg/s
ν 0.8689
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.0287(57 − 40) = 0.4879kW
By-pass factor
t2 − tADP 17 − 8.5
BF = = = 0.435897
t1 − tADP 28 − 8.5
ω2 − ωADP 9−7
BF = = = 0.465
ω1 − ωADP 11.3 − 7
h2 − hADP 40 − 26
BF = = = 0.4516
h1 − hADP 57 − 26
sensible heat factor

h10 − h2 51 − 40
SHF = = = 0.647
h1 − h2 57 − 40
1 2
1.5 CMM
20C WBT 9 gwv/kgda
ℎ1 = 57 20C 𝑣1 = 0.8689
ℎ1′ = 51
ℎ2 = 40 x
1
11.3
2
ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 = 26 9
1’
7
ADP =8.5C DBT 17C 28C

Exercise 10.6 50 CMM of moist air inters a cooling coil at 35◦ C DBT and 26.5◦ C WBT. If
the apparatus dew point 10◦ C and the air leaves the cooling coil at 15◦ C, Determine:
• All properties of air entering and leaving the cooling coil
• Cooling coil capacity
• By-pass factor (BPF) and cooling coil efficiency

Solution:
All properties of air entering the cooling coil

35 26.5 51.7 18.25 82.4 0.899 23.6
All properties of air leaving the cooling coil

15 14.2 94 10 40.5 0.8296 14
Cooling load
V̇ 50/60
ṁa = = = 0.927kg/s
ν 0.899
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.927(82.4 − 40.5) = 38.84kW = 11T R
By-pass factor
t2 − tADP 15 − 10
BF = = = 0.2
t1 − tADP 35 − 10
ω2 − ωADP 10 − 8
BF = = = 0.195
ω1 − ωADP 18.25 − 8
h2 − hADP 40.5 − 30
BF = = = 0.2
h1 − hADP 82.4 − 30

h10 − h2 62.5 − 40.5
SHF = = = 0.525
h1 − h2 82.4 − 40.5
Cooling coil efficiency

h1 − h2 82.4 − 40.5
ηcc = = = 80 %
h1 − hADP 82.4 − 30
Exercise 10.7 An air conditioning system is to be designed for industrial process for hot and
wet summer conditions. The out door air is at 30◦ C DBT and 75 % RH. The required conditions
is to be 22◦ C DBT and 70 % RH. The amount of free air circulated is 200 CMM. The coil
surface temperature is 14◦ C and the required conditions are achieved by first cooling with
dehumidification and then by heating. Find out:
• The cooling capacity and BPF of cooling coil
• The amount of water vapor removed
45
1 2
10C ADP
50 CMM
26.5C WBT
ℎ1 = 82.4 26.5C 𝑣1 = 0.899

ℎ1′ = 62.5
x
ℎ2 = 40.5 1
18.25
2
ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 = 30 10
1’
8
ADP =10C DBT 15C 35C
Solution:
Cooling load
V̇ 200/60
ṁa = = = 3.76kg/s
ν 0.887
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 3.76(82 − 46) = 135.36kW = 38.45T R
By-pass factor
t2 − tADP 16.5 − 14
BF = = = 0.15625
t1 − tADP 30 − 14
ω2 − ωADP 11.7 − 10
BF = = = 0.1683
ω1 − ωADP 20.1 − 10
h2 − hADP 46 − 40
BF = = = 0.1429
h1 − hADP 82 − 40

h10 − h2 60 − 46
SHF = = = 0.38
h1 − h2 82 − 46
The amount of water vapor removed

ṁwv = ṁa (ω1 − ω2 ) = 3.76(20.1 − 11.7) = 31.58x10−3 kg/s
Inlet Air Cooling Coil Heating Coil Exit Air
1 2 3
14C ADP
200 CMM
75% RH 70% RH
ℎ1 = 82 𝑣1 = 0.887
ℎ1′ = 60
x
ℎ2 = 46 1
20.1
2
ℎ𝐴𝐷𝑃 = 40 11.7
3 1’
10
75%
70%
ADP =14C DBT 16.5C 30C
Exercise 10.8 100 CMM of atmospheric air at 38◦ C DBT and 20 % relative humidity. The
required conditioning state is 22◦ C DBT and 60 % RH which is achieved through:
• first by adiabatic humidifying and then by cooling
• first by steam injection and then by cooling
Find out the quantity of steam required and the change in cooling coil capacity.
Solution:
first by adiabatic humidifying and then by cooling
Cooling load
V̇ 100/60
ṁa = = = 1.885kg/s
ν 0.884
Qcc = ṁa (h2 − h3 ) = 1.885(60 − 48) = 22.62kW = 6.4T R
first by steam injection and then by cooling

Cooling load
V̇ 100/60
ṁa = = = 1.862kg/s
ν 0.895
Qcc = ṁa (h2 − h3 ) = 1.862(64 − 48) = 29.79kW = 8.46T R

47
The amount of steam injected
ṁst = ṁa (ω2 − ω1 ) = 1.862(10 − 8.5) = 2.793x10−3 kg/s
ℎ2 = 60
ℎ3 = 48 x
𝑣2 = 0.884
2
10
3
8.5
1
60%
20%
DBT 22C 38C
ℎ2 = 64
ℎ3 = 48 𝑣2 = 0.895 x
2
10
3
8.5
1
60%
20%
DBT 22C 38C
Exercise 10.9 A cooling tower is a device that cools a spray of water by passing it through
a stream of air. If 15 m3 /s of air is at 35◦ C dry-bulb and 24◦ C wet-bulb temperature and an
atmospheric pressure of 101 kPa enters the tower and the air leaves saturated at 31 C, (a) to
what temperature can this airstream cool a spray of water entering at 38◦ C with a flow rate of 20
kg/s and (b) how many kilograms per second of make-up water must be added to compensate
for the water that is evaporated?
Exercise 10.10 In an air-conditioning unit 3.5 m3 /s of air at 27◦ C dry-bulb temperature, 50

percent relative humidity, and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving
condition of the air is 13◦ C dry-bulb temperature and 90 percent relative humidity. Using
properties from the psychrometric chart, (a) calculate the refrigerating capacity in kilowatts and
(b) determine the rate of water removal from the air
Exercise 10.11 Moist air enters chamber at 5◦ C DBT and 2.5◦ C WBT at a rate of 90 CMM.
The barometric pressure is 1.01325 bar. While passing through the chamber, the air absorbs
sensible heat at a rate of 40.7 kW and picks up 40 kg/h of saturated steam at 110◦ C.
• Draw all processes on the psychrometric chart
• Determine the dry and wet bulb temperatures of the leaving air

Exercise 10.12 Discuss the important processes that air undergoes in Window and Central air
conditioners during winter and summer seasons.
Exercise 10.13 Sketch cooling and dehumidification process on a psychrometric chart, then
deduce sensible heat factor and by-pass factor.
Exercise 10.14
11. Oral Exams
Exercise 11.1 Write true or false for the following statements (2012-2013):
1. The amount of dry air presents in the moist air may vary from zero to a maximum ( )
2. The temperature of air at which condensation of moisture begins when the air is cooled is
known as wet bulb temperature ( )
3. When the dry bulb temperature is equal to dew point temperature, the relative humidity of
air-water mixture is 1.0 ( )
4. Sensible heat factor is low for air conditioning plants operating in humid climates ( )
5. As the by-pass factor (BPF) of the cooling coil increases, temperature difference between
air at the outlet of the coil and coil ADP decreases ( )
6. From ASHRAE comfort chart it is observed that lower dry bulb temperatures and lower
moisture content are recommended for winter ( )
7. In a system with outdoor air for ventilation, the load on building is less than the load on
coil ( )
8. Systems with reheat are used when the Room Sensible Heat Factor is low ( )
9. Evaporative cooling systems are attractive for hot and dry climates ( )
10. In winter air conditioning systems, heated and dehumidified air is supplied to a conditioned
space ( )
11. When humidification is carried out by adding dry steam, the temperature of air remains
close to the DBT of entering air ( )
12. When an all year air conditioning system is used during winter, the cooling and dehumidi-
fication coils are switched-off ( )
13. Ventilation requirement depends on occupancy and also on activity level ( )
14. An externally loaded building requires a system with variable cooling capacity ( )
15. It is possible to provide fresh air in a window air conditioner, whereas this is not possible
in a split air conditioner ( )
16. Compared to a central air conditioning system, the temperature swing obtained using a
room air conditioner is higher ( )
17. High air velocity in ducts results in lower initial costs but higher operating costs ( )
50 Chapter 11. Oral Exams
18. In a given duct system, the total pressure drop varies linearly with flow rate ( )
19. Cooled water leaving the tower will be about 5K warmer than the incoming air wet bulb
temperature ( )
20. If the relative humidity is low, the rate of evaporation of water will be low ( )
21. Is it possible to transfer heat from hot fluid to cold one and vice versa ( )
22. Reversed carnot cycle is the highest COP in VCRS while its COP should multiplied by
heat engine efficiency to get highest COP in both VARS or VJRS ( )
23. It is important to insulate the indoor suction line pipe (inside the room) to minimize
un-useful superheating. ( )
24. Actual VCRS has lower COP than simple cycle due to sources of irreversibility. ( )
25. The amount of Co2 emissions in VARS is lower than that of VCRS for the same cooling
capacity. ( )
26. Condenser temperature is higher than absorber temperature in parallel cooling medium
supply. ( )
27. Higher system COP in VARS can be reached by using heat exchanger in refrigerant circuit.
()
28. Superheating process is very important for the life time of the compressor of VARS. ( )
29. VJRS can be driven using lower source temperature as compared by VARS. ( )
30. It is not possible to compare COP of systems driven by different input energy sources
such as VJRS and VARS. ( )
31. The best refrigerant should have higher thermal conductivity. ( )
32. The system COP can be changed by using different refrigerants working in the same
pressure levels. ( )
33. Ozone depletion potential should be zero for the best refrigerant. ( )
34. Kelvin Plank statement cannot be applied for VARS or VJRS because there are not work
input. ( )
35. Liquid specific heat should be low while vapour specific heat should be high in refrigerant
selection. ( )
36. Compressor suction line should be insulated to decrease the un-useful superheating in
VCRS ( )
37. The preferable refrigerant should have low thermal conductivity to decrease the heat loss
from the system to abmient ( )
38. Coefficient of performance of air conditioning higher than refrigerator due to the lower
required application temperature ( )
39. Compressor power usage is higher in summer than winter for the same required tempera-
ture due higher ambient air temprature ( )
40. The concentration of the solution which input to the generator of VARS uses H2o-Libr is
higher than the concentration of refrigerant which exit from the generator ( )

1. The amount of dry air presents in the moist air may vary from zero to a maximum (X)
known as wet bulb temperature (X)
3. When the dry bulb temperature is equal to dew point temperature, the relative humidity of
√
air-water mixture is 1.0 ( )
√
4. Sensible heat factor is low for air conditioning plants operating in humid climates ( )
5. As the by-pass factor (BPF) of the cooling coil increases, temperature difference between
51
air at the outlet of the coil and coil ADP decreases (X)
6. From ASHRAE comfort chart it is observed that lower dry bulb temperatures and lower
√
moisture content are recommended for winter ( )
7. In a system with outdoor air for ventilation, the load on building is less than the load on
√
coil ( )
√
8. Systems with reheat are used when the Room Sensible Heat Factor is low ( )
√
9. Evaporative cooling systems are attractive for hot and dry climates ( )
10. In winter air conditioning systems, heated and dehumidified air is supplied to a conditioned
space (X)
11. When humidification is carried out by adding dry steam, the temperature of air remains
√
close to the DBT of entering air ( )
12. When an all year air conditioning system is used during winter, the cooling and dehumidi-
√
fication coils are switched-off ( )
√
13. Ventilation requirement depends on occupancy and also on activity level ( )
√
14. An externally loaded building requires a system with variable cooling capacity ( )
15. It is possible to provide fresh air in a window air conditioner, whereas this is not possible
√
in a split air conditioner ( )
16. Compared to a central air conditioning system, the temperature swing obtained using a
√
room air conditioner is higher ( )
√
17. High air velocity in ducts results in lower initial costs but higher operating costs ( )
18. In a given duct system, the total pressure drop varies linearly with flow rate (X)
19. Cooled water leaving the tower will be about 5K warmer than the incoming air wet bulb
√
temperature ( )
√
20. If the relative humidity is low, the rate of evaporation of water will be low ( )
21. Is it possible to transfer heat from hot fluid to cold one and vice versa (X)
22. Reversed carnot cycle is the highest COP in VCRS while its COP should multiplied by
√
heat engine efficiency to get highest COP in both VARS or VJRS ( )
23. It is important to insulate the indoor suction line pipe (inside the room) to minimize
un-useful superheating. (X)
√
24. Actual VCRS has lower COP than simple cycle due to sources of irreversibility. ( )
25. The amount of Co2 emissions in VARS is lower than that of VCRS for the same cooling
√
capacity. ( )
26. Condenser temperature is higher than absorber temperature in parallel cooling medium
supply. (X)
27. Higher system COP in VARS can be reached by using heat exchanger in refrigerant circuit.
(X)
√
√
29. VJRS can be driven using lower source temperature as compared by VARS. ( )
30. It is not possible to compare COP of systems driven by different input energy sources
√
such as VJRS and VARS. ( )
√
31. The best refrigerant should have higher thermal conductivity. ( )
√
√
33. Ozone depletion potential should be zero for the best refrigerant. ( )
34. Kelvin Plank statement cannot be applied for VARS or VJRS because there are not work
input. (X)
35. Liquid specific heat should be low while vapour specific heat should be high in refrigerant
selection. (X)
36. Compressor suction line should be insulated to decrease the un-useful superheating in
√
VCRS ( )
from the system to abmient (X)
38. Coefficient of performance of air conditioning higher than refrigerator due to the lower
required application temperature (X)
√
ture due higher ambient air temprature ( )
40. The concentration of the solution which input to the generator of VARS uses H2o-Libr is
√
higher than the concentration of refrigerant which exit from the generator ( )

1. In refrigeration process, temperature of the object should be decreased below the ambient
temperature. ( )
2. Revered Carnot cycle cannot be reached at any conditions. ( )
3. In a heat pump cycle, as the lower temperature increases or the higher temperature
decreases Carnot COP increases. ( )
4. In refrigerator, if both low temperature source and high temperature sink decrease with
the same rate Carnot COP is constant. v
5. Air is the working fluid in reversed Carnot cycle while water can be used as a working
fluid in vapor compression refrigeration cycle( )
6. The concentration of the solution which input to the generator of VARS uses R22-DMA
is higher than the concentration of refrigerant which exit from the generator. ( )
7. COP of home refrigerator is lower than home freezer and home air conditioner. ( )
8. Compressor discharge temperature is direct proportional to COP of VCRS for constant
9. Multi stage compound VCRS has lower compressor specific work as compared with
single stage VCRS. ( )
10. At higher altitudes, the air temperature is very low therefore there is no need for Aeroplane
cooling. ( )
11. COP of air conditioning is higher than COP of refrigerator operated at the same outside
temperature. ( )
12. Superheating at the evaporator exit is important for compressor life time while the system
cooling capacity should be decreased. ( )
13. It is possible to transfer heat from hot fluid to cold one and vice versa. ( )
14. Reversed Carnot cycle has the highest COP in VCRS while its COP should multiplied by
heat engine efficiency to get highest COP in VARS. ( )
15. It is important to insulate the indoor suction line pipe (inside the room) to minimize useful
superheating. ( )
16. Wet bulb temperature is higher than Dry bulb temperature. ( )
17. Humidity ratio range is 0 to 100%. ( )
18. Cooling coil cannot be used to dry the humid air. ( )
19. Maximum cooling point of the cooling coil when the air is saturated or reach cooling coil
surface. ( )
20. As humidifier efficiency reaches 100% the air dry bulb temperature equals wet bulb
temperature. ( )
21. Actual VCRS has higher COP than a simple cycle due to sources of irreversibility. ( )
53
22. Absorber temperature is higher than condenser temperature in parallel cooling medium
supply. ( )
23. Lower generator required heat in VARS can be reached by using heat exchanger in
solution circuit. ( )
25. The better refrigerant should have higher latent heat. ( )
26. Sensible load is the load which changes the air wet bulb temperature however the latent
load changes the relative humidity of the air. ( )
27. The room sensible heat factor can be changed by varying the fresh air percentage.( )
28. As the fresh air mixed ratio increases, the mixed air temperature decreases in both summer
and winter air conditioning. ( )
29. In summer air conditioning, compressor power is increased as the fresh air percentage
decreases. ( )
30. The supply air temperature is higher than the room temperature in summer and lower than
it in winter. ( )
temperature levels. ( )
32. Boiling temperature of refrigerant should be low for the best refrigerant. ( )
33. Liquid specific heat should be high while vapor specific heat should be low in refrigerant
selection. ( )
from the system to ambient. ( )
ture due to higher ambient air temperature. ( )
36. In cooling process, the air relative humidity should be increased. ( )
37. In dehumidification process, the air dry bulb temperature should be increased. ( )
38. When the cooling coil surface temperature is less than air dry bulb temperature, the air
should be cooled and dehumidified. ( )
39. Room sensible heat factor represent the ratio between sensible and total room load. ( )
40. Most of room loads are sensible except persons, ventilation and infiltration loads are latent
loads. ( )

1. In refrigeration process, temperature of the object should be decreased below the ambient
temperature. ( )
2. Revered Carnot cycle cannot be reached at any conditions. ( )
3. In a heat pump cycle, as the lower temperature increases or the higher temperature
decreases Carnot COP increases. ( )
4. In refrigerator, if both low temperature source and high temperature sink decrease with
the same rate Carnot COP is constant. v
5. Air is the working fluid in reversed Carnot cycle while water can be used as a working
fluid in vapor compression refrigeration cycle( )
6. The concentration of the solution which input to the generator of VARS uses R22-DMA
is higher than the concentration of refrigerant which exit from the generator. ( )
7. COP of home refrigerator is lower than home freezer and home air conditioner. ( )
8. Compressor discharge temperature is direct proportional to COP of VCRS for constant
9. Multi stage compound VCRS has lower compressor specific work as compared with
single stage VCRS. ( )
10. At higher altitudes, the air temperature is very low therefore there is no need for Aeroplane
cooling. ( )
11. COP of air conditioning is higher than COP of refrigerator operated at the same outside
temperature. ( )
12. Superheating at the evaporator exit is important for compressor life time while the system
cooling capacity should be decreased. ( )
13. It is possible to transfer heat from hot fluid to cold one and vice versa. ( )
14. Reversed Carnot cycle has the highest COP in VCRS while its COP should multiplied by
heat engine efficiency to get highest COP in VARS. ( )
15. It is important to insulate the indoor suction line pipe (inside the room) to minimize useful
superheating. ( )
16. Wet bulb temperature is higher than Dry bulb temperature. ( )
17. Humidity ratio range is 0 to 100%. ( )
18. Cooling coil cannot be used to dry the humid air. ( )
19. Maximum cooling point of the cooling coil when the air is saturated or reach cooling coil
surface. ( )
20. As humidifier efficiency reaches 100% the air dry bulb temperature equals wet bulb
temperature. ( )
21. Actual VCRS has higher COP than a simple cycle due to sources of irreversibility. ( )
22. Absorber temperature is higher than condenser temperature in parallel cooling medium
supply. ( )
23. Lower generator required heat in VARS can be reached by using heat exchanger in
solution circuit. ( )
25. The better refrigerant should have higher latent heat. ( )
26. Sensible load is the load which changes the air wet bulb temperature however the latent
load changes the relative humidity of the air. ( )
27. The room sensible heat factor can be changed by varying the fresh air percentage.( )
28. As the fresh air mixed ratio increases, the mixed air temperature decreases in both summer
and winter air conditioning. ( )
29. In summer air conditioning, compressor power is increased as the fresh air percentage
decreases. ( )
30. The supply air temperature is higher than the room temperature in summer and lower than
it in winter. ( )
temperature levels. ( )
32. Boiling temperature of refrigerant should be low for the best refrigerant. ( )
33. Liquid specific heat should be high while vapor specific heat should be low in refrigerant
selection. ( )
from the system to ambient. ( )
ture due to higher ambient air temperature. ( )
36. In cooling process, the air relative humidity should be increased. ( )
37. In dehumidification process, the air dry bulb temperature should be increased. ( )
38. When the cooling coil surface temperature is less than air dry bulb temperature, the air
55
should be cooled and dehumidified. ( )

39. Room sensible heat factor represent the ratio between sensible and total room load. ( )
40. Most of room loads are sensible except persons, ventilation and infiltration loads are latent
loads. ( )

Exercise 11.5 Choose the correct answer:

1. If a refrigerator is not directly exposed to sun rays
• (a) it will stop working
• (b) the refrigerant will leak
• (c) frost will be formed on cabinet surface
• (d) none of the above
2. Cryogenics
• (a) is the field of engineering associated with development, production and use of
equipment in 123 K.
• (b) is same as refrigeration
• (c) include heating and cooling of liquids
• (d) is a thermodynamic analysis of low temperature systems
• (e) none of the above
3. Moisture in halo-carbon refrigerant refrigeration system causes
• (a) ineffective refrigeration
• (b) damage to compressor
• (c) high power consumption
• (d) freezing of automatic expansion device
• (e) all of the above
4. R125 is a compound consisting of amounts of
• (a) Carbon, hydrogen and fluorine
• (b) Carbon, hydrogen and fluorine and chlorine
• (c) Carbon, fluorine and chlorine
• (d) Carbon and hydrogen
5. Choose the wrong statement(s)
• (a) A refrigerant should have high latent heat
• (b) A refrigerant should have positive evaporating pressure
• (c) A refrigerant should be cheep
• (d) A refrigerant should have low thermal conductivity
6. Choose the correct statement
• (a) Super-heating in a refrigeration cycle increases COP
• (b) Sub-cooling in a refrigeration cycle increases COP
• (c) NH3-H2 O cycle requires high work input as compared to VCRS
7. The COP of a refrigeration machine, when lower temperature is fixed, can be improved
by
• (a) raising the higher temperature
• (b) lowering the higher temperature
• (c) keeping the higher temperature constant
• (d) first increasing then decreasing
8. The refrigerant R732 means
• (a) ammonia
• (b) carbon dioxide
• (c) sulpher dioxide

• (d) methyl chloride
9. one TR is equal to
• (a) 60 kJ/min
• (b) 500 kJ/min
• (c) 12000 BTU/hr
• (d) 690 kJ/min
10. When water intercooling is used in a multi-stage compression, it
• (a) reduces the work to be done in high pressure compressor
• (b) reduces the specific volume of the refrigerant
• (c) requires a compressor of less stroke volume
• (d) all of the above
11. When food products kept in different compartments to be maintained at same temperatures,
then the evaporator
• (a) at the same temperature with single compressor is used
• (b) at different temperature with single compressor is used
• (c) at different temperature with individual compressor is used
12. Which of the following is inorgainc refrigerants?
• (a) R11
• (b) R40
• (c) R114
• (d) R502
• (e) R717
• (f) R764
13. direct radiant electrical heater is used to heat a room and also VCRS is used as a heat
pump to heat similar room. For the same heating effect the former arrangement uses
• (a) more electrical energy than the latter
• (b) less electrical energy than the latter
• (c) same electrical energy than the latter
• (d) more or less as it can not be predicted
14. The effect of liquid sub-cooling in VCRS is
• (a) to reduce the rate of flow of refrigerant per TR
• (b) to reduce horse power per TR
• (c) to reduce the volume of vapour handled by the compressor per TR
15. The effect of superheating the vapour before suction to compression in VCRS is
• (a) increases the work of compression
• (b) increases the heat rejection in condenser
• (c) may increase COP or decrease COP depending the refrigerant used
• (d) all the above
16. COP of domestic refrigerator as compared to that of domestic air conditioning will be
• (a) lower
• (b) higher
• (c) same
• (d) unpredictable
17. The COP of VCR cycle using liquid suction heat exchanger as compared to simple
saturated cycle
• (a) is higher definitely
• (b) may be higher or lower depending upon the refrigerant used.
57
• (c) remains same

• (d) is unpredictable
18. In compound VCRS with flash intercooling the suction vapour to the second stage of
compression is
• (a) superheated
• (b) dry saturated
• (c) wet
• (d) may be dry saturated or superheated
19. Centrifugal refrigerant compressors are employed for the following refrigerants
• (a) R11
• (b) R22
• (c) R113
• (d) R717
20. For a fixed condenser temperature, the heat rejection ratio
• (a) increases with decreases in suction temperature
• (b) decreases with decreases in suction temperature
• (c) remains unaffected with decreases in suction temperature
• (d) is not predictable with decreases in suction temperature
21. Which of the following has the minimum value of COP for a given refrigeration effect?
• (a) reverse Carnot cycle
• (b) ordinary vapour compression cycle
• (c) vapour compression process with a reversible expansion engine
• (d) air refrigeration cycle
22. The refrigerant R22 is chemically
• (a) C Cl2F2
• (b) C Cl3F
• (c) C Cl F3
• (d) none of these
23. A water-lithium bromide absorption cooling system requires very little work input because
• (a) of its low viscosity
• (b) it is compressed in gaseous form
• (c) its low evaporation temperature
• (d) none of the above
known as
• (a) dry bulb temp.
• (b) dew point temp.
• (c) wet bulb temp.
• (d) saturation temp.
25. The process of adding heat to moist air at the same humidity ratio is known as
• (a) sensible heating
• (b) sensible cooling
• (c) humidification
• (d) dehumidification
26. For sensible heating, the air is passed over a heating element, which may be
• (a) electric resistance coils
• (b) hot water passed through coils
• (c) steam passed through coils
• (d) any one of the above

27. In case of sensible heating of air, the by-pass factor is equal to
• (a) [dbt2-dbt1] / [thc-dbt1]
• (b) [thc-dbt2] / [thc-dbt1]
• (c) [thc-dbt1] / [dbt2-dbt1]
• (d) [thc-dbt2] / [dbt2-dbt1] where dbt1 < dbt2 <thc (temperature of heating coil)
28. In case of sensible cooling of air, the by-pass factor is equal to
• (a) [dbt2-tcc] / [dbt1-tcc]
• (b) [dbt1-dbt2] / [dbt2+tcc)
• (c) [tcc-dbt1] / [dbt2-tcc]
• (d) [dbt2-tcc] / [dbt1-dbt2] where dbt1 > dbpt2 > tcc (temperature of cooling coil)
29. ventilation means control of
• (a) dry bulb temperature
• (b) humidity
• (c) motion f air
• (d) purity of air
• (e) all of the above
• (f) none of the above
30. Choose the correct statement
• (a) in heating and humidification process, humidity ratio (HR) decreases
• (b) in cooling and dehumidification process, HR increases
• (c) in cooling and dehumidification process, DBT increases
• (d) in heating and humidification process, DBT increases
31. Choose the wrong statement
• (a) HR is constant during sensible heating of air
• (b) RH increases during sensible cooling of air
• (c) DBT is constant during humidification process
• (d) As air gets wet, RH increases.
32. In summer air conditioning, the process used is known as
• (a) heating and humidification
• (b) dehumidification
• (c) cooling and dehumindification
33. In winter air-conditioning, the process used is known as
• (a) evaporative cooling
• (b) cooling and dehumidification
• (c) heating and humidification
34. If the relative humidity is low, the rate of evaporation of water will be
• (a) high
• (b) low
• (c) normal
• (d)zero
35. Difference between dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature is known as
• (a) dry bulb depression
• (b) wet bulb depression
• (c) dew point depression
• (d) degree of saturation
36. The process generally used in winter air conditioning to warm and humid air is called
• (a) humidification
59
• (b) dehumidification
• (c) heating and humidification
• (d) cooling and dehumidification
37. The difference between wet and dry bulb temperatures
• (a) increases at atmospheric temperature
• (b) increases as air gets wet
• (c) increases as air gets drier
• (d) remains constant
38. For better performance a desert cooler
• (a) should be placed inside the room
• (b) should be placed outside
• (c) should be mounted on window
• (d) should be placed at the roof level
39. In rainy season desert coolers become ineffective
• (a) because weather
• (b) pleasant weather
• (c) rain serves the purpose of cooler
• (d) humidity of air increases
40. In central air conditioning system
• (a) entire equipment is placed in the conditioned space
• (b) is used when small area is to be air conditioned
• (c) all the major equipment is located in one central space removed from the air to
be conditioned
• (d) there is only one machine which performs the function of air conditioning

1. In summer 100% recirculated air conditioning system contents of a cooling coil GSHF =
RSHF ( )
2. Using efficient lighting decreases the conditioning apparatus load in winter ( )
3. The ventilation load is classified as both space and coil loads ( )
4.
5. The register is a grill equipped with a damper control valve ( )
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

12. Air Conditioning Systems
Exercise 12.1 Saturated air at 21o C is passed through a drier so that its final relative humidity
is20%. The drier uses silica gel adsorbent. The air is then passed through a cooler until its final
temperature is 21◦ C without a change in specific humidity. Determine:
1. the temperature of air at the end of the drying process
2. the heat rejected during the cooling process
3. the relative humidity at the end of the cooling process
4. the dew point temperature at the end of the drying process
5. the moisture removed during the drying process

Exercise 12.2 Air at 10◦ C dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity is to be heated and
humidified to 35◦ C dry bulb temperature and 22.5◦ C wet bulb temperature. The air is pre-heated
sensibly before passing to the air washer in which water is recalculated. The relative humidity
of the air coming out of the air washer is 90%. This air is again reheated sensibly to obtain the
final desired condition. Find:
1. The temperature to which the air should be preheated
2. The total heating required
3. The make-up water required in the air washer
4. The humidifying efficiency of the air washer

Exercise 12.3 An air conditioned auditorium is to be maintained at 27◦ C dry bulb temperature
and 60% relative humidity. The ambient condition is 40◦ C dry bulb temperature and 30◦ C wet
bulb temperature. The total sensible heat load is 100 000 kJ/h and the total latent heat load is
40 000kJ/h. 60% of the return air is re-circulated and mixed with 40% of make-up air after the
cooling coil. The condition of air leaving the cooling coil is at 18◦ C. Determine:
1. Room sensible heat factor
62 Chapter 12. Air Conditioning Systems
2. The condition of air entering the auditorium

3. The amount of make-up air
4. Apparatus dew point
5. By-pass factor of the cooling coil Show the processes on the psychometric chart.

Exercise 12.4 A management building is air-conditioned at 25◦ C DBT and 50% RH, with a
room sensible heat factor 0.7 and re-circulated air 50%. Employer’s number is 100 persons. The
supply air temperature is 30◦ C DBT. The outside air conditions are 8*C DBT and 80% RH. If
the mixed air is to be heated and then humidified (with water injection), and if 30 cubic meters
per hour of fresh air per person is required, find out:
1. • Supplied air mass flow rate in kg/s
• Temperature after the heater
• Heater capacity
• Mass flow rate of water required for humidification in kg/h
• Room load in kW
If the humidifier is not working while room load and RSHF are the same as before,
determine:
2. The temperature at which the mixed air should be heated.
3. The outside air mass flow rate.

Exercise 12.5 A hall is to be air-conditioned. The outside air conditions are 35◦ C DBT and
30% RH. The room air conditions are 25◦ C DBT and 50% RH. The supply air temperature
is 10◦ C DBT. The room load is 50 kW. The fresh air is first dehumidified (adiabatically) to
X=0.004 kg/kg and then mixed with 70% re-circulated air and then is passed through a cooling
coil which has apparatus dew point of 5◦ C. Draw the cycle on the psychrometric chart and then
determine:
1. Mass flow rate of supplied air in kg/s. (2)
2. Capacity of the cooling coil in TR. (16)
3. Mass flow rate of water (kg/h) in dehumidifier process. (14.4)
4. By-pass factor of the cooling coil. (0.178)

Solution:
Room
h = const.
R
DBT = 10C
O N M S
Humidifier ADP = 5C 50% RH
30% RH
Cooling Coil
63
62
54.3
51
R O
26 M
S
N
33.5
Exercise 12.6 The following data refer to summer air-conditioning of a building: Outside
design conditions: 43◦ C DBT, 27◦ C WBT, Inside design conditions: 25◦ C DBT, 50%RH, Room
sensible heat gain: 20,000 kcal/h, Room latent heat gain: 5000 kcal/h, and By-pass factor of the
cooling coil used: 0.2 The return air from the room is mixed with the outside air before entry
the cooling coil in the ratio of 4:1 by mass. Determine:
1. apparatus dew point of the cooling coil
2. entry and exit conditions of air for cooling coil
3. fresh air mass flow rate
4. refrigeration load on the cooling coil
5. COP

Exercise 12.7 The following figure shows an air conditioning system for hot and dry climatic
conditions. Using the data in the figure, draw the cycle on the psychometric chart and calculate;
Cooling coil capacity, Humidifier capacity, Room load and its sensible heat factor
Solution:
tO + tR1
tM = = 32C
2
tM − tN
ηcc = = 0.7
tM − tADP1
tN = 13.1C
tN + tR2
tS =
2
tX − tS
ηh = = 0.8
tX − tADP2
tS = 14.83C
V̇ 100/60
ṁO = = = 1.85kg/s
ν 0.9
ṁM = ṁN = 2ṁO = 3.7kg/s
ṁX = ṁS = 4ṁO = 7.4kg/s
Cooling coil capacity
Qcc = ṁM (hM − hN ) = 3.7(56 − 30) = 96.2kW = 27.3T R
Humidifier capacity
(ωS − ωX )
ṁwv = ṁX = 7.4(9.5 − 8)1000 = 11.1x10−3 kg/s
1000
Room load
QR = ṁS (hR − hS ) = 7.4(47.6 − 38) = 59.94kW = 17T R
Room sensible heat factor
RSHF = 1( f romProtractor)
65
81
46
S R1 M O
X
N
ADP
Exercise 12.8 An air conditioning system is to be designed for industrial process for hot and wet
summer conditions. The outdoor air is at 30◦ C DBT and 75% RH. The required condition is to be
22◦ C DBT and 70% RH. The amount of outdoor air is 100 CMM. The coil surface temperature
is 14◦ C and the required conditions are achieved by first cooling with dehumidification (in one
process) and then by heating. Find out:
• Cooling capacity and BPF of cooling coil.
• Amount of water vapor removed.

Solution:
Cooling load
V̇ 100/60
ṁa = = = 1.8789kg/s
ν 0.887
Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 1.8789(81 − 46) = 65.76kW = 18.68T R
By-pass factor
t2 − tADP 16.5 − 14
BF = = = 0.15625
t1 − tADP 30 − 14
The amount of water vapor removed
(ω1 − ω2 ) (20 − 11.75)

ṁwv = ṁa = 1.8789 = 0.0155kg/s
1000 1000
81
1
46
2 3
Exercise 12.9 10. The following data refer to summer air conditioning of a building
• Outside design conditions 43◦ C DBT and 27◦ C WBT
• Inside design conditions 25◦ C DBT and 50%RH
• Room sensible heat gain 20 KW
• Room latent heat gain 5 KW
• Supply air temperature 18◦ C
If the return air from the room is mixed with the outside air before entry the cooling coil in the
ratio of 4:1 by mass. Determine:
1. Room sensible heat factor
2. Apparatus dew point of the cooling coil and BPF
3. Fresh air mass flow rate
4. Refrigeration load on the cooling coil

Exercise 12.10 Air conditioning plant consists of a fresh air intake, a cooling coil followed by
a mixing chamber for the cooled fresh air and recirculated room air, and supply fan as shown in
the following figure. The cooling coil handles fresh air and has a BPF of 0.1. The ratio of fresh
67
air to recirculated air is controlled by modulating dampers to keep the DBT of supply room air
at 20C. The other data is as follows:
• Inside conditions (DBT = 24◦ C, RH = 50%)
• Outside conditions (DBT = 30◦ C, WBT = 23.5◦ C)
• Heat gains (RSH = 12 kW, RLH = 2 kW)
Neglect temperature changes in the fan and ducts, and Determine:
1. Mass flow rate of fresh air and supply air
2. DBT and moisture content of air leaving cooling coil
3. Cooling coil capacity and its ADP

Room
BPF = 0.1 R
DBT = 20C
O N S
23.5C WBT
50% RH Cooling Coil
70
O
49
44
31.5
R
N
S
Exercise 12.11 An accurate survey of the load components of the space to be air conditioned
is a basic requirement for a realistic estimate of thermal loads. Discuss five points of physical
aspects to be considered.
Exercise 12.12 What are the types of air conditioning loads and How these loads are classified.

Exercise 12.13 Write a short note on the types of A/C systems.
Exercise 12.14 Distinguish between the following terms:

• Evaporative coolers and cooling towers
• Cooling loads and cooling capacity
• Air duct system components and duct design categories
• Air washer and air handling unit

Exercise 12.15 Differentiate between air-cooled and water-cooled chillers.
Exercise 12.16 Round and rectangular ducts have advantages and disadvantages, discuss the
statement
Exercise 12.17 An air conditioned building has a space volume of 1000 m3 and a room sensible
heat gain of 20 kW. The room is maintained at 25◦ C DBT and 50% RH. The outside conditions
are 43◦ C DBT and 27◦ C WBT. The ventilation air is 20% of the supplied air. The apparatus
dew point of the coil is 11◦ C and its bypass factor is 0.1. Determine:
• The state and the mass flow rate of the supplied air
• The latent heat gain of the building
• The cooling load of the refrigeration plant

Exercise 12.18 If the supply air rate is to be maintained at 10 air change per hour, determine
the mass and volume flow rates of the recirculated room air after the air conditioning apparatus.

Exercise 12.19
Bibliography
Articles
Books
Index
Exercises, 9, 17

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REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Dr. MOHAMED G. GADO

BOOK - WEBSITE . COM

First printing, March 2019

I Part One: Refrigeration

2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle (VCRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAbRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

5 Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle (VAdRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6 Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

II Part Two: Air Conditioning

12 Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

2 Vapor Compression Refrigeration Cycle

4 Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle

5 Vapor Adsorption Refrigeration Cycle

6 Vapor Jet Refrigeration Cycle (VJRC) . 25

Exercise 2.3 Write true or false with proper reasoning:

Exercise 2.30 A refrigerator manufactured by one manufacturing company works between

Exercise 2.32 Distinguish between the following terms:

Figure 2.1: Components of VCRS using different expansion devices.

2.2.2 Experiment 2: Determination of VCRS COP using different expansion devices

Figure 2.3: Components of VCRS using different expansion devices.

Figure 2.4: Components of VCRS using different expansion devices.

Exercise 3.9 What are the desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant?

Exercise 3.11 Discuss the chemical and physical properties of refrigerants.

Exercise 4.18 A water-lithium bromide single-effect vapor absorption refrigeration system

Exercise 4.24 The reversible coefficient of performance (COP) of an absorption refrigeration

5.1 System Description and Operation

Figure 5.1: Pressure−temperature diagram of adsorption chiller.

Figure 5.2: Schematic diagram of a two−bed adsorption chiller [48].

6.1 Basic Principle

6.2 Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle

Figure 6.1: Comparison between conventional VCRC and modified VCRC.

Figure 6.2: Schematic diagram of constant area ejector.

Figure 6.3: Ejector expansion device cycle.

6.3 Advantages of Ejector Expansion Refrigeration Cycle

Figure 6.4: P − h diagram of both EERC and conventional VCRC.

12 Air Conditioning Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

The properties of air at the exit of the cooling coil:

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

Cooling coil load:

Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.0288(57 − 44.8) = 0.236kW

Inlet Air Cooling Coil Exit Air

16C DBT 28C

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.927(82.5 − 28.5) = 50kW = 14.2T R

Inlet Air Cooling Coil Exit Air

ℎ1 = 82.5 26.5C 𝑣1 = 0.899

DBT 15C 35C

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

Heating coil load:

Qhc = ṁa (h2 − h1 ) = 0.288(45 − 24.5) = 5.9kW

Inlet Air Heating Coil Exit Air

DBT 10C 30C

Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.0287(57 − 40) = 0.4879kW

sensible heat factor

Inlet Air Cooling Coil Exit Air

ADP =8.5C DBT 17C 28C

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

All properties of air leaving the cooling coil

DBT (◦ C) WBT (◦ C) RH ( %) x (gwv /kgda ) h (kJ/kg) ν (m3 /kgda ) DPT (◦ C)

Qcc = ṁa (h1 − h2 ) = 0.927(82.4 − 40.5) = 38.84kW = 11T R

sensible heat factor