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Article history: The majority of work carried out around battery models is partly motivated by vehicle
Received 27 February 2017 simulation. Specifically, for electric vehicle simulation, some characteristics of the battery
Received in revised form require more attention while others can be simplified, thus distinguishing dynamic models
20 May 2017 for battery system simulation slightly and requiring different tools. In this paper, we
Accepted 22 May 2017 propose a dynamic battery model that accounts for changes in temperature and can be
Available online 12 June 2017 integrated in electric vehicle simulation for testing purposes by computer simulation.
Possibilities shown open the door for extensions of the model according to the needs, using
Keywords: the bond graph formalism and Matlab/Simulink. Comparison with other literature data
Dynamic model and experiment made on electric vehicle show the accuracy and the efficiency of this
Batteries approach.
Bond graph © 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Matlab Simulink
Electric vehicle
Simulation
* Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: kawtarbenabdelaziz@gmail.com (K. Benabdelaziz), Maaroufi@emi.ac.ma (M. Maaroufi).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.165
0360-3199/© 2017 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 2 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 9 4 9 6 e1 9 5 0 3 19497
T ¼ Ps Rt þ Ta =1 þ Rt Ct (6)
R0 ¼ R00 ½1 þ A0 ð1 SOCÞ
R1 ¼ R10 lnðDOCÞ (4)
C1 ¼ t1 =R1
Fig. 3 e Detailed bond graph representation.
The storage of energy within the battery is represented by
the total battery capacity Ce and R2 which are a function of
discharge current and temperature of the electrolyte T, the
electrolyte freezing temperature TF and the parameters of the
battery Kc, Ke and C0.
R2 ¼ R20 exp½A21 ð1 SOCÞ
. 1 þ exp A22 Im I*
(5)
Ce ¼ C0 Kc ð1 T=TF ÞE Ke T Fig. 4 e How the bond graph causality translated into
simulink block.
19500 i n t e r n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o f h y d r o g e n e n e r g y 4 2 ( 2 0 1 7 ) 1 9 4 9 6 e1 9 5 0 3
Fig. 11 e Temperature of the electrolyte versus SOC for an Fig. 13 e Variation of the temperature of the electrolyte
ambient temperature of 18 C. under different charging current.
process of the fully discharged battery with a current of Table 5 e Specifications of the electric vehicle battery.
53 Amps.
Parameters Value
Conclusion
used approaches. We executed simulations on Matlab/Simu- [4] Schweighofer B, Raab KM, Brasseur G, Member S. Modeling of
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The authors would like to thank the Research Institute for generic battery model for the dynamic simulation of hybrid
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