Categories Categories

According to the Argentine writer Jorge

Luis Borges, in the Celestial Emporium of
Benevolent Knowledge, animals are divided
into …

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Categories Syntactic Categories

• those that belong to the Emperor According to the linguist Elly van Gelderen,
• embalmed ones
• those that are trained
in An Introduction to the Grammar of
• sucklingg ppigs
g English, words are divided into …
• mermaids
• fabulous ones
• stray dogs
• those that are included in this classification
• those that tremble as if they were mad
• innumerable ones

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,

Syntactic Categories
Prepositions, Pronouns
• Nouns • Determiners
• Verbs • Auxiliaries • If linguists try to write a description of
• Adjectives • Coordinators English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
• Adverbs • Complementizers for use in translating Russian, they will
• Prepositions want an extremely specific one.
• Pronouns

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Nouns, Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Prepositions, Pronouns Prepositions, Pronouns

• If linguists try to write a description of • If linguists try to write a description of

English
g which can be fed into a computer
p English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
for use in translating Russian, they will for use in translating Russian, they will
want an extremely specific one. want an extremely specific one.

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Nouns, Verbs
Verbs,, Adjectives, Adverbs, Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Prepositions, Pronouns Prepositions, Pronouns

• If linguists try to write a description of • If linguists try to write a description of

English
g which can be fed into a computer
p English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
for use in translating Russian, they will for use in translating Russian, they will
want an extremely specific one. want an extremely specific one.

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives

Adjectives,, Adverbs, Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Prepositions, Pronouns Prepositions, Pronouns

• If linguists try to write a description of • If linguists try to write a description of

English
g which can be fed into a computer
p English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
for use in translating Russian, they will for use in translating Russian, they will
want an extremely specific one. want an extremely specific one.

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs
Adverbs,, Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,
Prepositions, Pronouns Prepositions, Pronouns

• If linguists try to write a description of • If linguists try to write a description of

English
g which can be fed into a computer
p English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
for use in translating Russian, they will for use in translating Russian, they will
want an extremely specific one. want an extremely specific one.

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs,

Prepositions,, Pronouns
Prepositions Prepositions, Pronouns

• If linguists try to write a description of • If linguists try to write a description of

English
g which can be fed into a computer
p English
g which can be fed into a computer
p
for use in translating Russian, they will for use in translating Russian, they will
want an extremely specific one. want an extremely specific one.

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Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Determiners, Auxiliaries,

Prepositions, Pronouns Coordinators, Complementizers

• If linguists try to write a description of • I would give half my wealth to make sure
English
g which can be fed into a computer
p that either the Democrat or the Republican
p
for use in translating Russian, they will health care plan is passed next session.
want an extremely specific one.

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Determiners, Auxiliaries,
Determiners, Determiners, Auxiliaries,
Coordinators, Complementizers Coordinators, Complementizers

• I would give half my wealth to make sure • I would give half my wealth to make sure
that either the Democrat or the Republican
p that either the Democrat or the Republican
p
health care plan is passed next session. health care plan is passed next session.

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Determiners, Auxiliaries,
Auxiliaries, Determiners, Auxiliaries,
Coordinators, Complementizers Coordinators, Complementizers

• I would give half my wealth to make sure • I would give half my wealth to make sure
that either the Democrat or the Republican
p that either the Democrat or the Republican
p
health care plan is passed next session. health care plan is passed next session.

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Determiners, Auxiliaries, Determiners, Auxiliaries,

Coordinators,, Complementizers
Coordinators Coordinators, Complementizers

• I would give half my wealth to make sure • I would give half my wealth to make sure
that either the Democrat or the Republican
p that either the Democrat or the Republican
p
health care plan is passed next session. health care plan is passed next session.

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Determiners, Auxiliaries,
Syntactic Categories
Coordinators, Complementizers
• Divisions among syntactic categories are
• I would give half my wealth to make sure based on …
• Syntactic characteristics
that either the Democrat or the Republican
p
• How words
d combine
bi with
i h other
h words
d in
i a sentence
health care plan is passed next session. • Morphological characteristics
• How words are broken up into smaller parts
• (To some extent) semantic characteristics
• Their meaning

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Syntactic Categories
• There are two kinds of
Syntactic Categories
syntactic categories …

• Lexical categories
Lexical Grammatical
Categories Categories
• Grammatical categories
(also called functional categories)

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Lexical Categories Grammatical Categories …

• … have referential meaning. • Have grammatical (functional) meaning, not
• … are open classes and thus admit new referential meaning.
members.
• … head phrases. • Are closed classes and thus do not easily
• … can be introduced by grammatical admit new members.
categories.
• Usually introduce a lexical category.

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Lexical and Grammatical Categories What use are syntactic categories?
• Nouns • Determiners • e e cummings knew.
• Verbs • Auxiliaries
• Adjectives • Coordinators anyone
y lived in a pretty
p y how town
• Adverbs • Complementizers (with up so floating many bells down)
• Prepositions spring summer autumn winter
• Pronouns he sang his didn't he danced his did

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What use are syntactic categories? What use are syntactic categories?
• Lewis Carroll knew. • Noam Chomsky knows.

’Twas brilligg and the slithyy toves • Colorless ggreen ideas sleep
p furiously.
y
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves
And the mome raths outgrabe.

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Nouns and Verbs Nouns

• How do we know a word is a noun or a • How do we know a word is a noun?
verb? • Syntax
• Nouns are often preceded by the, this, that, or a.
• If a noun is followed by another noun, a preposition
must come between them.
• Morphology
• Most nouns can add a plural –s.
• The possessive ’s only appears on nouns.
• Suffixes like –er and –ism appear on nouns.

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Identify the nouns Identify the nouns
1. The actions by the government came too late. 1. The actions by the government came too late.
2. The hurricane caused the destruction of the 2. The hurricane caused the destruction of the
villages. villages.
3 Jenny
3. Jenny’ss neighbor always knows the answer.
answer 3 Jenny
3. Jenny’ss neighbor always knows the answer.
answer
4. That writer has modernized postmodernism. 4. That writer has modernized postmodernism.
5. The government acted too late. 5. The government acted too late.
6. The hurricane destroyed the villages. 6. The hurricane destroyed the villages.
7. The book is red and blue. 7. The book is red and blue.
8. The book seemed nice to me. 8. The book seemed nice to me.
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Verbs Identify the verbs

• How do we know a word is a verb?
• Syntax
• Verbs can be introduced by have, be or will.
• Verbs can be followed by a noun.
• Morphology
• Suffixes like –ed on verbs express tense.
• Some verbs change their vowels to express tense.
E.g., come ~ came.
• Many verbs add an –s in the third person singular.
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1. The actions by the government came too late.
2. The hurricane caused the destruction of the
villages.
3 Jenny
3. Jenny’ss neighbor always knows the answer.
answer
4. That writer has modernized postmodernism.
5. The government acted too late.
6. The hurricane destroyed the villages.
7. The book is red and blue.
8. The book seemed nice to me.
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Identify the verbs Identify the nouns and verbs

1. The actions by the government came too late. 1. Grace me no Grace, nor Uncle me,
2. The hurricane caused the destruction of the I am no traitor’s uncle; and that word
villages.
Grace
3 Jenny
3. Jenny’ss neighbor always knows the answer.
answer
In an ungracious mouth, is but profane.
4. That writer has modernized postmodernism.
5. The government acted too late.
6. The hurricane destroyed the villages. 2. Police police police outing.
7. The book is red and blue.
8. The book seemed nice to me.
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Identify the nouns and verbs
1. Grace me no Grace, nor Uncle me,
I am no traitor’s uncle; and that word
Grace
In an ungracious mouth, is but profane.
Identify the nouns and verbs
1. Grace me no Grace, nor Uncle me,
I am no traitor’s uncle; and that word
Grace
In an ungracious mouth, is but profane.

2. Police police police outing. 2. Police police police outing.

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Adjectives and Adverbs Adjectives and Adverbs

• How do we know • Adjectives • Adverbs
a word is an • Modify N. • Modify V, Adj, or
• Don’t usually end in Adv.
adjective or an
–ly.
y • End in –lyy in manyy
adverb? cases (fast and now are
• Describe qualities
typical of nouns, such exceptions).
as nationality, color, • Describe qualities of
size, etc. verbs: place, manner,
time, duration, etc., and
degree of adjectives
and adverbs.

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Identify the adjectives and adverbs Identify the adjectives and adverbs
1. The book is nice. 1. The book is nice.
2. A nice book is on the table. 2. A nice book is on the table.
3. The Hopi bowl is very precious. 3. The Hopi bowl is very precious.
4. He drove very quickly. 4. He drove very quickly.
5. That fast car must be a police car. 5. That fast car must be a police car.
6. That car drives fast. 6. That car drives fast.
7. That person looks hard. 7. That person looks hard.
8. I’m looking hard for the answer. 8. I’m looking hard for the answer.

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Identify the adjectives and adverbs Identify the adjectives and adverbs
1. The book is nice. 1. She waited impassive.
2. A nice book is on the table. 2. I made it in safe.
3. The Hopi bowl is very precious. 3. I list them separate.
4. He drove very quickly. 4
4. H tested
He d positive.
ii
5. 911 SYSTEM STRETCHED THIN
5. That fast car must be a police car.
6. You did that real good.
6. That car drives fast.
7. You did that really well.
7. That person looks hard. 8. She sat there hopefully, waiting for him to call.
8. I’m looking hard for the answer. 9. Hopefully, this class will be over by 12:30.
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Identify the adjectives and adverbs Identify the adjectives and adverbs
1. She waited impassive. 1. She waited impassive.
2. I made it in safe. 2. I made it in safe.
3. I list them separate. 3. I list them separate.
4
4. H tested
He d positive.
ii 4
4. H tested
He d positive.
ii
5. 911 SYSTEM STRETCHED THIN 5. 911 SYSTEM STRETCHED THIN
6. You did that real good. 6. You did that real good.
7. You did that really well. 7. You did that really well.
8. She sat there hopefully, waiting for him to call. 8. She sat there hopefully, waiting for him to call.
9. Hopefully, this class will be over by 12:30. 9. Hopefully, this class will be over by 12:30.
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Prepositions Prepositions
• How do we know a word is a preposition? • … have invariable form.
• … occur before a noun or a noun phrase.
• … often express relations of time or space
space.
• … sometimes have very little referential
meaning.

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Identify the prepositions Identify the prepositions
1. With their books about linguistics, they 1. With their books about linguistics, they
went to school. went to school.
2. He went in. 2. He went in.
3. They ran out. 3. They ran out.
4. He jumped up. 4. He jumped up.
5. They upped the price. 5. They upped the price.
6. The door of that car is damaged. 6. The door of that car is damaged.

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N, V, Adj, Adv, and Prep are

Lexical and Grammatical Categories
Lexical Categories
• Nouns • Determiners
• Verbs • Auxiliaries
• Adjectives • Coordinators
• Adverbs • Complementizers
• Prepositions
• Pronouns

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Determiners Determiners
• How do you know • Like adjectives, determiners precede nouns.
a determiner • Determiners always precede adjectives.
when you meet • The category of determiner includes:
one? • Quantifiers
• Articles
• Demonstratives
• Possessives
• Interrogatives
• Numerals

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Identify the determiners Identify the determiners
1. Their kangaroo ate my food. 1. Their kangaroo ate my food.
2. Bor’s dog was eaten by Pim. 2. Bor’s dog was eaten by Pim.
3
3. Their irritating dog ate my delicious food
food. 3
3. Their irritating dog ate my delicious food
food.
4. All the tired horses in the sun … 4. All the tired horses in the sun …
5. Half the time she’s hungry. 5. Half the time she’s hungry.
6. Both candidates gave speeches. 6. Both candidates gave speeches.

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Auxiliaries Auxiliaries
• How do you know • Auxiliaries precede main verbs.
an auxiliary • Have, be, must, might, can, will, etc., can be
when you auxiliaries.
meet • They invert in questions.
one?
• They occur before n’t.
• They are used in tags.

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Identify the auxiliaries Identify the auxiliaries

1. I have a book in my hand. 1. I have a book in my hand.
2. I have worked here for five years. 2. I have worked here for five years.
3. Santa mayy be workingg Thanksgiving
g g Day.
y 3. Santa may y be workingg Thanksgiving
g g Day.
y
4. I’ll give you a ride. 4. I’ll give you a ride.
5. It was Riefenstahl’s work on “Triumph of 5. It was Riefenstahl’s work on “Triumph of
the Will” that would come back to haunt the Will” that would come back to haunt
her. her.

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Coordinators and Complementizers Coordinators and Complementizers
• Coordinators join two elements of the same
kind.
• Joan and I had a drink but we didn’t have a
meal together.
• Complementizers join two clauses where
one clause is subordinate to the other.
• She didn’t know whether to go or to stay.

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Use these words in a sentence and

Lexical and Grammatical Categories
say to which category they belong.
• Lexical • Grammatical • pizza • What other new words
• Nouns • Determiners • angst and loan words can
• Verbs • Auxiliaries • fax you think of?
• Adj i
Adjectives • C di
Coordinators
• e-mail
• Adverbs • Complementizers
• Prepositions
• phat
• Pronouns • website
• surf

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