Unit X

Human Development
and Genetics
Chapter 29 and Chapter 4 (Section 4.4)

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Co 29
Fig. 29.1
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Sperm
First polar body
Egg
Corona radiata
Zona pellucida
4 Rejected sperm

3 Fertilization membrane

2 Cortical reaction

1 Acrosomal reaction

Sperm nucleus
fertilizing egg
Nucleus
Fusion of egg
Acrosome
and sperm plasma
membranes
Zona pellucida
Cortical granules
Extracellular space
Egg membrane
Granulosa cells
Fig. 29.2

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Cleavage

Blastomeres

2-celled stage 4-celled stage 8-celled stage

Second polar (30 hours) Morula
body (72 hours)
Zygote
Egg
pronucleus
Sperm
pronucleus
Zona pellucida
Blastocyst

Fertilization
(0 hours) Ovary
Maturing
follicle
Sperm
cell Corpus
luteum
Implanted
Ovulation blastocyst
First polar body
(6 days)

Secondary
oocyte
Table 29.1
Fig. 29.3
Fig. 29.4
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Lumen of uterus

Blastocyst:
Blastocoel Embryonic hypoblast
Trophoblast
Cytotrophoblast
Embryoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast

Endometrium:
Epithelium Germ layers:
Endometrial gland Ectoderm
Mesoderm
(a) 6–7 days (b) 8 days Endoderm
Amnion
Amniotic cavity

Embryonic
stalk

Allantois

Yolk sac

Lacuna

Extraembryonic
mesoderm

Chorionic villi

(c) 16 days
Fig. 29.5

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Amnion

Primitive
streak

Primitive
groove

Epiblast
(soon to become
ectoderm)
Yolk sac
Mesoderm

Hypoblast
Endoderm (undergoing
(replacing replacement)
hypoblast)
Table 29.2
Fig. 29.6
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Age Longitudinal sections Cross sections

Amniotic Amnion Endoderm

cavity Amniotic cavity
Foregut
Ectoderm Amnion
Hindgut Ectoderm
(a) 20–21 days Neural groove
Embryonic Heart
stalk tube Mesoderm
Allantois
Yolk sac
Yolk sac

Caudal Cephalic
Neural tube
Primitive
gut
(b) 22–24 days Coelom
(body cavity)

Liver bud
Amnion
Lung Neural tube
bud
Primitive gut Ectoderm
Mesoderm
(c) 28 days Dorsal
mesentery
Primitive gut
Vitelline
Allantois
duct Endoderm
Yolk sac Coelom
(body cavity)
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 29.7 (left)

Neural
plate

Neural
groove

Somites

Amnion
(cut edge)
0.1 cm
Primitive
streak

(a) 3 weeks

Future lens

Pharyngeal
arches
Heart bulge

Arm bud

Tail

0.3 cm Ear
Leg bud
Eye

Somites Digital rays

Liver bulge
(b) 4 weeks

Umbilical
cord
1.0 cm

Foot plate

Tail

(c) 7 weeks
a: Source: The Human Developmental Anatomy Center, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Silver Spring, MD, USA; (b, c): © Anatomical Travelogue/Science Source
Fig. 29.7 (right)
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Yolk sac

Amnion

Umbilical
cord

2.0 cm

(d) 8 weeks

2.0 cm

Amnion
(e) 12 weeks
Chorion
Uterus

5.0 cm

(f) 20 weeks
d: © Dr G. Moscoso/Science Source; e: © John Watney/Science Source; f: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Table 29.3
Fig. 29.8

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Placental nutrition

Trophoblastic
nutrition

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40
Weeks after implantation

Trophoblastic
Placental phase
phase
Fig. 29.9 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Myometrium Maternal artery

of uterus
Maternal vein

Placental sinus

Chorionic villus

Maternal blood

Umbilical cord

Umbilical arteries Umbilical vein

(a)

Placenta

Allantois

Umbilical cord

Yolk sac

Amniotic fluid
in amniotic cavity

Amnion

Chorion

Lumen of uterus

(b) (c)

(b, c): © Dr. Kurt Benirschke

Table 29.4
Fig. 29.10
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Ligamentum
arteriosum
2 2

Ductus
arteriosus
Lung
1 1 Lung

Foramen Fossa
ovale ovalis

7 6

Ligamentum
Ductus 6 venosum 5
venosus Liver
Liver

Round
ligament
4
Umbilical Inferior vena cava
vein Kidney Kidney
5
Umbilicus Abdominal aorta

Common iliac artery

Umbilical
cord Median
umbilical
3
Umbilical ligaments 3
arteries Urinary bladder

Urinary Oxygen content of blood

4
bladder
Placenta
Low High

(a) Fetal circulation (b) Neonatal circulation

1 Blood bypasses the lungs by flowing directly from the 1 Foramen ovale closes and becomes fossa ovalis.
right atrium through the foramen ovale into the left atrium.
2 Ductus arteriosus constricts and becomes
2 Blood also bypasses the lungs by flowing from the ligamentum arteriosum.
pulmonary trunk through the ductus arteriosus into the aorta.
3 Umbilical arteries degenerate and become median
3 Oxygen-poor, waste-laden blood flows through two umbilical umbilical ligaments.
arteries to the placenta.
4 Umbilical vein constricts and becomes round
4 The placenta disposes of CO2 and other wastes and ligament of liver.
reoxygenates the blood.
5 Ductus venosus degenerates and becomes
5 Oxygenated blood returns to the fetus through the umbilical vein. ligamentum venosum of liver.
6 Placental blood by passes the liver by flowing through the
ductus venosus into the inferior vena cava (IVC). 6 Blood returning to the heart is now oxygen-poor,
systemic blood only.
7 Placental blood from the umbilical vein mixes with fetal blood
from the IVC and returns to the heart.
Fig. 29.11
Fig. 29.12 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

XX XX

Parent cell with two X chromosomes Parent cell with two X chromosomes

Disjunction Nondisjunction

X X XX
Each daughter cell One daughter cell One daughter cell
receives one gets both gets no
X chromosome X chromosomes X chromosome

X X XX
X Y X X

Sperm adds an Sperm adds an

X or Y chromosome X chromosome

XX XY XXX X

XX zygote XY zygote XXX zygote XO zygote

Normal female Normal male Triplo-X syndrome Turner syndrome

(a) Normal disjunction of X chromosomes (b) Nondisjunction of X chromosomes

Fig. 29.13
Fig. 29.14 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 2 3 4 5

A B

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C

13 14 15 16 17 18
D E

19 20 21 22 X X
(a) F G
(b)

Incurved finger
Epicanthal
fold

Single palmar
(“simian”) crease
(d)

Short broad hands

(c)
a: © Science Source; b: © Biophoto Associates/Science Source
Fig. 4.17
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1 2 3 4 5 6

7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 XX female XY male

© Science Source
 Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 4.18

Cleft chin Uncleft chin

CC, Cc cc
(a)

C c
CC Cc
15 Homozygous,
cleft chin
16 Heterozygous,
cleft chin
17
C

Cc cc
Heterozygous, Homozygous,
cleft chin uncleft chin
c
21 22 XX female

(b)
a (left): © Brad Barket/Getty Images; a (right): © Kurt Krieger/Corbis; b (top left, top right, bottom left): © Brad Barket/Getty Images;
b (bottom-right): © Kurt Krieger/Corbis
Fig. 4.19

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Gene 1

Phenotype
Gene 2
(eye color)

13 3
Gene

(top): © Getty Images RF; (middle): © Anthony Saint James/Getty Images RF; (bottom): © JupiterImages/Comstock/Getty Images RF
Fig. 4.20
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Phenotype 1
(darkened skin)

Phenotype 2
Gene (darkened sclera
of eye)

Phenotype 3
(urine darkens
upon standing)
Fig. 4.21

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C c c

X X X Y

Female (XX) Male (XY)

Genotype Cc Genotype c –
Normal vision Color blindness
Fig. 4.22
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Phenylalanine Tyrosine Melanin

(amino acid) (pigment)

Enzyme 1 Enzyme 2

From diet Phenotype

(environment) (brown eyes)
mRNA 1

mRNA 2
Genes
(DNA)