The Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/facilities of The Pangasinan Provincial Jail: A Reassessment

Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology
General Tinio Campus, Cabantuan City
Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
In the modern concept of penology, a correctional institution, in order to
be an effective machinery in the prevention and control of crime, should see to it
that its programs/services are geared to protect society and at the same time to
rehabilitate the offenders.
The present re-imposition of the death penalty in the Philippines is a wise
decision. It created a psychological fear which tends to deter a would-be criminal.
However, most penal authorities still believe in the rehabilitation effort to reform
the inmates with the hope that when he goes back to the society, he will be able
to lead a normal well-adjusted life as a law-abiding citizen. This necessitates assessing
jail treatment efforts and its contribution to the rehabilitation of offenders with regard to
their behavioral problems. It has been said that the success of rehabilitation can be seen in
the non-involvement in the crime following an offender’s participation in an intervention
program (Adler, 1968: 91)
Moreover, penology both as a science and process of government designed
to rehabilitate convicts where help and wise administration of treatment programs
is indispensable for the realization of the philosophical goal of correction. This
philosophy is further supported by Tradio who states “that jails are intended not for
the purpose of letting one pay for the crimes he has committed or to serve as any
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form of punishment of sort, but rather to enable a wrongdoer to be reformed or
rehabilitated so that after his release, he will become a law-abiding and useful
citizen of the community (Tradio, 1968: page 75). But how can this be realized if
the conditions in jail are inferior. As observed by this research, most jails are
unsanitary and have few services and programs for inmates. They are often
underfunded and overcrowded with inmates. Overcrowding exits in most local jails
particularly in provincial jails. The general effect of jail and prison overcrowding
manifests the negative aspects of prison life. Inmates in overcrowded jails do not
have adequate food, beddings, shelter, medical, and bathing facilities. This was
found to be true in the jail visits conducted by the research in several place. This
further supported by the reports of some jail personnel interviewed by the staff of
Brigada Siete (GMA, May 29, 1999). Furthermore overcrowding jails may induce
stress in inmates and staff and may lead to physical and mental problems.
Section 63 of Republic Act 6975 otherwise known as PNP Law of 1990,
provides for the establishment of district, city or municipal jails. It states that
“there shall be established and maintained in very district, city and municipality a
secured, clean, adequately equipped and sanitary jail for the custody and
safekeeping of city and municipal prisoners, any fugitives from justice or a person
detained awaiting investigation or trial and or transfer in the national penitentiary”
(PNP Law, 1990). And yet some reports have been generated from jail census
about the conditions in jails during the recent years. Many of the jails have very
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aged facilities, constructed long before any consideration was given to correctional
standards by either the courts or the profession. Thus, rehabilitation was almost
impossible because the place itself is not fit for humane treatment. Tradio also
pointed out that “the treatment that an inmate receives from the jail guard or from
his co-inmates may spell his early rehabilitation or may made him a hardened
criminal.” (Tradio, 1968:75)
On the other hand, the treatment approach taken by any correctional
institution or agency may well reflect the personality and background of the
administrator and government policy. The modern administrator must be aware of
the basic legal duties and obligations he owes to the public and the prisoner. The
jail itself can result in charges of negligence. It further leads to inmate’s restlessness
and dissatisfaction and eventually result in jail riots and prisoners’ escape. Jails
which are financed and administered locally, inevitably makes the jail administration
deeply involved in local politics, thus such administrator has shown little interest in jail
inspection or improvement. Reid (1996:page 54) once stated that “jails have low budget
because local government have less money to spend and the standards remain low,
with few, if any, educational or rehabilitative program”.
Although styles of operating quality vary among jail facilities, the problem
of funding is present in nearly all jails. The funding of provincial jails is a
responsibility of local government. Funds needed to operate jails compete with
request from schools, highways department and other community services. Many
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jail administrators are faced with increasing demands for services but have only
limited or even reduced funds to support their program.
The Pangasinan Provincial jail operates on the budget given annually by
the provincial government. Within this budget are the per day meal allowance of
the inmates; personnel’s annual salaries; allowances and benefits; monthly power
bills, and other operating expenses. The water bill was not included because it is a
free commodity due to the water pump that was installed.
Inmates face many problems upon their release from prison. Most released
prisoners have very limited or no financial resources. Many do not have employment and
some have no residence and others return to dysfunctional families. Most of them receive
indifferent or hostile reactions from their neighbors. In view of this, the jail
administrators should become the instrument of change in reforming the attitude and
behavior of the offenders. Thus, the necessity of educational and job training for the
inmates becomes acute. It is acknowledged that lack of education is a serious handicap in
the free world. Former offenders who cannot get jobs because of insufficient
education are likely to return to crime. For this reason, education has long been
regarded as a primary rehabilitative tool in the correctional field.
A study was made in 1993 by Ms. Rhoda Gallardo to assess the
rehabilitation services and facilities of inmates in Pangasinan Provincial Jail. In this
study, she pointed out the condition of inmates as a result of the scarcity of the
services and facilities provided to meet the needs of the inmates. She also
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mentioned in her study that due to lack of funds intended for these services,
physical needs of inmates in terms of food, clothing, shelter, ventilation and
potable water limited. Only lighting was consider adequate.
Moreover, medical and dental services were not provided as evidenced by
the absence of many physical/dentist who can attend to their medical and dental
needs. Furthermore, educational services intended for the intellectual needs of the
inmates was not also given attention because of the absence of full time/part time
teachers who can provide them the necessary knowledge they need. Expect for the
presence of chaplain and other volunteer religious authorities, spiritual and
emotional services was also one of the least priorities of the jail authorities.
Recommendations were made by Ms. Gallardo to alleviate the pitiful
conditions of the previous inmates. These recommendation can also be the basis
for the improvement of the facilities/services intended for the human treatment of
would be inmates.
However, after almost 24 years of the Ms. Gallardo’s study, the same
situation seems to prevail regarding the rehabilitation and treatment
services/facilities provided to the inmates of the Pangasinan Provincial Jail. It
seems that, there is now a need to reassess the treatment and rehabilitation
services/facilities being at present provided to meet the needs of the inmates. The
present researcher wanted to find out if the recommendations made by the
previous study were implemented. Apparently, within the span of 24 years, changes
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in the rehabilitation and treatment services of inmates in Pangasinan Provincial Jail
would have occurred. If such changes have not really occurred, the present
researcher also would like to find out the cause/s of such non-implementations
made by the previous study.
Theoretical Framework
According to Allen, “there has been increasing recognition that a major function
of a correctional agency is to influence changes in the attitude and behavior of the
offender” (Allen,1968: 386)
Conkein also viewed that the goal of a treatment program is the
rehabilitation of inmates. A reasonable goal for a jail rehabilitation program is to
reduce the number and seriousness of the crime that its participants commit, even
if they are not kept from criminal activity altogether (Conkein, 1992: 379)
The primary goal of prison industry , as stated in the Correctional Industries
Association Newsletter (1985), is to provide useful and meaningful work. To provide
trade training and practice, to instill self-discipline and inculcate work habits and
generally to prepare a person for release back to the community as a self-
respecting, wage-earning citizen. However, most inmates do not work or have
work to do and this situation only contributes to boredom among prisoners. Many
jail administrators assign them more time in their cells rather than keep them
busy. This was found to be true by jail visits conducted by the staff of Brigada
Siete. (GMA: May 29, 1999)
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The Bureau of Correction Operating Manual (March, 1990) which improved
the old existing correctional manual provides provisions of services designated to
exhort and augment the inmate self-respect dignity and sense of responsibility. It
includes the discipline of sociology, psychology and social case work that provide
corrections with tools which are useful in stimulating changes.
Psychology is concerned with measuring and evaluating an individual’s
intellectual capability and his or her ability to cope and adjust to society.
Sociologists have been latecomers into correctional treatment programs. They are
especially helpful in identifying and developing the structure of the prison sub-
culture and the administrative person. This group of professionals has also been
helpful in determining the social factors that cause offenders adapt to the prison
situation inside the walls.
Included within this conceptual framework of the study are the
classification of inmates and their custody as well as their control as part of their
treatment service. The researcher believes that these are important phases of
rehabilitation process. As Tradio stated that “rehabilitation and treatment programs
of prisoners can be carried out through the process of classification and custody
and control of prisoners”(Tradio: 1986:90)
The present study involved an in-depth look into the state of affairs at the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail in relation to the rehabilitation and treatment programs of
the inmates based on the variables identified of the aspect measured.
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Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facilities Provided for Inmates of the

Pangasinan Provincial Jail: A Re-Assessment
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Rehabilitation and treatment
Services/Facilities Provided for
Inmates of the Pangasinan Provincial
Jail
A. Rehabilitation Program
1. Physical Services Program
1.1 Basic services
1.2 Medical and Dental services
1.3Visitation Services
1.4Sports Activities Data and Re-Assessment of
2. Intellectual Service Program Information the Rehabilitation
2.1Education and Skills Training Analysis Through and Treatment
Program Survey Questioner Services/Facilities
2.2Recreational Activities Provided for
2.3Work Programs Documentary Inmates of the
3. Spiritual and Emotional Services Analysis Pangasinan
3.1Religious Guidance Program Provincial Jail
3.2Guidance Counseling Previous Study
Service Program Analysis
3.3Mail and other Postal
Service Program
B. Treatment services/facilities
1. Diagnostic treatment for newly-
arrived inmates.
2. Custody and control of Prisoners
3. Service for Classification of
Inmate
Figure 1- PARADIGM OF STUDY
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Figure 1 shows the paradigm of the study. It may be seen from the diagram the
block representing rehabilitation services/facilities based on the Bureau of Corrections
Standard for Rehabilitation and Treatment Service/Facilities. The next block represents
the manner of conducting the present study using data and information analysis
through administration of Survey-Questionnaire. Previous study was also analyzed as a
basis for the present research. The result of this process is shown in the lower block
representing the output of study.
Under the rehabilitation and treatment service/facilities, this researcher
focused on the physical, intellectual, spiritual and emotional needs of the inmates,
which generally included vocational training, educational, counseling, casework and
clinical activity which play significant role in offender’s rehabilitation. On the
other hand, treatment services includes diagnostic, classification of inmates, their
custody and control which were accomplished during the period covered by its
personnel.
Classification is a method whereby a prison population is divided into sub-
group on the basis of security and program need. The initial classification is
concerned primarily with housing and only needs that an inmate may have.
Common factors considered in classification decision are sex, age, category of
offense charge, prior criminal history, special medical needs and available space.
Custody and control of inmates is also one of the important phases of prison
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management. The rehabilitation program in prison cannot be carried out if prisoners
are not effectively controlled and diagnosed.
Statement of the Problem
The purpose of this study was to re-assess the rehabilitation services/facilities
provided to the inmates of the Pangasinan Provincial Jail as perceived by them.
Specifically, this study aimed to answer the following questions:
1. What is the present rehabilitation services/facilities of inmates of the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail?
2. To what extent has the jail inmates’ rehabilitation and treatment
services/facilities been effectively implemented, as perceived by the
inmates along the following areas:
a. Rehabilitation Service/Facilities
1. Services/Facilities for their Physical Needs
2. Services/Facilities for their intellectual Needs
3. Services/Facilities for their Spiritual and Emotional Needs
b. Treatment Services/Facilities
1. Diagnostic Treatment
2. Classification of Inmates
3. Custody and Control of Inmates
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3. What are the weaknesses/shortcomings of the present Provincial Jail
Rehabilitation Services/Facilities as perceived by the inmates?
Research Hypothesis
This study was based on the hypothesis that the existing Provincial Jail
Rehabilitation and Treatment Program in Pangasinan is adequate to meet the needs
of the inmates as perceived by them.
Scope and Delimitation of the Study
This study covers the following rehabilitation services/facilities provided to
meet the needs of the inmates:
a. Physical Services; i.e., basic services, medical and dental services, visitation
services, and sports activities.
b. Intellectual services, i.e., education and skills training recreational activities
and work programs.
c. Spiritual and emotional services, i.e., religious guidance, counseling
services, and mail/postal services.
The study also covered the custody and control of inmates to determine the
services/facilities provided to them to prevent escapes and jail riots.
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Funding of the Provincial Jail was also included in this study, only for the
purpose of identifying the allocated amount intended in providing services/facilities
needed by the inmates.
However, this study did not include the qualifications and competence of the
Provincial Jail Personnel due to difficulty in securing data because of confidentiality.
It did not also touch on the physical structure and status of the jail building and
its location since the research finds it insignificant to the study.
Significance of the Study
This study is significant to the inmates who need reform and treatment that
can be best served by their confinement to a penal institution. It is also significant
to the jail administrators and personnel so that they will become more sensitive to
the needs of inmates or the institution as a whole and, for them to gain insight
on how they can improve the treatment of inmates.
To the provincial and local government, this study will be an eye-opener
on the need to include jail management in the list of their priorities. It will also
make them realize that one of the biggest problems of most jail administrators is
the lack of interest and apathy of the local officials who are prone to overlook
the funding needs of the local jails. This situation may open their eyes to the
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inadequacies of the service facilities, treatment and rehabilitation programs for the
inmates which may delay their return to the society.
The study is equally important to this researcher, in the sense that through
this study, she can call the attention of the local government unit especially the
office of the Provincial Governor, for the governor to conduct a surprise visit to
the provincial jail, and see for herself the conditions of the jail facilities and the
situations of the inmates that need adequate jail services. The researcher who, with
her constant visit to National Prison in Muntinlupa cannot help out compare the
facilities and service of the National Prison with the local provincial jail in
Pangasinan. The researcher also hopes that this study may contribute valuable
information to future researcher in public administration especially in the area of
Public Safety Management.
To the provincial jail administrators who would listen to the clamor of
inmates from other local jails all over the country begging for changes on their
rehabilitation services and facilities.
To the general public who should be informed and enlightened about the
conditions in the local jails; this study will underscore the possible role the
citizenry can assume which can contribute to the reformation of individuals found
with defiant behaviors.
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The community people will also appreciate their responsibility in accepting
into their midst again the reformed criminal offenders who have released from
prison.
Definition of Terms
The following terms are defined according to their usage in this study:
Adequacy – refers to sufficiency of program intended for the rehabilitation of
inmates.
Assessment – refers to determining the value of program designed for the
rehabilitation of inmates.
Classification – refers to the on-going formal process concerned with
identification, categorization and assignment of inmates to various levels of
security, program and work.
Competence – refers to ability to determine the program of treatment and
training suited to the needs of the inmates.
Custody – refers to the act guarding prisoners while awaiting trial.
Detention – refers to a time of period of temporary custody which precedes
disposition of the court and for failure to post bail, for contempt charges, etc.
Emotional Needs –refers to the feeling of the inmates that should be served
with particular type of programs.
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Implementation – refers to the carrying out of rules and regulations
concerning the operational procedures of jail/prison.
Inmates –refers to persons detained in the jail for the commission of
criminal offense and convicted and serving sentence in an institution.
Intellectual Needs – refers to the needs of the mind of the inmates that
should be provided with particular types of programs.
National prisoner – refers to a person sentenced to a term of imprisonment
of not less than three years to reclusion perpetua or death.
Operational procedure – are the procedures being observed and implemented
inside the jail.
Physical Needs – refers to the needs of the body of the inmates that should
be provided with particular types of programs.
Prisoner – refers to a person who was convicted through final judgment
by the court or competent authority and is serving a sentence.
Provincial Jail – refers to a place of confinement for offenders awaiting
court action and serving their sentence.
Provincial Prisoner – refers to a person sentenced to a term of
imprisonment of more than six months but not more than three years or is
subjected to both penalties.
Personnel – refers to body people working towards a common goal.
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Psychologist - refers to body people scientifically study human behavior and
mental process.
Psychiatrist – refers to a medically qualified physician specializing in mental
illness.
Rehabilitation Services/Facilities – refers to a services/facilities of activities
directed to restore an offender’s self-respect and to become a law-abiding citizen.
Sociologist – refers to a person who analyze and explain the pattern of
group life in order to discover the basic structure of human society and the forces
that lead to social changes.
Treatment Services/Facilities – refers to services/facilities designed to
encourage and enhance the inmates’ self-respect, dignity and sense of
responsibility.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
The chapter present a summary of some selected literature and studies,
which findings have a direct bearing on the proposed study Studies reviewed were
selected on the basis of their contribution to the methodology and contents of
present study.
PROFESSIONAL LITERATURE
Historical Background of the Correction Service
The establishment of prison in the Philippines was formally started during
the Spanish regime when Spanish penal laws contain in royal decrees, ordinances,
rules and regulations were extended to the country. The main insular penitentiary
was the Old Bilibid Prison in Manila which was constructed in 1847 formally
opened by a Royal Decree in 1865.
Under the American Regime, more insular prison and penal colonies were
established. The Iwahig Penal Colony in Palawan was created on November 16,
1904. The San Roman Prison which was closed in 1898 was reopened. The 3
prison and penal colonies were placed under the Bureau of Prison Jurisdiction
including the Corregidor Stockade and the Bontoc Prison which were later phased
out of use.
Due to increasing population and criminality, more prisoners and penal
colonies under the Bureau were created. The correctional Institution for women in
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Mandaluyong, Rizal was establish in 1931 by authority of act No 3579. The Davao
Penal Colony was establish on January 1, 1932, and the Old Bilibid Prison was
transferred to its present site in Muntinlupa and renamed the new Bilibid Prison.
Under the Philippine Republic after the World War II, two more prisons
were created to dencongest the over-crowded condition in the New Bilibid Prison.
The Sablayan Penal Colony in Mindoro Occidental and the Leyte Regional Prison
were establish on September 27, 1954 and January 16, 1973 respectively.
Today, the New Bilibid Prison operates two satellite units namely: Camp
Bukang Liwayway and Camp Sampaguita. These two camps are located a few
hundred meters back of the New Bilibid Prison compound. Bukang Liwayway
houses minimum security prisoners who work in the various projects of the
institution. In the Sampaguita Camp are located the Reception and Diagnostic
Center, the Medium Security Unit and the Youth Rehabilitation Center.
The New Bilibid Prison specializes in the industrial type of vocational
training. It operates a furniture shop, shoe repairing shop, blacksmith and tinsmith
shop, auto-mechanics and automobile body building shop, tailoring, electronics,
watch repairing, carpentry and rattan furniture shop. It is also offers a high school
course which was established in 1968 for prisoners who to complete their high
school education.
Some of the principles adhered and adopted by the Bureau of Corrections
in accomplishing its mandated objectives are:
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1. The act and process of keeping a person in prison is a deprivation of
one’s liberty which is the punishment intended by the law to compensate
for the crime committed. He is therefore in prison not for the punishment
but for rehabilitation.
2. Prisoners are human beings who are not different from neighbors, relatives
and friends. Their only difference from others is that they are confined in a
space or imprisoned within the building or compound.
3. Prisoner within the prison community are entitled to the same basic needs
and rights as citizens in free communities, except that the exercise of their
right beyond the prison compound may be limited or controlled for security
reasons.
4. Under an enlightened and modern covenant, prisoners under the custody of
prison authorities must be treated as human beings. To do otherwise will
destroy the rationale of the existence of the prison service as a carrer
institution.
5. It is the sworn obligation of prison authorities to confine prisoners safely
and provide rehabilitation programs that will negate their criminal values
and restore their self-confidence as productive individual.
Moreover, the mandated twin and inseparable objectives of the Bureau of
Corrections is confine and rehabilitate national prisoner. In achieving these
objectives, the Bureau executes the following functions:
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a. To confine persons who are convicted by the courts to serve a sentence in
the national prisons.
b. To prevent prisoners from committing crimes while in custody.
c. To provide humane treatment by affording them human basic needs in the
prison environment and prohibiting cruel methods.
d. To provide a variety of rehabilitation programs designed to change the
prisoner’s pattern of criminal or anti-social behavior.
e. To engage in agro-industrial projects for the purpose of developing prison
lands and resources into productive bases or profit centers, developing and
employing inmate manpower skills and labor, providing prisoners a source
of income and reducing the Bureau’s yearly appropriated funds.
Rebusio (1994) wrote an article in Tonight newspaper (July, 1994)
regarding former Senator Orly Mercado’s Senate Bill 1784, otherwise known as
the prison and Integrated Act of 1994 which integrates all the national, provincial,
sub-provincial, city and municipal jails into a Bureau of Correctional Services.
The Bureau of Correctional Services will be responsible for the people
custody and rehabilitation of the inmates in the prison and jails.
It is hoped that through this bill, professionalism in the rehabilitation and
treatment of prisoners will be attained and other problems suffered by local jails
and national prisons will be solve the senator said.
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At the same time, he asked that a integrated prison and jail system will
improve correctional services and solve problems of jail congestion and “would
enable the government to immediately respond to the logistic needs of every jail”
Paragraphs (2) and (4) of Sec. 19, Art. III of the 1978 Constitution of the
Philippines states that: (1) Excessive fine shall not be imposed, nor cruel,
degrading and inhuman punishment inflicted, neither shall death penalty be
imposed, unless for compelling reason involving heinous crimes, the congress
hereafter provide for it. Any death penalty already imposed shall be reduced to
reclusion perpetua. (2) The employment of physical, psychological or degrading
punishment against any prisoner or detainee or the use of sub-standard or
inadequate penal facilities under sub-human conditions shall be dealt with by law.
Punishment is degrading when it brings shame and humiliation to the
victim, as it exposes him to contempt or ridicule, or lower his dignity and self-
respect as a human being.
In the Philippine Daily Inquirer (Dec. 25, 1999), Jerome Ening’s article
entitled “Season’s Joy Behind Bars” described the Christmas activities of prisoners
of the New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa City. He wrote that during the entire
Yuletide rush, all 12,000 Bilibid prisoners were also enthusiastically decorating
their cells, organizing parties and playing Santa to each other, singing carols and
even soliciting items for raffles from benefactors outside.
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Poor prisoners usually look up to their wealthy colleagues to provide them
with party food, clothes, gifts for their wives and children and other goods.
NBP Chaplain Roberto Olaguer said that in his more than five years of
ministering to the inmates, the Christmas season has never failed to make
prisoners happy. He also told the Inquirer that with Christ’s birth, rejoicing is
always contagious, even those in the death row.
Extended visits and food for the traditional Noche Buena meal were the
gift of the Bureau of Corrections officials led by its Director. This article shows
that even the inmates are also entitled to humanitarian treatment and joyful
activities that can be provided by their personnel.
LOCAL STUDIES
Tiangco ‘s work is one study that has a direct relevance to the present
study and was conducted in 1980. He attempted to determine the factors that
affect rehabilitation and its practices. The normative survey was used to gather data
using questionnaire filled up by the inmates as his tool. His study uncovered that
rehabilitation of political detainees is conducted under an integrated programs,
consisting of enlightenment, education and educational training.
The book includes the problems of rehabilitation centers on the reformation
and rehabilitation of subversive detainees that fall under the following aspect: first
internal administration like absence of financial support. Second the detainees
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themselves who have inadequate income to support themselves. Finally, social
problems like the reluctance of society to accept subversive detainees. The
researcher fervently recommended that the present program should be continued,
as follows:
1. The families of detainees whose earnings are below the minimum wage
should be assisted by the government by providing any gainful employment
for any member of the family who are qualified to work.
2. The increase of meal allowance for prisoners;
3. Introduction of sport and any other recreational activity to fill up the idle
time of the detainees; and
4. Proceedings for the prosecution of detainees under the anti-subversion law
and other laws should be expedited within a specific period instead of
delaying it from two to eight years or even more before their case are
completed. The delay is due to the slow movement of our criminal justice
or caused by court backlog, also probably due to unavailability of
witnesses.
Tiangco ‘s study and the present study are similar wherein both used
descriptive method focusing mainly on the rehabilitation of inmates. Tiangco ‘s
study, however, differs from the present one covers all inmates convicted or
accused of different crime who have been staying at the Pangasinan Provincial
Jail for not less than 6 months but not more than three years.
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In 1992, Mein conducted also a study on how Naga City Jail was
administered from 1986-1990. His study concentrated on the policies regarding the
relationship between jail personnel and prisoners and other relevant matter as it is
applied to local jail under the PNP.
The researcher found out that the jail has limited office supplies, limited
and antiquate office equipment, absence of clerical facilities, insufficient food
ration and inadequate meal allowance, no beddings, overcrowded or congested
cells.
He highly recommended that jail personnel should be afforded an
allowance for escorting and transporting inmates in attending court trials. There
must be an effective program of jail personnel relations, including grievance
procedure with due recognition of those with outstanding performance. Jail
personnel should be given its own budgetary allowance to be able to program its
activities according to what it seemed fit.
Both studies utilized the descriptive method. They centered on the policies
regarding the administration of the prisoners, their security and disposition, the
relationship between jail personnel and prisoner as well as rehabilitation and
treatment as it applies to local jails.
However, their dissimilarities exits in the sense that the present study did
not include organizational set-up/staffing. Both studies included rehabilitation
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programs such as religious serviced, educational, recreational, counseling, industrial,
health and medical services.
Another work that has a direct relevance to the present study is the
research made by TAP-Ac in 1997. He attempt to determine the effectiveness of
the Benguet for the year 1996. The descriptive-normative was used to gather data
using questionnaire filled-up by both Benguet custodial force and prisoners as
respondents. His findings was that “the level of implementation of the policies of
Benguet Provincial jail with regards to the rehabilitative treatment of prisoners as
perceived by prisoners is moderately implemented.
TAP-AC study covered the profile of prisoners, extent of human relation
the exits between Benguet custodial force personnel and prisoners in Benguet
provincial jail, level of implementation of the policies of Benguet provincial jail
with regards to the rehabilitative treatment of prisoners, extent of implementation
of rehabilitation activities of the provincial jail management that are being
implemented in Benguet provincial jail, perception of prisoners in Benguet
provincial jail on the effect of their crime sentence; list of religious and line
agencies which are involved in the rehabilitation of their crime sentence; list of
religious and line agencies which are involved in the rehabilitation of prisoner,
problems encountered by the Benguet custodial force personnel and problems
encountered by the prisoners in Benguet Provincial Jail.
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Based on his findings of the rehabilitation programs of the prisoners, the
researcher recommended the following:
1. The economic life of a prisoner should be improved in other to prevent
more commissions of crime.
2. The implementation of the policies of Benguet Provincial Jail with regards
to the rehabilitative treatment of prisoners should be mandatory imposed
and this should include to conduct regular counseling for the prisoners.
3. The degree of implementing rehabilitation activities should be continued and
should be further improved.
TAP-AC study and the present study are similar wherein both used
descriptive methods focusing mainly on the rehabilitation of inmates.
However, they are dissimilar in scope since TAP-AC’s study includes the
perception of prisoners on the effect of their crime sentence and the problems
encountered by the Benguet custodial force or jail guards.
The study of Toctocan (19980 determined the extent by which Mountain
Province Provincial Jail implemented its established policies on personnel and
security including the effectiveness of its jail service.
The descriptive method of research was used and data were gather through
the use of a questionnaire.
Among the problems identified by the study were: poor delivery of
recreation, sports and entertainment; poor delivery of dental and medical services;
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poor sanitation; lack of security; poor delivery of food; and poor work programs.
Less serious problems were the delivery of: religious guidance and counseling
services; visitation and mail services.
He recommended that:
1. The delivery of the recreation, sports and entertainment service may be
improved by requesting other agencies to provide the needed athletic
equipment and to render entertainment programs to the inmates.
2. Request other agencies to conduct training skills to inmates.
3. Request the provincial jail for a monthly medical and dental check-up of
in-mates.
The study of Soliba (1997) was conducted in Baguio City Jail. A
descriptive- normative method throught questionnaires filled-up by 47 complainants,
80 offenders, 20 personnel and 25 visitors was used in order to assess the
management of the Baguio City Jail.
The jail services were perceived to be significantly implemented, drawing
the following conclusions:
1. The level of implementation of jail services varied from:
a. Moderate in regards to medical and health services; industrial and
educational programs.
b. Significantly implemented in regards to sanitation and health services;
work services; mail services and mess services.
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c. Fully implemented as regards religious and counseling services and
schedules visitation of family members and friends.
Toctocan’s and Soliba’s study are relevant to the present study wherein the
focus of the study is one implementation of rehabilitation services and facilities to
the prisoners, their security, custody as well as their control.
One work which is also directly related to the present study was made by
UYAMI in 1996 regarding Jail Management in the Cordillera. His study assessed
the: level of awareness of the offenders and the BJMP personnel on the
objectives of R.A 6975; (2) level of implementation of the methods/procedures in
implementing R.A. 6975; (3) level of under taking the activities of rehabilitation
programs in the CAR; (4) level of effects of crime sentence in the socio-
economic life of offenders in the CAR; (5) level of contribution of selected factor
in the rehabilitation of offenders in the CAR.
The descriptive-normative method was also utilized using a questionnaire
as the main data-gathering instruments floated to 350 offenders of Cordillera
Administrative Region as the respondents. This was supplemented by interview and
library research.
Mr. Benedicto Uyami’s findings on the level of contribution of selected
factors in the rehabilitation of offenders in the CAR were:
1. The findings implied that rehabilitation of offenders require adequate
facilities and equipment. The equipment and facilities that underwent
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evaluation were the items: cells/area; sleeping bunks; toilet and bathroom;
kitchen facility; rehabilitation facilities. Included was jail congestion which
was perceived as a very serious problem.
2. The findings revealed the perception of the BJMP personnel that foremost
among the contributory factors in rehabilitation of offenders was continuing
education such as vocational education. As observed by the BJMP personnel,
in order to fully rehabilitate an offender, he has to be provided with the
means to be self-reliant economically.
Ms. Rhoda Gallardo made a similar study in the Pangasinan Provincial Jail
regarding the rehabilitation/facilities provided for the inmates in 1993. Based on
her study, she arrived at the following findings of the service/facilities provided
for the rehabilitation of inmates.
1. Services/facilities provided to meet their physical needs were inadequate.
2. Services/facilities to meet their intellectual needs were inadequately provided.
3. Only religious guidance service was considered adequately provided because
volunteer religious personnel were the contributing factors.
4. Guidance and counseling service and mail and other postal services was
also inadequately provided.
Both studies used Pangasinan Provincial Jail’s rehabilitation services/facilities
to be assessed as their respondents. Both also used descriptive-normative techniques
as their instrumentation method with a questionnaire floated to the inmates as
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their respondents. However, they differ in the inclusions of some services/facilities
provided to the inmates.
The present study included the re-assessing of their service/facilities
particularly the custody and control of prisoners as their classification, as perceived
by the jail personnel.
FOREIGN STUDIES
Hans w. Mattick and Ronald P. Sweet (1986) conducted one of the best
surveys of jails in Illinois. Wide discrepancies were found within the state as to
what or even whether records were kept in the jails. Two thirds of the jails
fingerprinted everyone. Some kept the prints within the jail, rather than sending
them to the FBI for recording and reporting. The total jail population was 88.7
percent adult males, 5.2 percent adult females, and 6.1 percent juveniles. “Barn
Boss” and kangaroo court systems existed in many places because there were not
enough civilian personnel to maintain control. The sheriffs recognized that their food
allotment were insufficient. They described the jail as old, dirty and poorly run. The
inmates are sourly and show no respect or even fear of jail personnel. Supervision
of inmate activity is of the most minimal kind as in the staffing of jail. Inmates
were dirty and smelly as were their cells. They were not allowed to see several
sections of jails which may have been worse. The researches believes that inmates’
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abuse of other inmates probably run pretty much unchecked since at no time
during the tour did they encounter any guards supervising or checking an area.
When the jail administrator was confronted regarding the condition of the
jail and the inmates, he was irked and states that “they are not running a hotel”
and that there are no changes in the jail or its operation. Obviously, the jail
administrator did not understand nor is he aware of their basic legal obligations
towards the prisoners and towards the prisoners and towards operating a decent
and habitable jail institution.
Adler, et.al (Criminology, 1991) reported that evaluation of rehabilitation
efforts as a new technique have demonstrated the following result in 1964; Daniel
Glaser established that vocational rehabilitation programs have virtually no effect
on post release behavior. In 1966, after evaluating 100 correctional treatment
programs, Walter Bailey concluded that “evidence supporting efficacy of
correctional treatment is slight, inconsistent and of questionable reliability. Roger
Hood came to a similarly disappointing conclusion in England. James Robinson and
Gerald Smith evaluated the California Correctional treatment programs and found
evidence of success inclusive.
Freda Adler et.al. and her colleagues, after evaluating all Pennsylvania drug
treatment programs, including all prison-based programs, concluded that virtually
none could claim any significant successes and that the system as a whole was in
a chaotic condition. The most devastating evaluation was that by Douglas Lipton,
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et.al, published in 1975, with a preview article proclaiming that nothing works. As
a result, the treatment philosophy was discredited, programs were dismantled, and
the vacuum in corrections was filled by the “just desert” approach.
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Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the procedure followed by the researcher in
conducting the study. It included the research design, sources of data as the statistical
treatment of data.
Research Design
The study used the descriptive-analytic methods of research in its study.
From the introductory background and the review of related literature, there was
the conceptualization of the problem. Documentary analysis and the perception
survey were obtained to form the descriptive portion in data collection. The
materials gather were complied, indexed and eventually treated in a tabular from
for presentation and interpretation. The data was interpreted as to its significance
to the treatment of the problem.
The descriptive-analytic method fits this study wherein the problems were
solved by means of factual data obtained from various sources, their analysis and
evaluation, and eventually their interpretation.
Sources of Data
Primary sources such as perception survey, interviews, and observations
were deemed as the mainstay of information data as they are current and first
hand.
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Secondary sources, on the other hand, are information that were supplied by
a person who was not a direct observer or participant of the object, event or
conditions like professional bodies, government documents, newspapers, magazines
and unpublicized studies and researches related to this study. The materials
included in this study came from reports and documents. Only materials relevant
to the study were collected from these secondary source. The source were gather
from public and private libraries, offices, agencies and the Pangasinan Provincial
Jail itself with its completion of documentary materials inherent in its operation
and administration. Only unclassified materials utilized in the this study came
from open sources, or obtained with the explicit permission from the proper
authorities.
Respondents of the Study
During the study period, there are one hundred and seventy three (173)
provincial jail prisoners as of September 30, 2017, and out of this number, three
(3) are female prisoners; one hundred sixty-five (165) are detention prisoners; four
(4) are convicted as national prisoners while one (1) is a provincial prisoner
(Source: Assistant Provincial Jail Warden 2017).
The respondents of this study were thirty (30) provincial jail inmates of
Pangasinan. Out of these thirty respondents, two (2) are females. Only inmates who
have stayed for not more than three (3) years were selected on the bases of their
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longer residency in the jail. Inmates who serve a final conviction of less than six
(6) months are considered municipal/city inmates and those whose final conviction
is more than three (3) years are considered national prisoner. Inmates of the
Provincial Jail of Pangasinan were chosen as respondent instead of the jail
personnel because they are the subjects and the objects of the jail rehabilitation
and treatment services of the provincial jail.
Provincial jail personnel were not included as the respondents because they
might have different, albeit, one-sided response on the question asked. Contradicting
answers from both groups answering the same questions may invalidate the
presumed reliability of the response.
The educational profile of the selected inmates, revealed that out of 30
respondents 10 or 33.33 percent are high school undergraduate; 10 or 33.33
percent are high school graduate; 5 or 16.7 percent are college undergraduate and
5 or 16.7 are college graduate.
On the other hand, 20 or 66.66 percent of the 30 respondent were
employed as laborers prior to their conviction; and 2 or 66.66 percent were
technical workers. Other respondents were jobless prior to their conviction.
As to their age, the following data may be noteworthy:
AGE BRACKET NUMBERS OF RESPONDENTS
20-23 - 5
27-30 - 12
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33-36 - 6
40-45 - 2
Some respondents did not write their age.
Preparation of the Research Instrument
In order to arrive at the accurate data needed data needed, the researcher
went to the National Library, CHED Library, Dagupan City Library, Baguio City
Library and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Regional Office I, San
Fernando City, La union purposely to look into the document deposited for any
information relevant to the subject of research.
An Interview Guide was prepared considering the factors involved in the study.
Questions to both the inmates and jail personnel that were prepared were accurate,
brief and complete. The language was clear, logical and understandable in construction.
The researcher, likewise visited the Pangasinan Provincial Jail in order to
obtain more significant information by interviewing the assistant jail warden and
checking available documents therein.
Administration of the Research Instrument
To determine the validity of the items in perception survey, the interview
guide was pre-tested to ten (10) selected inmates of the Dagupan City Jail with
the written permission of the jail warden. These 10 selected inmates were chosen
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based on their longer residency inside the city jail. The Dagupan City Jail was
chosen because rehabilitation practices are similar in some, if not most, aspects
aside from its proximity to the subject of study. The research personally conducted
the pre-testing and explained items that may need elaboration. Orientation was
given to emphasize and persuade the respondents to believe that the results of the
test were not taken against them. Some words in the Guide were modified to
make the sentences more understandable.
As soon as the pre-tested surveys were validated, the researcher secured a
written permission from the Pangasinan Provincial Jail warden for the actual
conduct of study of the proposed research. The researcher also requested for
personnel assistance in selecting inmates on the basis of their residency in the
jail. When the permission was granted, questionnaires were distributed personally
by the researcher to the inmates on the assigned day. Since there were respondents
who requested for further explanation, the research interpreted the meaning of the
words on the questionnaire although they are simple, clear and understandable
Inmates were assembled on the visitor’s area while answering the checklist-
questionnaire. As soon as this group of inmates were finished, questionnaires were
retrieve personally by the research.
However, inmates who are college undergraduate and graduates requested
for a couple of days to answer the questionnaire for personnel reason. After which,
it was time to collect their responses. An appointment for the interview with the
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Assistant Jail Warden was also requested. The interview was necessary to verify
some question related to the subject of research which cannot be answered by the
respondents like: annual budget allotment of the inmates’ facilities to effectively
implement their services, problems they encountered in requesting for budget
increased especially on the services/facilities needed by the jail inmates.
Moreover, to determine the accuracy of the information given by the
respondents, the researcher conducted a physical survey of the premises.
Methods of Data Analysis and Interpretation
The data were treated at their face value on the assumption that responses
made by the respondents on these problems are honest answer. The data were
tabulated and interpreted using percentage and weighted mean, each frequency was
multiplied by the corresponding item rating and the sum of the product was
obtained. The sums of the products were divided by the number of respondents
minus those who omitted the item.
The percentage was obtained by dividing the number of responses in every
item by the total number of cases, and then multiplied by 100.
Thus, the formula is:
Weighted Mean = fx or fx
N N-1
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Percent = F x 100
The weighted mean was then interpreted using the following descriptive
ratings:
2.34 – 3.00 = Adequately Provided
1.67 – 2.33 = Inadequately Provided
1.0 – 1.66 = Not present; None at all
The adequacy or inadequacy of the rehabilitation programs was also
identified by comparing the present status of the services, as perceived by the
inmates, with the standards set by the national government agency in charge of
jail management.
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Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the findings of this study. It includes the discussion of the
findings as well the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data. It is divided
into several categories namely: The Services/Facilities for their Physical Needs;
Services/Facilities for their intellectual Needs; Services/Facilities for their Spiritual
and Emotional Needs; Custody and Control of inmates, Classification of inmates.
REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT SERVICES/FACILITIES
Services/Facilities for their Physical Needs
One of the functions of jail Management is to provide human treatment by
affording the human basic needs of food, shelter, clothing, water, beddings, and
soap in the jail environment. Table I reflects the status of the jail rehabilitation
services/facilities in the Pangasinan provincial Jail.
The respondents were asked to identify from the standards items on this
table those which are provided by the jail management to meet their basic needs.
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Table I
SERVICES/FACILITIES IMPLEMENTED TO MEET THEIR

BASIC NEEDS
Items Weighted Mean Descriptive Equivalent

1. Foods
Daily 2.83 Adequately Provided
Special Menu for:
- Special Holidays 1.73 Inadequately Provided
- Religious Purposes 2.03 Inadequately Provided
- Medical Purposes 1.16 None at All
2. Clothing
Institutional Uniform 1.2 None at All
Regular Clothes 2.53 Adequately Provided
3. Shelter 2.53 Adequately Provided
4. Soap 2.20 Inadequately Provided
5. Drinking Water 2.00 Inadequately Provided
6. Bedding
6.1 Beds
- Single 2.33 Inadequately Provided
- Double Deck 2.66 Adequately Provided
6.2 Mats 1.50 None at All
6.3 Mosquito Nets 1.13 None At All
6.4 Pillow/Blankets 1.3 None At All
Legend:
Table I shows that 83.3 percent of the respondents said that food for
distribution to the inmates is adequately provided daily. Similarly, food for medical
purposes is not present or none at all.
On the other hand, a special menu served for religious purposes is also
Inadequately Provided by the Pangasinan Provincial Jail. It appears that the jail
management does not consider the necessity of providing special menu for those
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who may have some medical problems that will require special food. However, due
to budgetary constraint, jail management allowed the inmates to cook their own
food or prepare their own dishes.
Inmates are provided their own clothing as revealed by a weighted mean of 2.53
or Adequately Provided. On the hand, it seems that jail personnel are not keen in
providing institutional uniform to the inmates as revealed by a computed weighted
mean of 1.20 described as None at All. When the researcher asked the Jail Warden
regarding this matter, it was disclosed that majority of the Provincial Jail
prisoners are detention prisoners, thus, there is no need for an institutional
uniform for inmates used during court hearings.
Another important basic need is the quality of the shelter. Every prisoner
regardless of his social status must be provided with adequate shelter. The
respondents said that immediately upon their admission, they are assigned to a
cell. The weighted mean was computed at 2.53 or Adequately Provided. The Pangasinan
Provincial Jail can only accommodate one hundred fifty (150) inmates, but it is
now housing one hundred seventy five (175) inmates at the time this research
was conducted. Perhaps those respondents who answered that there is no adequate
shelter want a lesser number of inmates in one cell.
In order to prevent undesirable odor inside the inmates’ dormitories or
quarters, all prisoners are allowed to take their bath and wash their clothes and
whatever beddings they have. When this research asked if they are provided with
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bath or laundry soap, the result yielded a weighted mean of 2.20 or Inadequately
Provided. Some of the respondents claimed that bath or laundry soap are provided
by their families who seldom visit them and bring such item. Those who answered
in the contrary explained that their families seldom visit them because of the
distance of their places, thus laundry and bath soap are seldom provided or none
at all.
Drinking water for inmates revealed it was Inadequately Provided based on the
computed weighted mean of 2.0. It is one thing that every human being basically
needs. In this case however, the researcher found out in her visits to the jail that
only water used for bathing and laundry were considered adequate. This prompted
the researcher to inquire further regarding this item. According to the Assistant Jail
Warden, there is a pump that provides drinking water to the inmates. This is the
reason for the limited quantity of drinking water provided. The research also
found out in her interview with the Assistant Jail Warden regarding the adequacy
of lighting and ventilation although it is not included in the items asked. The
Assistant Jail Warden claimed that these items are “ adequately provided” since it
is one thing that the inmates should have to be implement security within the
provincial jail.
Lastly, the respondents were also asked about sleeping services. As to their
beds, the respondents claimed that single beds were Indequately Provided (WM = 2.33)
while Double Decked Beds were Adequately Provided (WM = 2.60). This data indicates
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that indeed there is no adequate supply of single deck beds as compared to double
deck beds. This indicates that while there is adequate supply of beds, there is
also an increase in the number of inmates therefore there is a relative inadequacy
in the in the number of beds.
The inadequacy of supply to meet the basic needs for beddings is also
revealed in the responses of the inmates concerning the supply of items like mats,
mosquito nets, pillows and blankets. The weighted mean computed for these items
yielded weighted means of 1.50, 1.13, and 1.30 respectively, all described as None At
All. The inmates who claimed that they have beddings admitted that they were
provided by their own relatives. They revealed, however, that being a “trustee”,
such privilege is given to them.
Based on the responses of the items asked whether or not basic needs of
the inmates are adequately provided by program of the provincial jail personnel
and using the corresponding descriptive equivalent, the researcher found out that
majority of these basic needs are inadequately provided. Some were not provided at
all.
Medical and Dental Services/Facilities
Prisoners in the prison community are entitled to the same medical and
dental services as citizens in free communities. Poor diet, drug addiction, a history
of in adequate medical attention and other debilitating condition are common
among inmates, onece they have been restored to reasonable health, it is often
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easier to work on the causes behind their problems. Medical and dental services
should be included but should not be limited to the available medical, mental and
dental services, sanitary inspection and special accommodation for pre-natal care.
Table II
MEDICAL AND DENTAL SERVICES/FACILITIES

Items Weighted Mean Descriptive Equivalent
1. One Resident Physician 1.20 None at All
2. One Resident Dentist 1.13 None at All
3. One Qualified Psychiatrist 1.03 None At All
4. All inmates are required to
undergo the following:
4.1 Mental and Physical
Examination upon
admission and prior to
transfer to any prison or
penal form. 1.30 None At All
4.2 Medical
observation/consultation 1.06 None At All
4.3 Diagnosis and treatment 1.03 None At All
4.4 Immunization 1.00 None At All
4.5 Referral to sick inmates
requiring special
treatment 1.70 Inadequately Provided
4.6 Available medical
services such as:
a. Psychiatric services 1.00 None At All
b. Treatment of mental
abnormality 1.00 None At All
5. Available services of dental
offices. 1.06 None At All
6. Special accommodation for pre-
natal care. 1.06 None At All
Legend:
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Resident physician and Dentist. Table II shows that majority of the
respondents claimed that there is no resident doctor and no resident dentist who
attends to the medical and dental problems of inmates as revealed by the weighted
mean of 1.20 and 1.13, respectively. The majority respondents explained that in case
of illness, the inmates are brought to the government hospital or clinic where they
are treated medically or dentally. Those who answered “inadequate” say that sick
inmates were given attention and brought to hospital or clinic, only when it is
necessary. Those who said there is no doctor or dentist assigned to the inmates
had never been sick or had never seen either of these medical/dental offenders in
the jail vicinity.
Actually, each prison should have at least one doctors and a dentist to
cater the medical and dental needs of the prisoner. But since the government
clinic/hospital is accessible to the jail, this makes it convenient for the jail
personnel to just bring the prisoners to available doctors or dentist if necessity
arises.
Requirement for Physical/Mental Examination. As to the requirement for
prisoners to undergo mental and physical examination, mental and physical
examination upon admission is not present or none at all. Similarly, medical
observation and consultation is available to them but they have to be taken to a
government hospital for this service.
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Immunization Services. When asked if the inmates are given immunization
as well as diagnosis and treatment while in jail, the weighted mean yielded 1.0 or
None At All. The same may be said of the immunization with 100 percent
claiming there is none at all. It is believed that this is an aspect of the health
care for inmates that has been taken for granted, perhaps due to the not too
congested jail and the good condition in the environment.
On the other hand, diagnosis and treatment relates to an individual’s
potential that is dangerous to him or other especially to the mentally ill person.
In special treatment for sick prisoners respondents said that it is Inadequately
Provided as revealed by the weighted mean of 1.70 while Majority of the respondents
said “none at all”.
This means that sick prisoners are not always given special treatment and
one possible reason is that those who have serious ailments were referred only for
special medical treatment. The respondents who replied “none at all “ may not
have been given full attention during their simple illness or have never been sick
seriously.
Physical Services - Inquiry was also made to determine if there is available
psychological services such as psychiatric treatment of mentally abnormal. All of
the respondents interviewed answered negatively with reference to psychiatric
services. It was also revealed by the response of the respondents that treatment of
mental abnormalities is non-exiting or None At All. Perhaps, due to financial
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constraint and the absence of inmates who are considered mentally dangerous, the
jail personnel felt there is no need to provide this kind of services.
Available Dental Services. In terms of an available dental service, 1.06 was
the generated weighted mean or described as None At All. Based on this response
obtained, it may be concluded that majority of the respondents have never
experienced it. This means that jail management does not consider the necessity
for regular dental services is available because they have experienced it. This
means that jail management does not consider the necessity for regular dental
service for inmates.
Pre-Natal Care. In special accommodation of pre-natal care, it was revealed
that this is None At All with a weighted mean of 1.06. This implies that inmates may
not be aware of this service because pregnancy is not oftentimes happening in
jail. But assurance was made by the jail warden that if ever a situation occurs, the
female inmates will be given necessary pre-natal care and treatment, depending
on the available resources inside the jail.
Based on the responses in this study with respect to medical and dental
services of Pangasinan Provincial jail. It was found that the medical and dental
services of Pangsinan Provincial Jail for inmates are not at all implemented. This
finding came out based on the average equivalent value of inmates/responses on
the items asked to them.
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Sports Activities/Facilities
Table III
SPORTS ACTIVITIES/FACILITIES
Item Weighted Mean Descriptive Equivalent
1. Varieties of Sports
activities such as:
1.1 Basketball 2.96 Adequately Provided

1.2 Volleyball 2.93 Adequately Provided
1.3 Sepak Takraw 1.03 None At All
1.4 Table Tennis 1.03 None At All
1.5 Chess 1.96 Inadequately Provided
1.6 Badminton 1.16 None At All
2. Sports Competition
to foster
camaraderie among
inmates. 1.06 None At All
Legend:
Meaningful sports activities may well be potentially the most rewarding
program in a prison. Inmates do not get into trouble while busily occupied in prison.
Trouble almost always starts during leisure time. Sports activities should be provided by
prison authorities to the inmates whose participation however, is on voluntary basis.
Sports activities is also one way of motivating the physical needs of the
inmates. It tends to challenge the ability of the participants in every games.
However, sports facilities to accommodate sports activities are very limited as
observed in the succeeding data reflected in Table III. Both basketball and
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volleyball games earned a high rating on “adequately provided” with 2.96 and 2.93
weighted mean, respectively. Games like Sepak Takraw and table tennis are not
being played at all as revealed each by a weighted mean of 1.03. Providing additional
table for table tennis and facilities needed to play that game are expensive. It is
not within the budget intended for rehabilitation and treatment facilities. Majority
of the respondents remembered that there used to be a table tennis, but when it
was destroyed, it has not been repaired anymore.
Chess, on the other hand is Inadequately Provided as revealed by a weighted
mean of 1.96. The “yes” respondents said that although there are chess sets, most
are personally owned by inmates who can afford to have them. Those who said
otherwise explained that they are not really interested in individual sports. On this
reason, it is possible that they failed to notice the chess sets being used by their
fellow inmates.
Badminton is not popular among the inmates as a form of sports. This is
evident in the answers of the respondents which yielded a weighted mean of 1.16 or
None At all. It is possible that they are not aware of it because they show no
interest in playing in playing it.
Sports competition. Sports competition aims to foster camaraderie among
prisoners. It develops teamwork and trust among members of the team. When inmates
were asked regarding sport competitions, it revealed a weighted mean of 1.06 or None At
All. The respondents stressed that there are no athletic activities as the result of
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the absence of athletic equipment due to lack of funds and inadequate space. It
appears that jail personnel are not keen in taping outside sources for funds needed
for this purpose. This might be due to inadequacy of training of jail personnel in-
charge with the aforementioned activity.
VisitationServices/Facilities
Ordinary visit by the family are important to maintain ties with the family
members. Ties with family and friends are critical to the rehabilitation of
offenders and correctional administrator must give them maximum opportunities to
maintain these ties. The standards included conjugal visit, room for conjugal visit
and visit by other members of the family during special occasions.
Conjugal Visits. Respondents’ observation as to the provision or
implementation of the standard items under visitation services are shown in Table
IV.
The table shows that majority of the inmates are enjoying the benefits of
conjugal visits as claimed 2.56 weighted mean or Adequately Provided. Some
inmates, however, are not often visited by their wives due to the distance of their
place from Pangasinan Provincial Jail. It was found out during the interview that
inmates were given the full privilege to receive visitors.
The veracity of the foregoing data is further proven by the existence of
visiting facilities such as a room which the respondents revealed is provided for
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the purpose. Although married respondents commented that they were not provided
a conjugal room for privacy whenever they want their wife to stay overnight.
However, there some who revealed that the room for conjugal visit is inadequately
provided. These respondents admitted that they are uneasy having sex with their
wives in the presence of their co-inmates. In situation like this, whenever the wife
is allowed to stay overnight, she has to sleep with her husband in his cell with
other inmates. Sex is one of man’s basic needs and correction aids to provide
human treatment. Married inmates should not be deprived of it.
Based on the responses of the respondents, visits by other members of the
family during special occasions like Christmas or New Year has no limitation on
the length of time allowed for the visitation. A small number, however, claimed
otherwise. According to them, the length and frequency of visits is observed for
security purposes, like if there is a reasonable ground to believe that the visitors
is behaving suspiciously and is becoming a threat to the jail’s security and peace
and order. It is possible that those who claimed there is a limit to the time of
visitation were victims of this situation. Foods brought by relatives/friends of the
inmates are also allowed as revealed by the jail warden as long as it is subjected
to the inspection by the jail guards to check for any contraband that may be
used illegally by the inmates.
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B. SERVICES/FACILITIES FOR THEIR INTELLECTUAL NEEDS
Education Services/Facilities
Education program is one of the most important tools for administrative
service for prisoners. It offers inmates sufficient academic sufficient academic
education to be a better equip person.
Table V
EDUCATIONAL SERVICES/FACILITIES
1. Part-time teachers for 1.00 None At All

elementary education.
2. Part-time teachers for secondary 1.00 None At All
education.
3. Part-time instructors for college 1.00 None At All
education.
4. Other educational programs
duly recognized by DepEd, and
TESDA such as:
a. Vocational Training 1.00 None At All
b. Technical Training 1.00 None At All
c. Technological Training 1.00 None At All
Legend:
It also offers vocational training to develop inmate skills and provide them
compensation during their confinement and a source of income after their release.
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Table V shows that adult basic education like secondary and college
education are not provided to inmates as claimed by all the respondents.
Practically having such education program requires additional manpower, facilities
and adequate financial resources.
Vocational training must be provided to serve as their basis as choice on
what particular training course they would prefer. However, training such as
vocational, technical and technological are not being offered by the jail personnel
as claimed by all the respondents. The jail warden explained that the budget
allocated for provincial jail operation is not enough to meet all the needs of each
programs. Based on the interview conducted, inadequacies of training and
education programs are primarily due to financial constraints. The jail personnel are
discouraged from asking for a bigger budget increase because their request is
always denied. This revelation of the jail management is not one of the priority
concern of the government.
As to the educational profile of the inmates it revealed that out of 30
respondents, 33.33 percent are high school undergraduates; 33.33 percent are high
school graduates; 16.7 percent are college undergraduate and 16.7 percent are
college graduates. Due to scarcity of financial resources, the respondents who are
high school undergraduate and graduates were not able to finish their academic
training. The jail warden disclosed that there are no volunteer teachers who would
like to teach the inmates during their free days. It was also revealed that
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classroom intended to hold the classes cannot be provided because of the
shortage of cells or dormitories.
Based on the disclosure of the respondents, it appears that education and
training programs in the Pangasinan provincial jail for its inmates is not being
implemented.
Recreational Services/Facilities
Recreational Services/Facilities in prison is necessarily an important part of
the rehabilitation, treatment and training of prisoners. Recreational program of any
from will do away with the monotony of prison life. Thus prison authorities
should plan for recreational programs necessary for the purpose of rehabilitation,
treatment and training of prisoners. It will serve as morale booster which would
encourage them to cooperate with the prison authorities task of rehabilitating them.
Group entertainment like television shows is being allowed by the jail personnel
for the inmates to enjoy while being incarcerated. Proof of this is the response of
the majority. Although majorities answer is adequately provided for the item asked,
there are still 13.33 percent who said it is “adequately provided”. A lone
respondent, however, insist not provided at all. The researcher on her visit to the
different cells, saw television sets being used by the inmates. Videos are not
provided in the jail for recreation as shown by 66.66 percent of the respondents.
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Those who claimed that it is adequately provided comprises 3 only or 10 of the
respondents.
Table VI
RECREATIONAL SERVICES/FACILITIES

1. Group entertainment like:
1.1 Television 2.90 Adequately Provided
1.2 Radio 2.56 Adequately Provided
1.3 Videos 1.03 None At All
1.4 Magazines 1.00 None At All
1.5 Stage Shows 1.36 None At All
1.6 Musical Contest 2.16 Inadequately Provided
1.7 Literary Contest 1.13 None At All
Legend:
They disclosed however, that due to their position as trustee, they are
allowed to watch videos together with the jail guards. Only one claimed it is in
adequately provided. Video shows with education values are allowed to be
watched by those who are interested. This is being disclosed by the jail personnel
who accompanied the researcher during the tour of inspection. Aside from the
television shows and videos as a form of entertainment, radio is also a form of
killing one’s time as claimed that there are none at all. Inmates who are being
provided with radio set by their families share it with co- inmates.
In terms of magazines for entertainment, only one of the respondents said it
is inadequately provided, although there were respondents who claimed that
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magazines are not at all provided based on the weighted mean of 1.00. It is possible
that providing magazines from time to time is a big blow to their tight budget.
However, relatives are allowed to bring in magazines during their visits, as long
as it is subjected to inspection.
Stage shows like drama and skit are not being encourage during Christmas,
New Year and Holy Week. This was confirmed by the responses of 80 percent
respondents. One reason stage shows were not shown lately is that only few
wanted to participate. There are were some inmates who said it is adequately
provided because these are the inmates who have stayed longer than their
companions. Nevertheless, musical contests are being conducted as claimed by the
weighted mean of 2.16 or inadequately provided. Inmates are not keen with this kind
of entertainment by not appreciating it.
Work Programs Services/Facilities
Penologist and prison administrators believed that the principal value of
prison employment is in the opportunities it provides for the development and the
receiving of skills and work habits which are instrumental the rehabilitation of
inmates and their occupational adjustment in a free society.
Jail labor for the jail inmates is only occasional and contractual. This is only in
the form of handicraft such as parol-making during Christmas. Occasionally, they
also have basket weaving and wood carving on contractual basis if there is
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available fund allocated for this purpose. This is claimed by 1.40 weighted mean
(None At All) on wood carving and 1.13 weighted mean (None At All) on basket
weaving. Slipper making is not at all introduced as livelihood job as claimed by
all the respondents who answered “ none at all”
Table VII
WORKS PROGRAMS SERVICES/FACILITIES

1. Livelihood Programs like:
1.1 Wood Carving 1.40 None At All
1.2 Basket Weaving 1.13 None At All
1.3 Parol Making 2.2 Inadequately Provided
1.4 Slipper Making 1.0 None At All
2. Compensation of prisoner for
every finished products 1.06 None At All
Legend:
The respondents also explained that when a job contract is finished and the
product is disposed, they were not given small amount of money as their
compensation as claimed by majority of them. The data shows that livelihood
program which can help augment the budget of the jail and at the same time
train the inmates for self-employment is not at all adequately implemented. That is
probably the reason compensation is not being provided to them.
However, the jail personnel introduce a new kind of livelihood program in
the provincial jail. It started during the last quarters of the Calendar Year 1999. A
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small sari-sari store as a form of cooperative among inmates is now operating. It
is patterned after a sari-sari store found in New Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa.
The basic needs of the inmates like cigarette, coffee and sugar in a sachet form,
or even spices for their cooking needs are being found on the needs of inmates
who want their hair cut. Inmates are also allowed to serve out serve outsiders
who want haircut for a minimal fee. Whatever compensation they received is at
the discretion of the jail management.
This kind of livelihood program is in lieu of had labor which cannot be a
part of prison employment since the provincial jail is not engage to it. During the
conduct of this study, the researcher observed that prisoners are not obliged to
work. There are no works to fill their idle time and to practice their skills
acquired when they were still non-prisoners. This practice is hazardous. It was
proved to be a contributory cause for boredom and escapes. It will give them
ample for mass riot that may eventually lead to escape. It will also reduce their
working abilities because it is not constantly practice.
SERVICES/FACILITIES FOR THEIR SPIRITUAL AND EMOTIONAL NEEDS
Religious Guidance Services/Facilities
Men have found that one live without the enlightening and guiding,
sustaining and inspiring power of religion. If this is true to people in normal life, it
is doubly true of men who are confined in correctional institution. Religious
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guidance and counseling services emphasized the greatest amount of religious
freedom, counseling services with a high degree of secrecy, pastoral activities and
religious instructions.
Depicted in Table VIII are the inmates’ perceptions as to the provision or
implementation of the standards implemented under the category religious guidance
services.
The table show that the respondents unanimously answered that one
resident chaplain is adequately provided. Furthermore, they have freedom and
opportunity in pursuing religious beliefs and practices. The respondents revealed
that they are free to practice whatever their religion is.
Table VIII
RELIGIOUS GUIDANCE PROGRAM

1. One Resident Chaplain 2.80 Adequately Provided
2. Activities like:
2.1 Freedom to worship to one’s
religion 3.00 Adequately Provided
2.2 Prayer Meeting 2.70 Adequately Provided
2.3 Ritual or ministerial services 2.63 Adequately Provided
2.4 Religious Instruction 2.53 Adequately Provided
3. Spiritual Counseling 2.53 Adequately Provided
Legend:
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This implies that the jail personnel also respect the individual right to
freedom of worship as claimed by 100 percent of the respondents. As to their
prayer meeting, majority of the respondents said that is adequately provided.
Schedules and places of religious activities with reasonable frequency as to
ritual or ministerial services was also asked. More than half of the respondents said
that they are adequately provided. There are those who answered that it is
inadequately provided while some stated there is none at all. The respondents
explained that the priest’ s visit are irregular but the regularity of religious of
activity offsets behavior by the regular visits of various religious groups which
conduct prayer meeting inside the jail. The priest’s comes and conduct masses in
a very irregular schedule. Consistent with the preceding explanations that prison
chaplaincy is provided as claimed by the majority of the respondents, it was found
out during the conduct of the interview that there is no office of the chaplain, not
even a chapel inside the jail.
The jail warden was asked to comment on the absence of a chaplain’s
office or chapel. He explained that there was a chapel, but because of the
increase in the number of inmates, the chapel was converted into inmate’s quarter.
About ¾ of the respondents claimed adequacy of religious instruction and spiritual
counseling. Since attendance in religious activities especially bible studies, a few who
said it is inadequately provided have not attended it regularly. There is also a
non-restriction about the use of religious items and paraphernalia not declared as
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contrabands. Religious books and other spiritual reading materials are also available
for the prisoners. Lastly, there is a privilege communication between the chaplain
and the inmates as well as religious representatives to hold pastoral visits in the
prison.
The sensitivity of the jail personnel to the needs of the inmates with
respect to their religion is very apparent in the responses given by the inmates.
The wide implementation of religious guidance may be due to the fact that the
Filipinos are religious by nature. Besides, there is free delivery of religious services
by the outside religious groups to the inmates hence, there are no financial
requirements to carry out this activity.
Guidance and Counseling Services/Facilities
Guidance and counseling is a relationship between the counselor and his
client in an effort to understand and solve the client’s problem of adjustment
counseling as the term used in reformation of inmates implies mutual consent
between the correctional staff and the inmates. Its object is either the immediate
solution of a specific personal problems, or a long range effort towards the
development of self-understanding and maturity within the personal self of the
offender.
When the respondents were asked about the presence of a qualified
psychologist in the jail to attend to their needs, only 10 percents answered that it
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is adequately provided, while b the majority answered it is not provided at all
(90%).
Psychologist seek to determine the cause of, and cure for, criminal
behavior. Thus, they are equipped with tools to find out the problems plaguing the
inmates. When the respondents were asked as to the adequacy of finding more
about their situation by a psychologist, only 33.33 percent said yes, while 56.66
percent answered none at all.
The respondents were also asked if they are provided with a professional
person when they can talked to regarding their problem is adequately provided.
There is an split answer to this because 50 percent of the respondents said it is
while 36.66 percent said there is none at all and 13.33 percent answered that it is
inadequately provided. Majority of those who answered on the affirmative side
have been inside the jail for quite some time and they know whom to approached
among the personnel to whom they can talked regarding their problems.
It is possible that the others are not aware of this so they just kept their
problems by their self.
However, there is always someone who has experience the same problems
they have and to whom they can open up as revealed by the respondents.
However, there were some who said “none at all”. These inmates are still new and
there is a possibility that they are still adjusting to the kind of life they have
inside the jail.
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Table IX
GUIDANCE AND COUNSELING SERVICES/FACILITIES

1. One qualified Psychologist 1.00 None At All
2. Psychologist motivation to:
2.1 Find out more about my
situation. 1.76 Inadequately Provided
2.2 Talked with professional
persons regarding my
problem. 2.13 Inadequately Provided
2.3 Talked to anyone who has
experience the same
problem. 2.33 Inadequately Provided
3. Behavioral Therapy in case of:
3.1 Feeling lonely 1.96 Inadequately Provided
3.2 Feeling depressed 1.96 Inadequately Provided
3.3 Feeling that people are
unfriendly. 1.96 Inadequately Provided
Legend:
When it comes to behavioral therapy, the inmates are inadequately provided
with somebody to whom they can talk to in case of feeling lonely as revealed
by 1.96 weighted mean. Even in situations when they feel depressed, people who
can help them are inadequately provided according to the weighted mean of 1.96.
However, the jail personnel are always around to provide them a helping hand in
case they need one. There are times when inmates are not visited by immediate
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member of their family or even friends and they feel unwanted, thus they need a
therapy that can help them remove this impression that people are unfriendly.
When the respondents were asked on the adequacy of such therapy being
provided, a weighted mean of 1.96 was given to all the items with a descriptive
equivalent of Inadequately Provided.
The jail personnel believe that the inmates are also humans but who are
victims of life’s harshness. They are therefore obliged to talk to them feel that
they are still a part of society. The good effect, therefore, of counseling is to
relieve the inmate’s tension and to ultimately assure the social readjustment o
offenders. But since there is a constraint in their budget to afford professional
personnel assigned to this kind of service, they are more than willing to lend their
ears to the inmates to motivate them to reform.
Mail and Postal Services Services/Facilities
Mail and postal services program is categorized under the emotional needs
because the researcher believes that mail can also sustain the hollow feeling of
the inmates caused by their separation from their family.
Table X shows that incoming mails are adequately provided as claimed by
2.33 weighted mean because they have not received any letters yet from their
relatives and friends. According to these inmates, they have not sent any letters to
their relatives because they are often visited by some of the inmates.
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However, there is a problem with the outgoing letters because the weighted
mean revealed 1.47 or not provided at all. When the jail warden were asked
regarding this matter, he informed the researcher that there is no collection of
mails on daily basis. Instead, the inmates ask the help of the jail officers,
employees, visitors like friends and relatives to mail their letters.
Unfortunately, in some instance, their letters do not reach the addressee for
failure of those people to mail in the inmates’ letters.
Table X
MAIL AND POSTAL SERVICES/FACILITIES

1. Incoming Mails 2.33 Adequately Provided
2. Outgoing Mails 1.47 None At All
Legend:
The jail warden was also asked if censorship of letter are also being
exercised inside the jail. Censorship is inspecting both outgoing and incoming
mails and is only done by the proper authority with the presence of the
addressee. The jail warden answered that only suspicious letters are subjected to
censorship done by the jail personnel. The warden also disclosed that everybody
is allowed to send letters to their friends and relatives since correspondence is
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purely inmate activity and does not require attention from the jail administrators
or an addendum to their burden.
Custody and Control of Prisoners
Custody or the safety and security of the institution and the inmates; and
the prevention of escapes is of primary concern among correctional administrators.
The rehabilitation program in prison cannot be carried out if inmates are not
effectively controlled. Hence, rehabilitation of inmates cannot be attended to if the
necessary structure, personnel and method, which provided for security are not
present.
On the other hand, custody and control of prisoners can be effectively
implemented if there is a diagnostic examination, study and observation of inmates
for the purpose of determining the program of treatment and training best suited
to their needs.
Table XI shows that diagnostic treatment for the newly arrived prisoners
was not adequately implemented as claimed by majority of the respondents.
According to them, diagnostic treatment can be expensive since compensation is
given to the one assigned from time to time.
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Table XI
CUSTODY AND CONTROL OF PRISONERS
Item Yes No Weighted Descriptive

Mean Equivalent
f % f %
1. Diagnostic
Treatment for the 1.60 Inadequately
newly-arrived Implemented
prisoner. 2 6.66 28 93.33
2. Adequate system of
classification of 1.60 Inadequately
prisoners. 2 6.66 28 93.33 Implemented
3. Regular and proper
inspection of 2.00 Adequately
security facilities 30 100 Implemented
4. Adoption of
adequate system of 2.00 Adequately
counting inmates. 30 100 Implemented
5. Constructive
control of 2.00 Adequately
contraband. 30 100 Implemented
6. Comprehensive and
up-to-date plan of
special emergencies
such as:
a. Riots 30 100 2.00 AI
b. Escapes 30 100 2.00 AI
c. Fire Fighting 30 100 2.00 AI
d. Emergency
Light 30 100 2.00 AI
e. Civil Defense
Unit 30 100 2.00 AI
Legend:
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Adequate system of classification of inmates was not also adequately
implemented was disclosed by the majority of the respondents. What was
implemented was classification in accordance with their sex and age. These 20
percent who answered “ yes” might be implementing only classification according
to gender and age level like female inmates segregated from male inmates and
youth offenders from adult offenders. Perhaps due to lack of cells/dormitories,
newly arrived inmates were sometimes combined with the old inmates.
When asked if there was regular and proper inspection of security
facilities, all the respondents say “yes”. The respondents disclosed that inspection
of security facilities, was regularly implemented to avoid escapes among the
inmates.
Another way of securing the inmates was adoption of adequate system of
counting or head counts as claimed by 100 percent of the respondents. A head
count is a procedure in determining the number of inmates who might have
escaped from the jail.
Constructive control of contraband was also being exercised as claimed by
100 percent of the respondents. This was being done by inspecting the incoming
materials brought by visitors and regular inspection of their beddings and personal
things.
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Lastly, there was also a comprehensive and up-to-date plan of special
emergencies such as riots, 100 percent; escapes, 100 percent, fire fighting, 100
percent; emergency light, 100 percent; civil defense unit, 100 percent.
The above data shows that treatment services under the custody and control
of prisoners is just one of the very few services being adequately implemented by
the jail management. It might be that program do not post too much strain on
their budget because there are no facilities often involve.
ANALYSIS OF THE REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT
SERVICES/FACILITIES
Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facilities is believe to play a very
significant part in the reformation of inmates.
Table XII brings out the answer to the extent of this program in meeting the
needs of the inmates. The religious guidance program is the most helpful program
for the inmates. It ranked first with 1.83 weighted mean. This is true because inmates
are free to worship to their own religion as discussed in Table VIII.
Visitation services under the physical program is second in rank with a
weighted mean of 1.76. Prisoners are entitled to the visits from their immediate
family or even relatives and friends since there are no restriction in entertaining
their visitors. In fact these are the only programs which are adequately meet
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Table XII
RANKING OF THE REHABILITATION SERVICES/FACILITIES IN MEETING

THE NEEDS OF INMATES

A. Physical Services Program
1. Basic Services 1.13 Inadequately Met
2. Medical and Dental
Services 1.16 Inadequately Met
3. Sports Services 1.53 Adequately Met
4. Visitation Services 1.76 Adequately Met
B. Intellectual Services Program
1. Educational Services 1.00 Inadequately Met
2. Recreational Services 1.20 Inadequately Met
3. Work Program 1.20 Inadequately Met
C. Spiritual and Emotional
Services Program
1. Religious Guidance
Services 1.83 Adequately Met
2. Guidance Counseling
Services 1.33 Adequately Met
3. Mail and Postal Services 1.13 Adequately Met
because it is inexpensive to maintaining compared to other programs because these
activities were conducted by outside religious group and by their own relatives.
Trailing third in adequacy is sports services program with a weighted mean
of 1.53. Despite the limited facilities for sports activities, the inmates are skillful to
use whatever available games there have.
Majority of needs of the inmates are inadequately meet by the programs
intended for the rehabilitation and treatment of prisoners. Topping the list of these
inadequacies is intellectual needs of the inmates like educational programs which
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is 100% inadequate. This means that the intellectual needs of the inmates is not a
top priority of the administrator. This might be due to the expenses incurred in
hiring professional to teach the inmates. This means that the education program is
not present inside the jail considering the help it can give to the inmates.
Basic needs and mail/postal needs tied with a weighted mean of 1.13. This
means that these programs inadequately meet the needs of the inmates. This is
supported by the data on problems encountered by the inmates like lack of food
and drinking water supply as well as inadequate supplies of beddings and soap.
Mail and postal services meet their needs only to a lesser extent.
Trailing third in the inadequacies is the medical and dental program. This
implies that medical and dental needs are not efficiently attended to. Maybe this
due to the unavailability of doctors and lack of medical supplies to help them as
disclosed in previous table. Work program tied with recreational activities program
as fourth place. It may be interpreted to mean that there is no work program
inside the jail that is worthy enough to provided inmates compensation to sustain
his needs. The limited recreational activities and facilities indicate that this
program meets only the needs of the inmates to a lesser extent. This might be due
to lack of resources as always pointed out the jail personnel.
Guidance counseling needs is rank fifth which proves that prisoners have
still missed the greatest possible help drawn from professional people who can
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help them with their problems. Unfortunately this program inadequately meet the
needs of the inmates due to financial constraint.
In general, almost all the services/facilities needed by the inmates for their
rehabilitation and treatment are inadequately met as depicted by a general
percentage of 75.35. this indicates the necessity of implementing of the
rehabilitation and treatment programs in the jail. If this is not done, then the
purpose of this program as presented in the first paragraph of this study will not
be realized.
However, under the custody and control of prisoners, tying for the first
place of inadequacy is diagnostic treatment for newly arrived prisoner and
adequate system of classification of prisoner.
All other service/facilities are considered adequately implemented.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS TO

THE REHABILITATION OF INMATES
Rule 1 sec.3 of the Rules and Regulations governing the organization,
administration and operation of provincial jails states, “it is the obligation of
Provincial Jail Authorities to confine offenders safely, provided rehabilitative
programs that will negate their criminal tendencies and restore positive value to
make them productive and law-abiding citizen.” It is also mentioned that under the
authority of provincial jails the inmates are entitled to a clean, adequately
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equipped and sanitary jail (Jail Warden, 1992). However, this study shows that the
existing conditions in Pangasinan Provincial Jail do not meet the standard set
under the different rehabilitation programs. How then can the primary purpose of
confinement which is rehabilitation, be attained, if jails are inadequately equipped,
poorly funded and under-qualified jail personnel? These findings was also true in
the study made by Ms. Gallardo in 1993. Between these two studies, there were
no significant changes in the implementation of the rehabilitation services or
facilities of the inmates in the Pangasinan Provincial Jail. Changes can only be
considered significant, if all the services/facilities for rehabilitation will adequately
meet the needs of the inmates.
This is not only true to the Pangasinan Provincial Jail. In fact the present Jail
Superintendent ordered all local jails nationwide to effect reforms in their
respective local jails following persistent of inadequate facilities in the jails. (GMA,
Extra-Extra March 25, 1999) Rebusio also mentioned jail congestion, porous or
defective system, lack of facilities and other problems which beset not only
prisoners but even the Jail Management.
In the light of these reports, it is obvious that conditions in that conditions
in the jails are far below the standard set in the Bureau of Correction Operating
Manual which provides for a standards of rehabilitation and treatment programs.
But the standards seems to be far from operational especially in local jails, which
are under the local government due to lack of funds. One may ask, therefore, of
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what is the setting of standard if it will not be observed in local jails because of
inadequate funds? Will It be because the general impression of the people towards
prisoners is that, they are not worthy of attention and care, thereby relegating
them to the lest priority of the government?
Based on the jail visits conducted by this research in the New Bilibid
Prison especially in Camp Sampaguita and Bukang Liwayway, rehabilitation
programs there are indeed more equipped than the local jails. This can be due to
the fact that the national prisons are under the national government including is
funding unlike local jails where funds are allocated by the local government units.
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Chapter 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
This study was primarily undertaken to re-assess the rehabilitation/
services/facilities provided to the Pangasinan Provincial Jail Inmates as perceived
by the inmates.
This study attempted to answer the following specific problems:
1. What is the present Rehabilitation Services/Facilities of the inmates of the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail?
2. To what extent has the Jail inmate Rehabilitation Treatment
services/facilities been effectively implemented as perceived by the inmates
along the following areas:
1. Rehabilitation Services
A. Services for their Physical Needs
1. Basic Needs of inmates
2. Medical and Dental Services
3. Visitation Services
4. Sports activities
B. Services/facilities
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1. Education and Skills Training
2. Recreational Activities
3. Work program
C. Services/facilities for Spiritual and Emotional Needs
1. Religious Guidance Program
2. Guidance Counseling Services
3. Mail and other postal services
2. Treatment Services/Facilities
1. Custody and control of inmates
1.1 Classification of inmate
3. What are the weakness/shortcomings of the present Provincial Jail
Rehabilitation and treatment Services/Facilities of the Pangasinan Provincial Jail as
perceived by the inmates?
Findings
In the course of this study, the research found out the following
shortcomings/weaknesses of the rehabilitation and treatment services/facilities of the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail as perceived by the inmates:
A. Status of the Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facililties
1. Physical Services
1. Basic Needs of prisoners
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It was found out during the study that all of the respondents have
identified the following basic needs of inmates which are not
provided or implemented.
1.1 food and potable water –(85%)
1.2 clothing – (100%)
1.3 mosquito net – (100%)
1.4 pillow – (100%)
1.5 blankets – (100%)
1.6 mats – (100%)
Under medical and dental services, it was also uncovered that all of
the respondents revealed the following items which are not provided:
2.1 Immunization - – (100%)
2.2 Medical and dental treatment and inspection – (95%)
2.3 Medication and dental equipment – (100%)
2.4 Medical and physical examination – (100%)
2.5 Special accommodation for pre-natal care – (100%)
Regarding visitation services, all of the respondents confirmed the
absence of :
3.1 Comfort room for visitors – (100%)
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4. Sports Facilities
For the sports activities, it was found out during the study that the
following items are not adequately provided or implemented:
4.1 Facilities for:
- Volleyball – (80%)
- Sepak Taraw – (100%)
- Basketball – (80%)
- Chess - – (100%)
- Table Tennis – (100%)
- Badminton – (100%)
II. Intellectual Services/Facilities
1. Education and Training
Consistently it was uncovered during the in study that most of the program
activities under education and training were not provided such as:
1.1 Secondary education – (100%)
1.2 College education – (100%)
1.3 Skills Training like:
- Handicraft – (85%)
- Technological training – (100%)
- Technical training – (100%)
2. Recreational activities
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For the recreational activities it was also uncovered during the study that
the following items are not adequately provided or implemented:
2.1 Entertainment magazines – (100%)
2.2 Group entertainment like videos – (100%)
2.3 Musical/literary contest (90%)
3. work programs
As to work program, the following activities were not provided or
implemented as claimed by all of the respondents.
3.1 Inmates who are assigned to work on handicraft were paid on contractual
basis – (90%)
3.2 Compensation of inmates for every finished menial job such as hair
cutting – (90%)
III. Emotional and Spiritual Services/Facilities
1. Religious Guidance
As regards to religious guidance, all of the respondents stressed that same
items are not provided or implemented: These are:
1.1 prison chaplaincy – (100%)
1.2 orientation made by the chaplain with regards to the services rendered
by the office of the chaplain – (100%)
2. Guidance Counseling Services/facilities
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As to guidance counseling program, the respondents claimed that the
following are not provided for:
2.1 Psychologist for emotional disturbance – (100%)
2.2 Therapy for behavioral modification – (100%)
2.3 Psychiatrist for mental abnormalities – (100%)
2.4 Medical and physical examination- (100%)
2.5 Special accommodation for pre-natal care- (100%)
3. Mail and Postal Services/Facilities
Concerning mail and postal service, all of the respondents confirmed the absence
of:
3.1 Mail collection on daily basis- (100%)
B. Service/Facilities that adequately meet the needs of the inmates as discovered in
this study
A. Physical Service/Facilities
2. Sports Services
B. Spiritual and Emotional Services
1. Religious Guidance Services
C. Service/Facilities that inadequate meet the needs of the inmates:
A. Physical Services/Facilities
1. Basic Services
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B. Intellectual Services/facilities
1. Educational Services
2. Recreational Services
3. Work Program
C. Spiritual and Emotional Service/facilities
1. Guidance Counseling Services
2. Nail and Postal Services
B Effective Procedure and Implementation of the treatment Services
1. As to effective procedures and implementation of the following by the jail
personnel:
1.1.Classification of inmates is adequately implemented
1.2.Custody and control of inmates- Fully implemented
C Funding of the Jail
1. As to the sufficiency and use of funds, same of the following are sufficiently
provided:
1.1.Salaries, allowances, and benefits of the jail personnel-(79.38%)
1.2.Inmate meal allowances –(17.91%)
1.3.Power Services-(2.08%)
1.4.Allowance for other expenditure-(.50%)
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Conclusions
In the course of the study, the present researcher tried to determine whether the
recommendations made by the previous study, were implemented for the betterment of
the inmates. However, the following conclusions were derived based on the present
findings of the rehabilitation and treatment services/facilities of inmates in Pangasinan
Provincial Jail.
1. The different rehabilitation and treatment programs were not adequately
provided for the inmates at Pangasinan Provincial Jail due to financial
constraint. The implementation is very inadequate to meet the needs of the
inmates.
2. Most of the problems encountered by the inmates are on the lack of supplies,
facilities and service for their basic needs such as food supply and service,
beddings, health conditions of their living quarters and medical/dental
services, inadequate facilities for sports and recreation, the absence of
education and vocational training absence of conjugal room for married
inmates and the absence of professional in the field of psychiatry,
psychology/sociology/social workers. The inadequacy of these
services/facilities is due to lack of funds and resources.
3. Although there is an increase in the present budget appropriation for the jail
inmates’ rehabilitation and treatment services/facilities, it is still inadequate
because of the present prices of basic commodities.
Page 83
4. The recommendations of the previous study were not implemented because
the present study still finds the same findings and conclusions.
Recommendations
Based on the findings of this study and the conclusions arrived at, the following
recommendations are proposed in order to effect the implementation of the different
rehabilitation and treatment programs in the provincial jail.
1. The local government should increase the budget allocated to the jail
management to enable the administrators to provide adequately the physical,
intellectual, spiritual, and emotional needs of the inmates.
2. LGUs, NGOs and Jail Administrators should join hands in raising funds to
finance the implementation of some rehabilitation programs which are
neglected due to financial constraints.
3. Communication lines should remain open at all times between management
and the inmates so that problems affecting inmates rehabilitation can be
attended to efficiently.
4. There should be a separate medical unit with one medical doctor and a dentist
to conduct regular visits at least once a month to check-up the health
conditions of the inmates in jail.
5. Coordination with psychiatric clinic, psychologist and social worker offices to
conduct regular visits at least once a month to check on the mental and
emotional conditions of the inmates in jail.
Page 84
6. Establish linkage with the DECS NON-FORMAL Education Unit, PSU HIGH
SCHOOL DEPARTMENT OR COLLEGE LEVEL for a possible extension
of their educational services or the DSWD for the delivery of basic education
or vocational training.
7. Utilize the professional jail inmates in the vocational/educational training of
other inmates.
8. More work programs should be introduced and private industries should also
be encouraged to utilize inmates’ manpower for labor which will provide the
inmates’ jog opportunities and more compensation.
9. Additional conjugal rooms for the visit of the inmates’ spouses should be
provided.
10. Introduction of Performing Arts Guild among the inmates to tap their potential
and serve as an entertainment activities during special occasions and
whenever they have visitors.
11. Proper classification of new arrival inmates should be exercised for correct
diagnosing and treatment programs.
12. Provincial Jail Management should be under the supervision of the national
government to give more emphasis on the quality of services to the inmates.
Page 85
Bibliography
A. BOOKS
Adler-Muller-Laufer
1979 Criminology. New York: McGrawHill Inc.
Ailen, Harry/Simon, Clifford

1975-1984 Correction in America. USA: McMillan Publishing Co.
Burns, Henry Jr;

1975-1984 Correction: Organization and Administration. Paul Ninn
West Publishing
Carney, Louis P.
1984 Introduction to Correctional Science. New York:
McGrawHill, Inc.
Conklin, John
1982 Criminology (4th Edition). New York: McMillan Publishing
Co.
Cullen, Francis T. and Gilbert, Karen E.

1982 Re-affirming Rehabilitation. Cincinati: W.H. Anderson
Company
Fox, Vernon
1985 Introduction to Correction. 3rd Ed. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Goyena, Meliton
1990 Bureau of Correction Operating Manual. Manila: Bureau
of Corrections
Hippchen, Leonard J.
1975 Correctional Classification and Treatment. Cincinatti:
W.H. Anderson-Published for the American Correctional
Association – Improved Prison Work Program will Benefit
Correctional Institution and Inmates: Report to the
Attorney General, Washington, D.C.: General Accounting
Office, June 29, 1982
Page 86
Lipton, Douglas et al
1975 The Effect of Correctional Treatment. Praig New York:
Manual of Standards for Adult Correctional Institution:
1977 Rockville, Md. Commission on Accreditation for
Corrections.
Miller, Eugene E.
1975 Jail Management: Problems, Programs and Perspective. .
Lexington Mass: Lexington Books, D.C. Health Co.
Srair, Richard
1992 Introduction to Correction. 2nd Ed. U.S.A. W.C. Brown
Publisher
Tradio, Cirilo M.
1986 Introduction to Criminal Justice System. Philippine Setting:
Rex Printing Co., Inc. Manila.
Webb, G.L. and Marris, David G.

1995 Prison Guards: The Culture and Perspective of an
Occupational Group. San Marcos, Tex.: Coker Books
B. Unpublished Materials
Gallardo, Rhoda, “Assessment of the Rehabilitation Services/Facilities of Inmates in

Pangasinan Provincial Jail.”
Jail Warden, “Rules and Regulations Governing the Organization, Administration and
Operation of Provincial Jail”
Mattick, Hans W. and Sweet, Ronald P, “Illinois Jails, Challenge and Opportunity for
the Inmates” (1970)
Mein, Virgie, “Jail Administration in the City of Naga” (1992)
Soliba, Jr. Alfredo D., “Jail Services in the Baguio City Jail”
Tapac, Peter P. “The Rehabilitation of Prisoners in Benguet Provincial Jail” (1996-

1997)
Page 87
Tiangco, Victor. A Descriptive and Analytical Study of the Administration and

Rehabilitation of Subversive Detainees (1980)
Toctocan, Robert L. (1998), “Personal Security and Delivery of Services of the

Mountain Province Provincial Jail”
Uyami, Benedicto (1997), Jail Management in Cordillera
GMA, Brigada Siete, May 29, 1999 and March 25, 2000
C. Periodicals
Rebusio (1994) – Tonight Newspaper “Centralized Jail System”
Aning (1999) – Season’s Joy Behind the Bar – Philippine Daily Inquirer
D. Legislative Documents
R.A. 6975 – December 1990 – PNP Law of 1990
1987 Philippine Constitution
Senate Bill 1784 – Prison and Integrated Act of 1994
Historical Background of Philippine Prison, 1996 and 2000
Page 88
Appendix A
LETTER OF REQUEST TO CONDUCT PRE-TESTING OF QUESTIONNAIRE
September 11, 2017
The City Jail Warden

Dagupan City Jail
Dagupan City
Sir:
I have the honor to request permission from your good office to conduct the pre-
testing of my questionnaire in connection with my Research Paper entitled, “Re-
Assessment of the Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facilities of Inmates of the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail” as a requirement for my subject in National Security
Administration at the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology in Cabanatuan
City.
Furthermore, may I request for assistance to maintain peace and order during the
administration of the survey.
Your cordial cooperation for the interest of corrections will be highly appreciated.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd) ROMAE R. DE ASIS

Ph.D. PA Student
Page 89
Appendix B
LETTER OF REQUEST TO CONDUCT THE STUDY
September 20, 2017
The Provincial Jail Warden

Pangasinan Provincial Jail
Lingayen, Pangasinan
Sir:
I have the honor to request permission from your good office to conduct interview
and the administration of my questionnaire in connection with my Research Paper
entitled, “Re-Assessment of the Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facilities of
Inmates of the Pangasinan Provincial Jail” as a requirement for my subject in National
Security Administration at the Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology in
Cabanatuan City.
Furthermore, may I request for assistance to maintain peace and order during the
administration of the survey.
Be assured that the veracity and documentation of the facts and data obtained
from the respondents shall be observed.
Your cordial cooperation for the interest of corrections will be highly appreciated.
Very truly yours,
(Sgd) ROMAE R. DE ASIS

Ph.D. PA Student
Page 90
Appendix C
QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PROVINCIAL JAIL INMATES
Personal Background
Name (optional) ____________________________________________________

Age ___________ Sex _____________ Status ____________________________
Address: ______________________________________________________________
Educational Qualification:
_____ Elementary Graduate _____ Employed prior to conviction
_____ High School undergraduate _____ College undergraduate
_____ High School Graduate _____ College graduate
_____ Unemployed prior to conviction
If unemployed, kindly check the appropriate box the kind of occupation you have prior to
your conviction
_____ Managerial _____ Laborer
_____ Office Worker _____ Educator
_____ Technical Worker _____ Others, please specify
_____ Vocational Worker
How long have you been detained?

_____ one month _____ more than one year
_____ three months _____ two years
_____ six months _____ three years
_____ one year
Page 91
REHABILITATION AND TREATMENT SERVICES/FACILITIES

Directions: Please rate the rehabilitation and treatment services and facilities of the
Pangasinan Provincial Jail according to the Legend below:
3 - Adequately Provided
2 - Inadequately Provided
1 - None At All/Not Present
A. Services/Facilities for their Physical Needs

1. Basic Needs like:
a. Food
- Daily 3 2 1
- Special Holidays 3 2 1
- Religious 3 2 1
- Medical Purposes 3 2 1
b. Clothing
1. Institutional Uniform 3 2 1
2. Regular Clothes 3 2 1
c. Shelter 3 2 1
d. Soap 3 2 1
e. Water 3 2 1
f. Beddings
1. Bed
a. Single 3 2 1
b. Double Deck 3 2 1
2. Mats 3 2 1
3. Mosquito Nets 3 2 1
4. Pillow/Blanket 3 2 1
Page 92

a. One Resident Physician 3 2 1
b. One Resident Dentist 3 2 1
c. One qualified Psychiatrist 3 2 1
d. All inmates are required to undergo the following:
1. Mental and Physical Examinations upon
Admission and prior to any prison or penal
Farm transfer 3 2 1
2. Medical observation/consultation 3 2 1
3. Diagnosis and Treatment 3 2 1
4. Immunization 3 2 1
5. Referral of sick inmates requiring special
Treatment 3 2 1
6. Available medical services as to:
a. Psychiatric Services 3 2 1
b. Treatment of Mental Abnormality 3 2 1
7. Available Services of Dental Officer 3 2 1
8. Special Accommodation for Pre-natal care 3 2 1
3. Sports Activities Services/Facilities

a. Varieties of Sports Activities such as:
1. Basketball 3 2 1
2. Volleyball 3 2 1
3. Sepak Takraw 3 2 1
4. Table Tennis 3 2 1
5. Chess 3 2 1
6. Badminton 3 2 1
Page 93
b. Sports competition to foster camaraderie

Among prisoners 3 2 1
a. Conjugal Visit 3 2 1
b. Room for Conjugal Visit 3 2 1
c. Visit by other members of the family during
Special occasions 3 2 1
B. Services for their Intellectual Needs

1. Educational Services
a. Part-time teachers for elementary education 3 2 1
b. Part-time teachers for secondary education 3 2 1
c. Part-instructor for college education 3 2 1
d. Other educational programs duly recognized
And accredited by DepEd and TESDA such as:
1. Vocational Training 3 2 1
2. Technical Training 3 2 1
3. Technological Training 3 2 1
2. Recreational Activities Services/Facilities

a. Group entertainment like:
1. Television 3 2 1
2. Radio 3 2 1
3. Videos 3 2 1
4. Magazines 3 2 1
5. Stage Shows 3 2 1
6. Musical Contest 3 2 1
7. Literary Contest 3 2 1
Page 94
3. Work Program
a. Livelihood programs like:
1. Wood carving 3 2 1
2. Basket Weaving 3 2 1
3. Parol Making 3 2 1
4. Slipper Making 3 2 1
b. Compensation of prisoners for every finished
Product 3 2 1
C. Spiritual and Emotional Services/Facilities

1. Religious Guidance Program
a. One resident Chaplain 3 2 1
b. Activities like
1. Freedom to worship to one’s religion 3 2 1
2. Prayer meeting 3 2 1
3. Ritual or ministerial Services 3 2 1
4. Religious Instruction 3 2 1
c. Spiritual Counseling 3 2 1
2. Guidance Counseling Program

a. One qualified Psychologist 3 2 1
b. Psychological motivation to:
1. Find out more about my situation 3 2 1
2. Talked with professional persons regarding
My problem 3 2 1
3. Talked to anyone who has experienced
The same problem 3 2 1
c. Behavioral Therapy in case of:
Page 95
1. Feeling lonely 3 2 1
2. Feeling depressed 3 2 1
3. Feeling that people are unfriendly 3 2 1
D. Mail and Postal Services

a. Incoming Mails 3 2 1
b. Outgoing Mails 3 2 1
THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION
Page 96
Appendix D
Correction Operating Manual:
REHABILITATION OF PRISONERS
Purpose:
The purpose of providing adequate care and a variety of proper treatment to
prisoners is to eliminate their pattern of criminal behavior and reform them to be law-
abiding and constructive citizens.
Rehabilitation Service/Facilities
The treatment of prisoners shall be focused on the provision of services designed
to encourage and enhance the inmates’ self-respect, dignity and sense of responsibility.
Toward these ends, the Bureau shall provide the following programs and services:
a. Basic Needs of prisoners
b. Medical and Dental Services
c. Education and Skills Training
d. Religious Guidance and Counseling Services
e. Recreation and Sports Activities
f. Work Programs
g. Visitation Services
h. Mail and other Postal Services
Page 97
Basic Needs of Prisoners
a. The provision of basic needs to prisoners is the first condition to be satisfied
before any. Effective rehabilitation or treatment program can be undertaken.
The basic needs to be provided shall be consistent with government funds
available and the standard of living of the prisoners when they are still in free
communities.
b. The basic needs are: food, shelter, clothing, water, lighting, and soap.
c. Food Services
1. There shall be a Food Service Unit in every institution which shall be
responsible for the daily preparation, handling and delivery of food to
prisoners. As such, it shall prepare the necessary requirements, stocks, and
equipment to meet the purpose.
2. The Food Service Unit shall obtain from the Overseer’s Office the
accurate count of prisoners to be provided with food and ration on a daily
basis. It shall be responsible for the daily allocation of ration to prisoners.
3. It shall coordinate with the custodial force in the supervision of food
delivery so that equitable distribution in dormitory is maintained.
4. The food rations for distribution shall not be taken out from the mess hall
as designated eating places unless permission is granted by competent
authority.
Page 98
5. The institution shall form an inspection team who shall be tasked to
supervise the preparation and distribution of food to the prisoners.
6. Special menu shall be allowed for medical and religious purposes and on
special holidays.
d. Shelter or living space
1. Each prisoner, upon admission to the Bureau’s custody, shall be assigned
a cell or dormitory where he is given a bunk or steel/wooden bed, mat,
pillow blanket, and mosquito net
2. Each prisoner shall keep his immediate vicinity in the dormitory in clean
and sanitary condition at all times. He can be assigned by his supervisor
periodically as dormitory or latrine or latrine orderly.
Medical and Dental Services
a. The purpose of the Bureau of Correction Medical and Dental Services is to
provide health care and services to the inmates similar to that available in the free
community and subject to the same regulations. Each prison should have at least
one qualified medical doctor and dentist and prisoners requiring special
treatments shall be referred to more capable, hospitals outside the prisons.
b. All prisoners shall be required to undergo the following
1. Medical and physical examination upon admission and prior to shipment to
any prison or penal farm.
2. Medical observation/consultation
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3. Diagnosis and treatment
4. Immunization and protection of inmate population against health hazards and
communicable disease.
5. Referral of sick prisoners requiring specialist treatment.
c. The medical unit of the prisons more specifically its medical officer shall at all
times inspect and supervise the following activities:
1. Quantity, quality, presentation and serving of food rations.
2. Hygiene and cleanliness of the prison and its surroundings.
3. Sanitation, lighting, and ventilation of the prison.
4. The suitability and cleanliness of the prisoners clothing and bendings.
5. Observance pf the rules concerning physical education and sports.
d. In every prison, there shall be available medical services of at least on qualified
medical officer. Medical services shall be organized in close coordination of the
prison community. These shall include the following:
1. Psychiatric services
2. Treatment of mental abnormality
e. The service of a qualified dental officer shall be made available in every natal
care and treatment. Arrangement shall be made wherever practicable for children
to be born in prison.
3. College education, if available, which is designed to prepare students obtain a
college degree in a course offered by the prison school system in collaboration
Page 100
with accredited colleges or universities. A student will have completed the
course when all credits required for a regular college diploma from an
accredited institution have been earned.
4. Acquire or improve an employable skill though one or more programs of
occupational education which is designed to enhance the prisoners’ chances of
employment upon release. This program is divided into four major categories:
Exploratory Training, Vocational Training, On-the-Job Training and
Apprenticeship Training.
a. Exploratory Training is the program involving an overviewof the whole
spectrum of the work environment that are made available to the inmates
and which will serve as their basis of choice on what particular training
courses they would like to enroll.
b. Vocational Training is the program aimed at preparing the inmate for an
occupation by acquiring a specific skill such as automotive, mechanic,
tailoring, handicrafts, electronics, etc.
c. On-the-Job Training is the organized work program of the prison which
utilizes inmate manpower to develop penal farms into productive areas,
provide inmates with compensation and avoid their idle time.
d. Apprentice Training is the program conducted under the direction of
supervisor who is responsible for instructing apprentice in all aspects of a
given occupation.
Page 101
b. Every institution shall have an Education Section which shall be tasked to
oversee supervise and monitor the education and training programs
c. The Education Section of each institution shall be guided by the Director of
Corrections through the Bureau’s Inmate Education and Training Board.
d. The following conditions must be satisfied before the approval of any of the
education and training programs to be undertaken:
1. There must be a written curriculum delineating objectives and procedures that
are approved by competent authorities.
2. Pre-assessment and post-assessment of the studentry and courses
3. A periodic external review and evaluation of the significance, relevance and
effectiveness of the program.
e. The following guidelines on institutional format, teaching techniques, and
population characteristics are prescribed:
1. Enrollment and completion priorities will be established in accordance
with the standards set by Education Section.
2. Instructional techniques and methods shall be variable and flexible
employing such approaches as open-ended course, individualized and
mini-coursed consistent with student needs and interests. Education officer
shall strive to achieve optimum utilization of staff, resources and facilities.
Page 102
3. The education program will operate on a 12-month or semestral basis with
a minimum break period for holidays, similar to that outside school and
colleges.
f. Institutional rules, regulations and policies in regard to safety of the prisoner and
institution and the orderly conduct of the affairs of the institution and inmates shall
apply to all places of worship and religious activities and meetings.
g. Attendance at places of worship, religious, activities and meetings shall be
voluntary. The opportunity to attend services, activities, or meetings shall be offered
unless there is compelling reason to the contrary. Normally, work assignment should not
preclude attendance to religious services, activities or meetings.
h. Places of worship and religious activities and meetings shall be scheduled with
reasonable frequency. The prison chaplain shall lay out his religious program in
coordination with the head of the prison.
i. The matter of augmenting the usual religious activities does not contemplate nor
envision the admission of outside clergyman to conduct worship services, religious
activities or meetings except upon the invitation of a staff chaplain.
j. There shall be a Prison Chapliancy in every institution who shall be entrusted
with the following responsibilities:
1. To ensure the spiritual-moral-pastoral care is made available to all prisoners,
the correctional staff and the civilian community.
Page 103
2. To ensure that pastoral care, crisis-intervention and adequate spiritual
awareness formation program are available to the prison community.
3. To ensure proper recruiting, training, supervision and monitoring of
chaplaincy personnel and religious volunteers from outside communities who
regularly visit the institution.
4. To ensure the prison officials are provided with religious advice and
assistance in religious programs.
i. The following principles shall be the basis of all religious activities and
services:
1. Everyone shall respect the religious beliefs and moral precepts of the
group to which a prisoner belongs. Maligning or insulting any religious
belief or group shall be avoided.
2. Equal opportunity shall be given to all religious groups in the application
of prison rules on security and related matters.
3. Anyone is allowed to change his religion without harassment or coercion.
Proselytizing shall not be allowed.
4. Attendance in religious activities and worship services shall always be on
voluntarily basis.
5. As far as practicable, specific religious requirement on dietary restriction,
fasting, autopsy, cremation, and mental/medical treatment, work
Page 104
assignments and other religious ethical beliefs and practices must be
respected by prison authorities.
6. No one shall restrict the use of religious items and paraphernalia provided
that these are not declared as contrabands.
7. Excepts as provided otherwise, all and any communication as a prisoner
made to a chaplain whether as a formal act or religion or as a matter of
conscience, shall be treated as privileged communication and the chaplain
concerned shall not be required to disclose it.
8. There shall be a qualified, appointed or bonafide representatives of a
religious group who shall have a sufficient number of brethrens as
determined by the Office of the Prison chaplain. Qualified religious
representatives shall be encouraged and allowed to hold pastoral visits and
services in the prisons.
9. The Chaplaincy or the officially designated religious officer shall
supervise all religious activities within institution.
10. Religious books and related reading material s shall be made available to
prisoners.
j. The following programs and services shall be applied accordingly:
1. For the newly-admitted prisoners
Page 105
a. The Chaplain interviews the inmate at the inmate Reception and
Education Center and fill up two (2) forms of the religious profile of
prisoner
b. The Chaplain likewise conducts an orientation program as regards the
services rendered by the Office of the Chaplain, the time and place
where these services are provided, procedures, to be followed as to
schedule, religious opportunities available through the religious and
moral development programs.
2. Pastoral activities shall be made an integral part of the prison community
and includes the following:
a. Guidance and Counseling
b. Crisis-Intervention Services
c. Education/Formation/Indoctrination Program
d. Workshop/prayer/liturgical services
e. Ritual or ministerial services
f. Visits
g. Organization and Grouping
h. Communications
i. Pre-release religious services
3. Religious instructions: the Staff Chaplain shall meet the demands prisoner
for religious education and religious instruction. They may utilized the
Page 106
service of voluntary and contractual religious leaders to supplement the
religious program or meet special denomination need.
Recreational and Sports Activities
a. A variety of recreation and sports activities shall be provided by prison authorities
to the inmates whose participation, however, shall be on voluntary basis only.
b. Recreational and sports facilities to be provided consistent with available
resources shall be library services, chess, table tennis, pool and outdoor sports like
basketball, softball, boxing, etc. The prison authorities shall provide for the
athletic equipment necessary to undertake these recreation and sports activities
and shall likewise design a specific Recreation and Athletic Officer to carry out
and supervise the programs.
c. Individual and Team sports shall be established among inmate volunteers as a
basis for intramural competitions. Inmates participating in organized sports fest or
competitions shall be provided with distinctive team uniforms to add color and
fun fare in these events.
d. Group entertainment for inmates shall be provided occasionally in the form of
movies, videos and stage shows which are rated for general patronage. Amateur
talent contest and parlor games shall be organized and promoted on the basis of
interest, occasion and participation of the inmates.
Page 107
e. Prisoners who are not employed for outside work especially those serving solitary
confinement, punishment shall have at least one hour daily of physical exercise in
the open air.
Work Programs
a. Each prison facility shall have a work program for the purpose of developing
penal farmlands into productive areas and profit centers, giving inmates
compensation for their labor and keeping them busy while serving their prison
sentences.
b. The following requirement for the employment of inmates in work program shall
be observed:
1. Prison labor should have a socio-economic redeeming value.
2. The organization and methods of work in the institutions shall resemble those
of similar work outside so as to prepare prisoners for the conditions of normal
occupational life.
3. Precautions should be observed to protect the safety and health of the
prisoners.
4. Prisoners shall being emnified against industrial injury including occupational
disease.
5. Daily and weekly working hours of prisoners must be fixed, leaving one rest
day a week and sufficient time for recreational activities.
c. Compensation of Inmates
Page 108
1. Inmates who are regularly selected and assigned as administrative and
technical assistant the various offices and facilities of the prison shall receive
regular monthly compensation at rates approved by the Director of Correction
or the Head of the Prison. Falling under this category are office janitors and
orderlies, assistant clerks , typist, and office messengers and couriers, moto
pool assistants and field equipment operators and maintenance crew.
2. Inmates working in prison agro-industrial projects on regular, seasonal or
contractual basis shall be paid compensation at rates approved by the Director
of Correction or Head of Prison bearing in mind that their compensation is
their share in the production income.
3. On medium and minimum security prisoners shall be assigned to work in
agricultural field projects. Maximum security prisoners can be assigned to
work in handicraft or indoor projects in their own compounds or dormitories.
4. The whole of a part of the compensation earned by any prisoner may be
fortified and applied to the payment of supplies and equipment lost or
damaged resulting from the prisoner’s conduct or neglect.
5. Prisoners who have savings from their compensation can remit through the
assistance of prison authorities, certain amounts to their relatives.
d. Useful employment and Industrial Training of a Prisoner.
1. Prison manpower shall not be allowed to be employed in any private work for
the benefit of an officer or employee of the prisons.
Page 109
2. Employed prisoners shall not be allowed to remain in their dormitories during
working hours except those who are assigned to work as room orderlies of
those directed to remain by proper authority.
3. Prison work shall normally be at least eight (8) hours a day except Sundays
and legal holidays.
4. A detention prisoner shall not be required to work but may be made to clean
his cell and perform such other labor as may be deemed necessary for
hygienic reasons. However, a detention prisoner may, if he so request in
writing and upon approval of the Director of Corrections, work as a finally
convicted prisoner and shall be given full credit for all the days he has worked
pursuant to R.A. 6127.
5. Hard labor shall not be countenance as part of prison employment nor any
other required assignment.
6. The female prisoner shall assigned to work on jobs suitable to her age, sex,
and physical condition.
Visitation Services
a. The prisoner shall be allowed under supervision to be visited by their family and
reputable and duly registered friends at regular intervals.
b. In this regard, the Head of the Prison facility shall determine and prescribe the
date and manner on how visitation services can be facilitated.
c. The following guidelines shall operate in all prisons:
Page 110
1. Visiting facilities: The visiting room shall be arranged to provide adequate
supervision and adapted to the degree of security required. It should be
comfortable and as pleasant as possible and informally arranged. Appropriate
furnishing (e.g. small tables and chairs, etc) are preferable, to the
“conventional prison visiting tables.” This is particularly true in institutions
juveniles. If space is available, a portion of the visiting room should be
equipped to suit the needs of children.
2. The Visiting Room Officer: Visits must be supervised to prevent the passage
of contraband and to insure the security and welfare of the institution. Visits
have an inevitable and extensive public relations aspect. The impressions
gained by the visitor, whether he be a member of inmate’s family or a
government official are of the utmost importance. The Visiting Room Officer
shall therefore be selected from among the members of the custodial force
who have food of prison personality and appearance, has good grasp of prison
regulations and good judgment in sensing situations requiring referral to other
institutional units.
3. Visiting Periods: Authorized days for visits of inmates shall be from Sundays
and Thursdays and from 9:00 A.M. to 3:00 P.M. daily. There will be no visits
on Friday and Saturdays due to inmate wash days and inspection and weekly
muster and inspection of the members of the custodial force.
Page 111
4. Frequency of Visits: Limitations on the length or frequency of visits shall be
imposed to avoid chronic overcrowding. A reasonable number of visits or
number of hours per month shall be established consistent with resources
available. Exceptions may be granted when special circumstances such as
distance the visitors may travel frequency of the inmates’ visit or health
problems of the inmate are present.
5. Regular Visitors: The Visiting Room Officer will be responsible for
compiling the regular visiting list for each inmate and the following shall be
placed on the approved list after suitable investigation:
a. Members of his immediate family which includes mother, father, step-
parents, foster parents, brothers and sisters, wife or husband and children.
Under ordinary circumstances, there will be no questions about placing
such person on the regular list of the prisoner.
b. Other relatives which include grandparents, aunts, uncles, in-laws and
cousins who may be placed on the approved list if the inmate wishes to
have such visits.
c. Friends and associates. The visiting privilege may be extended to friends
and other non-relatives if it can be ascertained that the association or
friendship is a genuinely constructive one and that the inmate will profit
from such contract.
Page 112
d. Penalty for Circumventing Regulations: Any effort to circumvent or evade
the visiting regulations will not only result in the denial of future visits,
possibly over an extended period of time, but may require that other
disciplinary action and possible court proceedings be initiated against the
visitor.
Mail and Other Postal Services
a. Mail services shall be provided to all prisoners provided that all outgoing and
incoming mail matters are passed through a designated prison censor officer in
order to prevent the entry of contrabands or illegal articles or entry or exit of
information that will affect the security of the prison.
b. Censor: The prisoner sending or receiving the mail shall open his mail and have it
read and inspected by the designated censor officer. If the mail is cleared for
dispatch, the prisoner shall close and seal the mail and the place the same in the
outgoing mail box. He shall likewise receive his incoming mail, if cleared by the
censor officer. If the out-going or incoming mails have contrabands or harmful
information, such matter shall be received or registered as violations of
regulations to be brought properly before the Board of Discipline for adjudication.
c. Collections: the designated instructional staff member will collect the contents of
each Prisoner’s Mail Box on a daily basis, Monday through Friday.
Page 113
d. Registered letters: Prisoners will be allowed to send letters as registered, certified
stamped or special delivery if they so desired as their expense. The letters will be
processed in accordance with each institution’s procedures for handling of mail.
e. Prisoners under disciplinary segregation shall be allowed full correspondence
privileges, unless his misconduct involves a serious violation of correspondence
regulations.
f. Prisoners may receive or send money through the prison postal service under the
supervision and assistance of designated prison officers.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Information
Name: ROMAE DE LOS REYES-DE ASIS

Mailing Address METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
Tel. No. (075) 522-6367
Mobile No. 0977-816-8123
Email Address romae_mdc@yahoo.com
Date of Birth May 19, 1970
Name of Spouse: PSUPT FERDINAND ZAMORA DE ASIS
Children: MARIA KRISIA FAE – Registered Nurse
Page 114
MARIA RIZZA FERNANDINE – Registered Teacher

(10th Place September 2014 LET Examination)
FERDINAND II – 3rd Year College (SLU Baguio City)
JOSEPH BENJAMIN – Grade 10
(Mother Goose Special Science High School)
Educational Attainment(Add rows if necessary; Start from the most recent)

Degree Obtained DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
Date Graduated March 2014
Institution DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY
Degree Obtained MASTER IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

Institution METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
Degree Obtained BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

Institution METRO-DAGUPAN COLLEGES
Degree Obtained BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY

Institution UNIVERSITY OF LUZON
Work Experience (Add rows if necessary; Start from the most recent post occupied)
Designation EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT & VICE PRESIDENT FOR ACADEMIC AFFAIRS
College/Department ADMINISTRATION
Period Covered January 2004 to Present
Designation COLLEGE REGISTRAR

College/Department REGISTRAR’S OFFICE
Period Covered June 1996 to October 2, 2014
Designation HOURLY FACULTY MEMBER

College/Department COLLEGE OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION AND SECRETARIAL SCIENCE
Period Covered November 1991 to March 1996
Social and Extracurricular Activities(Add rows if necessary)

Affiliation REGIONAL GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (RGADC)
Position Held Regular Member as GOVERNANCE SECTOR Representative
Page 115
Period Covered December 2016 to December 2019
Affiliation PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF GRADUATE EDUCATION – REGION 1

Position Held Board of Director
Period Covered July 2015 to present
Affiliation REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL – NATIONAL ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY
Position Held PRIVATE SECTOR REPRESENTATIVE (Alternate)
– GOVERNANCE SECTOR
Period Covered October 2012 to present
Affiliation ASSOCIATION OF PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND

UNIVERSITIES – REGION 1
Position Held Member
Period Covered June 2014 to present
Affiliation REGIONAL ASSOCIATION OF NON-GOVERNMENT

ORGANIZATIONS (RANGO) – 1
Position Held Acting Board Secretary
Period Covered July 2015 to present
Affiliation REGIONAL ASSOCIATION OF PRESIDENTS OF

HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS (RAPHEI)
Position Held Member
Period Covered June 2004 to present
Affiliation ASSOCIATION OF REGISTRARS OF EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS-REGION 1
Position Held President
Period Covered December 2002 to December 2004
Affiliation ASSOCIATION OF REGISTRARS OF EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTIONS-REGION 1
Position Held Regular Member
Period Covered June 1996 to October 2014
Page 116

The Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/facilities of The Pangasinan Provincial Jail: A Reassessment

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The Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/facilities of The Pangasinan Provincial Jail: A Reassessment

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Nueva Ecija University of Science and Technology

General Tinio Campus, Cabantuan City

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

In the modern concept of penology, a correctional institution, in order to

be an effective machinery in the prevention and control of crime, should see to it

rehabilitate the offenders.

The present re-imposition of the death penalty in the Philippines is a wise

decision. It created a psychological fear which tends to deter a would-be criminal.

to lead a normal well-adjusted life as a law-abiding citizen. This necessitates assessing

the non-involvement in the crime following an offender’s participation in an intervention

program (Adler, 1968: 91)

Moreover, penology both as a science and process of government designed

to rehabilitate convicts where help and wise administration of treatment programs

is indispensable for the realization of the philosophical goal of correction. This

form of punishment of sort, but rather to enable a wrongdoer to be reformed or

Section 63 of Republic Act 6975 otherwise known as PNP Law of 1990,

detained awaiting investigation or trial and or transfer in the national penitentiary”

criminal.” (Tradio, 1968:75)

On the other hand, the treatment approach taken by any correctional

administrator and government policy. The modern administrator must be aware of

with few, if any, educational or rehabilitative program”.

of funding is present in nearly all jails. The funding of provincial jails is a

responsibility of local government. Funds needed to operate jails compete with

limited or even reduced funds to support their program.

The Pangasinan Provincial jail operates on the budget given annually by

free commodity due to the water pump that was installed.

inmates becomes acute. It is acknowledged that lack of education is a serious handicap in

regarded as a primary rehabilitative tool in the correctional field.

A study was made in 1993 by Ms. Rhoda Gallardo to assess the

rehabilitation services and facilities of inmates in Pangasinan Provincial Jail. In this

physical needs of inmates in terms of food, clothing, shelter, ventilation and

potable water limited. Only lighting was consider adequate.

Moreover, medical and dental services were not provided as evidenced by

presence of chaplain and other volunteer religious authorities, spiritual and

Recommendations were made by Ms. Gallardo to alleviate the pitiful

situation seems to prevail regarding the rehabilitation and treatment

services/facilities provided to the inmates of the Pangasinan Provincial Jail. It

present researcher wanted to find out if the recommendations made by the

in the rehabilitation and treatment services of inmates in Pangasinan Provincial Jail

made by the previous study.

of a correctional agency is to influence changes in the attitude and behavior of the

offender” (Allen,1968: 386)

Conkein also viewed that the goal of a treatment program is the

rehabilitation of inmates. A reasonable goal for a jail rehabilitation program is to

The primary goal of prison industry , as stated in the Correctional Industries

Association Newsletter (1985), is to provide useful and meaningful work. To provide

generally to prepare a person for release back to the community as a self-

respecting, wage-earning citizen. However, most inmates do not work or have

Siete. (GMA: May 29, 1999)

The Bureau of Correction Operating Manual (March, 1990) which improved

the old existing correctional manual provides provisions of services designated to

corrections with tools which are useful in stimulating changes.

Psychology is concerned with measuring and evaluating an individual’s

situation inside the walls.

Included within this conceptual framework of the study are the

rehabilitation process. As Tradio stated that “rehabilitation and treatment programs

and control of prisoners”(Tradio: 1986:90)

Pangasinan Provincial Jail in relation to the rehabilitation and treatment programs of

the inmates based on the variables identified of the aspect measured.

Rehabilitation and Treatment Services/Facilities Provided for Inmates of the

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1- PARADIGM OF STUDY

block representing rehabilitation services/facilities based on the Bureau of Corrections