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models of acquisition

1. what is SLA? second language acquisition

It has developed in order to take into account processes that take place when a person acquires a
first foreign language. It has been focused on comparing foreign language

acquisition with the acquisition of the native language and explaining why the
latter is unsuccessful in terms of reaching native or near-native level of
phonetic proficiency.

THE NATIVE SPEAKER - WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

BASED ON DOSTERT - TRADITIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF THE CONCEPT OF THE NATIVE


SPEAKER IS BASED ON A PARTICULAT SETTING OF LINGUISTC BACKGROUND AND LIGUISTIC
COMPETENCE

DAVIES?

MODELS:

1. grosjean’s language modes

According to Grosjean, a bilingual’s language production is based on the


language mode that they are in. Depending on the context that the bilingual
person is in, they subconsciously decide how much of the particular language
to activate. The choice is based on numerous psychosocial and linguistic
factors such as - Initially, Grosjean claimed that the bilingual will speak differently when
talking to a monolingual and a bilingual (1982). Then, he added the notion of
a situational continuum which ranges from a monolingual to a bilingual
mode. In the monolingual mode only one language is activated fully and the
other deactivated but never totally switched off. In the bilingual mode the
speaker chooses a base language though maintaining the other language
activated. Such

2. speech learning model - PIERWSZY

the importance of this model is that it emphasises the existence of a common phonological space between l1
and l2. / adding new phnetic categories or changing the existing ones.

The more similar a non-native sound is perceived to be


to a native sound, the less likely the speaker is to establish a new category for
it (Flege and Mackay 2004: 56). On

3. perceptual assimilation model

The Perceptual Assimilation Model (Best 1995) describes a process by which we perceptually assimilate
non-native phonemes into our own phonemic inventory. It proposes three possible classifications:
• 1. Categorized exemplar of some native phoneme, for which its goodness of fit may range from
excellent to poor
• 2. Uncategorized consonant or vowel that falls somewhere in between native phonemes (i.e., is
roughly similar to two or more phonemes). Uncategorized non-native phones can be further sorted:
• a) Two Category assimilation - a non-native sound may assimilate to two phonetically similar
native phones
• b) Single Category assimilation - two non-native phones assimilate equally well or poorly to
a single native phone
• 3. Non-assimilable sound that bears no detectable similarity to any native phonemes

the listener observes


similarities and dissimilarities between L1 and the foreign language. Thus,
native phonology strongly affects non-native phonology as non-native
phonemes are perceptually assimilated to native ones whenever possible

language. Thus,
native phonology strongly affects non-native phonology as non-native
phonemes are perceptually assimilated to native ones whenever possible.
However, PAM also takes into consideration the learner’s perception of
difference between L2 sounds in this process. According to PAM, there are
three ways in which an L2 sound can be perceptually assimilated to an L1
sound:
– as a category exemplar of a native sound with a varying degree of goodness
of fit;
– as an uncategorised sound that is in-between some native categories;
– as a non-assimilable non-speech which is not similar to any native category.

[Best’s Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM) addresses the issue of how


people perceive non-native sounds (1995). It is a model based on articulatory
phonology which claims that the listener detects information on the
articulatory gesture which triggered the signal (Best 1995: 194). The gestures
are defined by:]

age as a factor

the Critical
Period Hypothesis. FLEGE / asher and garcia

but on the other hand: there is some research that confirm that age does not influence the acquisition f of the
sound… -> Nikolov 2000

also which is interesting there are different periods of the age that have been claimed as prerequisite for L2
phonology.

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