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SET
1. The Structure of Atom
2. Chemical Formulae and Equations
3. Periodic Table of Elements
4. Chemical Bonds
Temperature/◦C
90
P Q
T
Time/min
0 t1 t2 t3
Table 1
Based on Table 1, answer the following question.
(a) State the melting point of naphthalene.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(b) State the time when all the liquid naphthalene has frozen .
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(c) Why does the temperature of naphthalene remains constant from t1 to t2?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 marks]
(d) (i) What is the type of particles in naphthalene?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles of naphthalene at point P and R in the space provided.
Point P Point R
[2 marks]
(e) State the physical state of naphthalene during the time
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Chemistry Perfect Score Module 2009 14
[1 mark]
2 Table 2 shows four substances and their respective formulae
Substance Chemical Formula
Bromine Br2
Nickel Ni
Phenol C6H5OH
Sodium chloride NaCl
Table 2
(a) State all substances that exist as molecules.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) Which substance is an electrolyte?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) What is the physical state of bromine at room temperature?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(d) State the substance that can conduct electricity in solid state
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(e) Draw the arrangement of the particles in the substance in (d) at room temperature.
[1 mark]
(f)Name the particles present in sodium chloride.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(g) Graph 2 shows the temperature against time when solid phenol is heated.
Temperature/◦ C
S
Q R
T1
T0
P
Time/s
Graph 2
(i) State the melting point of phenol.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why there is no change in temperature from Q to R.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 mark]
(iii) State how the movement of naphthalene particles changes between R and S during the heating.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
Porcelain dish
Heat
.........………….……………………………………………………………………………….........
[1 mark]
(b) State one precaution that must be taken before the copper (II) oxide is heated.
………….……...……………………………………………………………….......……………………….
[1 mark]
(c) Table 3 shows the results of an experiment carried out by a student.
[1 mark]
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in this reaction.
[Relative atomic mass : O = 16]
[1 mark]
(iii) Determine the empirical formula of copper (II) oxide.
[2 marks]
(d) Name another metal oxide that uses the same method to determine the empirical formula.
……..…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
[1 mark]
(e) M is a reactive metal. State how to determine the empirical formula of the oxide of M.
...........................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
Asbestos paper
DIAGRAM 4
(a) (i) Name two chemicals used to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory.
...................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………….………………...
[1 mark]
[3 marks]
(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reduction of M oxide by hydrogen gas.
...................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(c) State one precaution that must be taken when carrying out the experiment.
............................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(d) Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method? Explain your
answer.
............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
Lid
Magnesium Crucible
ribbon
Diagram 5
Result:
Mass of crucible + lid = 24.0 g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium ribbon = 26.4 g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = 28.0 g
...................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
[1 mark]
(iv) write the chemical equation for the reaction in the experiment.
[1 mark]
(c) Why was the crucible lid opened once in a while during the experiment?
...................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(d) Metal X is placed below hydrogen in the reactivity series. You are required to carry out an experiment to
determine the empirical formula of the oxide of metal X. The apparatus provided are combustion tube,
glass tube, cork, Bunsen burner, and porcelain dish.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of of the apparatus set-up for the experiment.
[2 marks]
.............................................................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................................................
[3 marks]
X Y Z
R Y
Diagram 6
………………………………………………………………………………...…
[1 mark]
(ii) State the period and the group for element X in the Periodic Table.
Period : ….……………………………………………………………..
Group : ………………………………………………….………..........
[2 marks]
.......................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Atom of element Y has a nucleon number of 35. Calculate the number of neutrons in atom Z.
………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
.......................................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(b) Element Y and Z are located in the same Group in the periodic table of element.
Compare reactivity of element Y and Z. Explain your answer
………………………………………………………………………………………………………...........................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………….....................................................
[4 marks]
(i)Name the type of bond in the compound formed between atoms X and sodium.
…………………………………………………………………………………......................................................
[1 mark]
………………………………………………………………………………….........................................................
[1 mark]
(d) Element X can also react with carbon to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the
compound formed.
[ Proton number of C = 11 ]
[2 marks]
X 12
Y 8
Z 6
Table 7
a) Write the electron arrangement for atom X
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
b) X and Y react to form a compound
……………………………………………………………………….………………………………………..
[1 mark]
ii) What will happen to atom X during the formation of the compound with atom Y? Explain why.
………………………………………………………………………..................................................
………………………………………………………………………...................................................
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
iii) Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed in (b)(ii)
[2 marks]
……………………………………………………………................................................................
[1 mark]
………………………….....................................................................................................
[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
iii) Name another compound that has the same physical properties as the
compound formed.
………………………………………………………………………….....................................
[1 mark]
Q T V U
R S W X
Diagram 8
Using the symbols P, Q, R, S, T, U and W, answer the following questions.
(a) State one metal and one non- metal
Metal:….…………………….……
Non-metal:……………………….
[1 marks]
(b) Write the electron arrangement of atom V.
..……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(c) Which of the elements has the biggest atomic radius?
……………………………….…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(d) (i) Compare the electronegativity of elements Q, T, V and U.
………………………………………..……………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).
……………………………………………………………………………............................................………
…………………………………………………………………………………….............................................
……………………………………………………………………………............................................………
……………………………………………………………………………………..........................................
[4marks]
..…………………………………………………….………………….………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(f) (i) Which element is chemically inert?
…....…………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………….….
[1 mark]
…....…………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………
[1 mark]
…....…………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(h) Give one special characteristic of S.
……….………………………………………………………………..………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
23 16 14 35
11 P 8 Q 6 R 17 S
Diagram 9
(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom Q.
………………………………………………………………………………...…………………… [1 mark]
(ii) State the period and the group for element Q in the Periodic Table.
Period : ….……………………………………………………………..
Group : ………………………………………………….………...........
[2 marks]
(b) Atoms of P and Q can react to form a compound.
(i) Name the type of bond in the compound formed between atoms P and Q.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [1 mark]
(ii) Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.
[2 mark]
(c) Atoms of R and S can also react to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangement for the compound
formed.
[ 2 marks]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………[4 marks]
10 Table 10 shows the melting point, boiling point and electrical conductivity of substances P, Q, R, and T .
Electrical conductivity
Substance Melting point (oC) Boiling point (oC )
Solid Molten
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 mark]
(b) (i) State the type of particle in substance P ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]
(ii) Explain why substance P cannot conduct electricity in solid form but can conduct electricity in
molten state.
.............................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]
(c) (i) What is the physical state of R and T at room temperature ?
R : ............................................
T : ............................................
[2 marks]
(ii) Draw the arrangement of particles in substance T at room temperature .
[2 marks]
(iii) Explain why the melting and boiling points of substance R and T is low ?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 mark]
Chemistry Perfect Score Module 2009 23
PAPER 2 ESSAY SECTION B
11 (a) Diagram 11.1 shows two isotopes of an element X
35 37
17 X 17 X
Diagram 11.1
(i) State the number of neutron in each isotope [ 2 marks]
(ii) State two similarities and two differences between the isotopes
[4 marks]
X 6p + 6n
R
Diagram 11.2
.
(i) Describe the atom shown in Diagram11.2
[4 marks]
(ii) Another atom of element P has 7 neutrons. Compare this atom with the atom in Diagram
11.2
[4 marks]
(c) X is a substance which melts at 71oC and boils at 314oC
(i) Sketch a graph of temperature against time when molten X at 100oC is cooled to 60oC.
[2 marks]
o
(ii) Based on the graph in (c)(i), state the physical state of substance X at 71 C and explain the changes
in terms of the kinetic energy and the arrangement of particles
[4 marks]
12
3
1 mole of any gas occupies 24 dm at room condition.
(a) Explain why 16 g of oxygen occupies the same volume as 22 g of carbon dioxide at room condition.
[ 4 marks ]
(b)
Caffeine is one of the substances in coffee. 0.97 g of caffeine consists of 0.48 g carbon, 0.05
g hydrogen, 0.28 g nitrogen and 0.16 g oxygen. The molar mass of caffeine is 194 g mol –1.
Calculate the percentage of nitrogen by mass in each of the three fertilizers given above and hence
determine the best fertiliser a farmer should used for his plants.
Chemistry Perfect Score Module 2009 24
[ 8 marks ]
13. (a) Diagram 13.1 shows the standard representation for sodium element
Diagram 13.1
Diagram 13.1
(b) A carbon compound contains 92.3% of carbon and 7.7% of hydrogen by mass.
The relative molecular mass of this compound is 78. Find the molecular formula
of this compound.
[Relative atomic mass: C=12; H=1] [5 marks]
(c) Describe how you could determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide
in the laboratory. Your description should include
• procedure of experiment
• tabulation of result
• calculation of the results obtained
[Relative atomic mass: O=16; Mg=24] [11 marks]
15 (a) Diagram 15 shows the electron arrangement of a compound formed from the reaction between
element
Y and element Z
These letters are not the actual symbols of the elements.
Z Y
Diagram 15
(i) Based on diagram 15 , write the electron arrangement for atoms of element Y and Z.
Explain the position of element Y in the Periodic Table of the Elements.
[6 marks ]
(ii) Element Y can react with sodium and sodium hydroxide to form compounds.
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction .
[4 marks ]
P 11
Q 17
R 6
Table 15
Using the information in table 15, explain how two compounds can be formed from these elements .
The two compounds should have different bond types.
[10 marks ]
95 90 90 90
90 85 85 85
85 80 80 80
85 85 85 85
80 80 80 75
75 75 70
Diagram 16
[3 marks]
(c) (i) Draw a graph of temperature against time.
[3 marks]
(ii) On your graph , mark the freezing point of naphthalene..
[3 marks]
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
th th
(ii) Explain why the temperature of naphthalene remains constant form 90 seconds to 150
seconds during the cooling process.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 marks]
(e) Why is the boiling tube placed in the conical flask during the cooling process ?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 marks]
+ + -
Na Na Na Na Na Cl- Na Cl O H O
Cl Cl
Na Na Na Na Na Cl- Na+ Cl- Na+ Cl Cl O H O
O H O
Na Na Na Na Na
+ -
Na
+
Cl
-
Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl O H O
P Q R S
Element Compound
[ 3 marks ]
17 A student carried out an experiment to determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide. The step
and set-up of apparatus of the experiment are shown in Diagram 17.
Diagram 17
Observation Inferences
(i) (i)
(ii) (ii)
[6 marks]
The mass of crucible, lid and magnesium oxide when cold: ………… g
[3 marks]
(c) (i) What is the mass of magnesium that has been used?
[3 marks]
(d) Based on your answer in (c)(iii), how many moles of magnesium and oxygen atoms have reacted?
[3 marks]
CHEMISTRY
ANSWERS
(f) ion 1
(g) (i) T1 1
(ii) Heat is absorbed by the particles/molecules is used 1
to overcome the attraction forces between the particles/molecules in solid naphthalene. 1
(ii) Become faster 1
……10
3 (a) A representation of a chemical substance using letters for atoms and subscripts for each 1
type of atoms present in the substance.
(b) Flow hydrogen gas must through the combustion tube for a few minutes before
heating/The flow of hydrogen gas must be continuous throughout the experiment 1
1
Empirical formula is MO2
(d) No. 1
Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen. 1
5 (a) The chemical formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms of each type of elements in
the compound 1
(b) (i) Mass of magnesium = (26.4-24.0)g =2.4 g
Mass of oxygen = (28.0 – 26.4) g = 1.6 g 1
(ii) The number of moles magnesium atoms
=2.4 = 0.1
24
The number of moles oxygen atoms
=1.6 = 0.1
16
0.1 mole of magnesium combines with 0.1 mole oxygen. Therefore, 1 mole of magnesium atoms
combines with 1 mole of oxygen atoms. 1
(iii) The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgO. 1
(iv) 2Mg + O2 2MgO 1
(c) To allow oxygen to enter the crucible for complete combustion to occur. 1
(d) (i)
X oxide
Dry
hydrogen
gas
→
Heat
1+1
(ii) Collect the gas in a test tube 1
Place a burning wooden splinter at the mouth of the test tube 1
No pop sound. 1
…..11
(d)
O C O
7 (a) 2.8.2 1
(b) (i) Ionic bond 1
(ii) -Atom X releases 2 electrons to atom Y 1
2+
- to achieve octet electron arrangement / to form ion X . 1
(iii) Each ion drawn correctly
2-
X Y
(e) Q+ 1
(f) (i) X 1
(ii) Atom X has achieved octet electron arrangement 1
(g) 2R + U2 → 2RU 1
(h) 1. form coloured ions 1
2. has more than one oxidation number
3. as catalyst
4. form complex ions
[ any one] …..11
Answer Chemistry Perfect Score Module 2009 4
9 (a) (i) 2.6 1
(ii) Period : 2 1
Group : 16 1….2
(b) (i) Ionic 1
(ii)
+ 2- +
+
P Q P
@
- The melting point of compound (b) is higher than compound (c) 1
- Compound in (b) consist of ions while Compound in (c) consist of neutral
molecules 1
- Ions in compound (b) are attracted by strong electrostatic forces while
molecules in compound (c) are attracted by weak van der Waals forces 1
- More heat energy is needed to overcome the strong electrostatic forces
between ions in compound (b) compared to weak van der Waalls forces
between molecules in compound(c) 1….4
….12
10 (a) Q 1
(b)(i) Ion 1
(b)(ii) solid state : Ions are not freely moving// ions are in a fixed position. 1
molten state : Ion can move freely 1…..2
(c)(i) R : Gas 1
T : Liquid 1…..2
(c)(ii)
2
(ii)
Similarities Differences
1. having the same proton number/number 1. different in the number of neutrons /different
of electrons in the nucleon number
2. having the same valence electron/ having 2. different in physical properties
the same chemical properties
4
(b)(i) 1. Nucleus contains 6 proton and 6 neutron 1
2. Electrons move around the nucleus 1
3. Two shells are filled with electrons 1
4. There are 6 valence electron// electron arrangement is 2.6 1 …….4
(ii)
Comparison Diagram 1.2 Another atom
Proton number 6 6
Number of valence electron 4 4
Chemical properties similar similar
Number of neutron//nucleon number 6//12 7//13
Physical properties different different
Standard representation of element different different
Any four 4
Temperature/ ◦ C
100
71
60
Time/s
(b) Able to determine the empirical formula and molecular formula of caffeine
correctly
Element C H N O
Mass /g 0.48 0.05 0.28 0.16
1
Answer Chemistry Perfect Score Module 2009 6
Number of 0.48/12 0.05/1 0.28/14 0.16/16
mole //0.04 //0.05 //0.02 //0.01 1
(c) Able to calculate the molar mass and the percentage of nitrogen by mass in
each of the three fertilisers and choose the best fertiliser.
1 molar mass of ammonium sulphate = 132g/mol 1
2 percentage of nitrogen in ammonium sulphate = 28/132 x 100% //
21.2% 1
3 molar mass of urea = 60 g/mol 1
4 percentage of nitrogen in urea = 28/ 60 x 100% // 46.7% 1
5 molar mass of hydrazine = 32g/mol 1
6 percentage of nitrogen in hydrazine = 28/132 x 100% // 87.5% 1
7 Hydrazine has the richest source of nitrogen compares with other
fertilizers. 1
8 The farmer should choose hydrazine 1…..8
20
(b) (i) Formula that show simplest ratio number of atoms of each element in
compound 1
20
14 (a) Formula that shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms for each element
in the compound. 1…1
(b)
Element C H
Mass (%) 92.3 7.7
Number of 92.3 7.7 1
= 7.7 = 7.7
moles 12 1 1
Ratio of moles 1 1 1
Empirical formula : CH
RMM of (CH)n = 78
[ 12 + 1]n = 78
1
13 n = 78
n = 6
1…5
Molecular formula : C6H6
(c) Procedure:
1. Clean magnesium ribbon with sand paper 1
2. Weigh crucible and its lid 1
3. Put magnesium ribbon into the crucible and weigh the crucible with its lid 1
4. Heat strongly the crucible without its lid 1
5. Cover the crucible when the magnesium starts to burn and lift/raise the lid 1
a little at intervals
6. Remove the lid when the magnesium burnt completely 1
7. Heat strongly the crucible for a few minutes 1
8. Cool and weigh the crucible with its lid and the content 1
9. Repeat the processes of heating, cooling and weighing until a constant 1
mass is obtained
Record all the mass
10. Results:
Mass/g
Crucible + lid x
Crucible + lid + magnesium y 1
Crucible + lid + magnesium oxide z
Calculations:
1
1
Element Mg O
Mass (g) y-x z-y 1
y−x z−y 1
Number of moles
Empirical formula: MgaOb / MgO
24 16 14...
Max 12
Simplest ratio of moles a b
Group 17 1
Because atom Y has 7 valence electron 1
Period 3 1
Because atom Y has three shells occupied with electrons 1….6
Max 10
Explanation Score
Temperature / ° C
95 x
x
90
x
80.0
x x x
Freezing
x
point
70 x
60
17 (a)
Observation Inference
(i) White fume is released (i) Magnesium oxide is formed
(ii) White solid is formed/The mass of crucible and (ii) Magnesium reacts with oxygen
its content increases.
(d) 0.1 mole of Mg reacts with 0.1 mole of O/1 mole of Mg reacts with 1 mole of O
18 (a) Able to predict the manipulated Able to state how to control the manipulated variables
variable, the responding variable and correctly
the constant variable completely.
Manipulated variable :
metals of Group 1 elements // Repeat the experiment by using the metals of sodium,
sodium, lithium, potassium. lithium and potassium
Constant variable:
size/mass of metals. Volume of water Able to use the metal granules with the same size
Use the metal granules with the same size.
18 (b)
Able to state the relationship between the manipulated variable and the responding variable
correctly..
Suggested answer: The reactivity of Group 1 elements increases going down the group.
18 (c) Able to arrange correctly the reactivity series of the metals according to descending order.
Answer: potassium, sodium, lithium
18 (d) Able to classify the ions correctly.
[to name or write all the formula of the ions correctly at the cations and anions group.]
Answer: positive ion/ cation : sodium ion/ Na+, hydrogen ion/ H+
Negative ion/anion : hydroxide ion/ OH-
DIAGRAM 1
3
25.0 cm of sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a conical flask. A few drops of
phenolphthalein are added into the solution. The solution in the conical flask is titrated with
-3
0.1 mol dm hydrochloric acid .
25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah kelalang kon. Beberapa
titik fenolftalein ditambah ke dalam larutan itu. Larutan dalam kelalang kon dititratkan
dengan 0.1 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(b) Suggest an apparatus that can be used to measure 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide
solution accurately.
Cadangkan satu radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukat 25.0 cm3 larutan
natrium hidroksida dengan tepat.
…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(c) State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask at the end point.
Nyatakan perubahan warna larutan dalam kelalang kon pada takat akhir.
…………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) In this experiment, 20.0 cm3 hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise 25.0 cm3
of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxide
solution.
Dalam eksperimen ini, 20.0 cm3 asid hidroklorik diperlukan untuk meneutralkan
25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida. Hitungkan kemolaran larutan natrium
hidroksida itu.
[2 marks]
(e) (i) The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid to replace
hydrochloric acid. Predict the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralise 25.0
cm3 sodium hydroxide solution.
Eksperimen itu diulang dengan menggunakan 0.1 mol dm-3 asid sulfurik bagi
menggantikan asid hidroklorik. Ramalkan isipadu asid sulfurik yang diperlukan
untuk meneutralkan 25.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida.
……………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
Answer
25 Mb = 2
Mb = 0.08 mol dm-3
(e) (i) 10 cm3 // half the volume of hydrochloric acid
(ii) Sulphuric acid is a diprotic acid whereas hydrochloric acid is a monoprotic acid.
So, the sulphuric acid used has twice the number of hydrogen ions compared to
hydrochloric acid .
Total
Chemical bond
Figure 1 shows the electron arrangement for atoms P, Q and R.
Q R
P
FIGURE 1
(a) (i) State the location of atom R in the Periodic Table of Elements.
(ii) Explain how you determine the group and the period of atom R.
[5 marks]
State the type of chemical bond and explain how the bond is formed between:
(c) State one physical property of the compound formed in (b) (i) and the
compound formed in (b) (ii). Explain the differences in the physical
property stated.
[4 marks]
Answer
1
R
R
R P
R
(ii) Atom Q and atom R form ionic bond. 1
Atom Q has the electron arrangement 2.8.1. and atom R has the electron 1
arrangement 2.8.7.
1
To achieve a stable (octet )electron arrangement,
atom Q donates 1 electron to form a positive ion// equation
Q Q+ + e 1
Ion Q+ and ion R- are pulled together by the strong electrostatic forces
to form a compound with the formula QR// diagram
1
+
Q R
Water is a polar solvent that can cause the ionic compound to dissociate into 1
ions.
Covalent compounds are non-polar and can only dissolve in organic solvents. 1
OR
The melting point of the ionic compound/ (b)(ii) is higher than that of the 1
covalent compound/ (b)(i) .
1
This is because in ionic compounds ions are held by strong electrostatic forces.
1
High energy is needed to overcome these forces.
OR
This is because in the molten or aqueous state, ionic compounds consist of 1 4/5
freely moving ions. 1
Covalent compounds are made up of molecules only 1
Total 20