MATTER AND ITS PROPERTIES
Our world is made up of matter:
Matter being anything which takes
up space and has mass.
PHASES OF MATTER
SOLID
Solids are characterized by
rigidity, a fixed volume and definite
shape. There is a little space
between particles and cannot slide
past one another. Molecules are
very close together and cannot
move around.
Examples: chair, books, can,
block of cement.
Generally, when a solid is heated
or as pressure decreases, it will
change to a liquid form, and will
eventually become a gas, i.e. ice
cubes
LIQUID
Liquids flow and take the form of
the container they occupy.
Molecules are close together but
more loosely packed than in solids
and move around slowly. The
molecules can slide past one
another and this accounts for its
fluidity.
Liquids come in many forms: from
bubbles and droplets to jets and
sheets.
It is useful in controlling and
influencing certain environmental
conditions such as the induction of
rain.
It is also useful in industry such as
for inkjet printing, more efficient
use of fuel by engines, for coating
glass, for cutting and cleaning and
developing of microfluidic devices
used in biology, chemistry and
medicines.
GAS
Gases have the capacity to diffuse
and fill the container where they
are placed. This is because its
molecules are widely separated
and move around freely at high
speeds. Because of the wide
space among the molecules, it is
easier to compress gases
compared to solids and liquids.
It has also the quality of
expandability so that when a gas
is transferred to a bigger
container, it will assume the
volume and the shape of the new
container.
PLASMA
Plasma is a special type of gas in
which some of the atoms have
become free floating ions and free
electrons. It is also referred to as
ionized gas. As such, plasma is
capable of conducting electrical
currents.
Plasma forms when molecules
and atoms break apart, releasing
some of their electrons so they
move freely in and around. When
atoms disintegrate, they form
positively- charged particles called
ions. The mixture of positively -
charged ions and negatively –
charged electrons in a plasma
turns it into medium that will
conduct electricity very easily.
One application of plasma is the
invention of plasma screens that
are used in flat TV’s. It is also used
in the recent models of
smartphones that allows
operations by touching the screen.
BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
A Bose-Einstein condensate is a
group of atoms cooled to within a
hair of absolute zero. When they
reach that temperature, the atoms
are hardly moving relative to each
other; they have almost no free
energy to do so. At that point, the
atoms begin to clump together,
and enter the same energy states.
They become identical, from a
physical point of view, and the
whole group starts behaving as
though it were a single atom.
To make a Bose-Einstein
condensate, you start with a cloud
of diffuse gas. Many experiments
start with atoms of rubidium. Then
you cool it with lasers, using the
beams to take energy away from
the atoms. After that, to cool them
further, scientists use evaporative
cooling. "With a [Bose-Einstein
condensate], you start from a
disordered state, where kinetic
energy is greater than potential
energy," said Xuedong Hu, a
professor of physics at the
University at Buffalo. "You cool it
down, but it doesn't form a lattice
like a solid."
Instead, the atoms fall into the
same quantum states, and can't
be distinguished from one
another. At that point the atoms
start obeying what are called
Bose-Einstein statistics, which are
usually applied to particles you
can't tell apart, such as photons.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Physical Properties are qualities
of matter that are observable and
measurable without changing its
composition. Physical properties
can either be intensive or
extensive.
Intensive properties are those
properties that do not depend on
the amount of the matter present.
Examples are color, odor, luster,
malleability, ductility, conductivity,
hardness, melting and freezing
point, boiling point and density.
Extensive properties are those
that depend on the amount of
matter present such as:
Mass which is the measurement
of the amount of matter in an
object.
Weight which is the measurement
of the gravitational force of
attraction of the earth acting on an
object.
Volume which is the
measurement of the amount of
space a substance occupies
Length which is the measurement
if the reach or distance form one
point to another.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES are
the characteristics of matter that
exhibits when it undergoes a
change in composition. They also
describe the behavior of
substances in the presence of
other substances.
CHANGES IN MATTER
Cutting, pulling, pounding,
hammering does not usually
change the chemical character of
a substance. Hammered gold is
still gold. Only its shape has
changed. Cutting down wood to
small piece, dissolving salt in
water are examples of Physical
change.
Examples of some physical
change:
Change in shape- gold bar to
jewelry
Change in size- rolls of paper to
long and short bond paper size
Change in state- boiling water to
steam
Change in appearance-
dissolving sugar in water
Whenever a substance undergoes
a change so that one or more new
substances with different
characteristics are formed, a
chemical change has taken
place.
Chemical change will alter the
original substance to form new
substances whose properties are
different from the original.
To recognize whether new
substances have formed, they are
usually exhibited by the formation
of precipitates, production of gas,
a color change or there is a
release of energy in the form of
heat.
SEPARATION OF MIXTURES
What is a mixture?
A mixture is a combination of two
or more substances in which each
substance retains its own
properties.
The choice of separation
techniques is based on the type of
mixture and difference in the
chemical properties of the
constituents of a mixture.
The components of a mixture may
be separated with their properties
retained by applying any of the
following Physical means:
MECHANICAL SEPARATION
METHOD
This process involves the use of
the HAND, MAGNET, SIEVE,
FORCEPS, and the like.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
Two substances can be separated
by their magnetic properties if one
substance is magnetic and the
other is not
The magnet will then attract one
substance but not the other
Example of magnetism
Using a magnet to separate nails
from wood chips.
HAND SEPARATION
Separating the parts of a mixture
by hand.
Only useful when the particles are
large enough to be seen clearly.
Useful for: separating parts of a
salad.
Example of hand separation:
Using your fork to separate
tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber,
onions, etc. In your salad.
SIFTING OR SIEVING
Used to separate a dry mixture
which contains substances of
different sizes by passing it
through a sieve, a device
containing tiny holes.
Example of sifting/sieving:
Using a sieve to separate sand
from pebbles.
DECANTATION
It is a process of gently pouring out
the clear liquid, called supernatant
liquid, of a mixture into another
container.
You usually use it to separate
solids from liquids, but it can be
used to separate two liquids.
Decanting
When decanting solids from
liquids, pour out the liquid into
another beaker.
Always use a glass stirring rod or
a similar apparatus to (a) help
keep the solid from pouring out
and (b) to allow the liquid to run
down it and keep from splashing
SEDIMENTATION
When the heavier component in a
mixture settles after water is
added to it, the process is
called sedimentation
Application of Decantation and
sedimentation
Using the sand and water mixture,
let the sand settle at the bottom
first (sedimentation). Apply
decantation by pouring out the
water into another container.
FILTRATION
It is a process of separating solid
particles that are suspended in a
liquid by pouring the mixture into a
filter paper.
The solid components that
remains on the filter paper is called
residue while the liquid that
passes through the filter paper is
called filtrate
Filtration
Application of filtration method
Examples of filters: coffee filter,
cloth, oil filter, even sand!
Using a coffee filter to separate the
coffee flavor from the coffee
beans.
Distillation
It is a process of separating the
volatile liquid component of a
mixture by heating the mixture to
the boiling point of the liquid to be
evaporated. The gas formed is
passed through a tube and
condensed into a separate
container. The liquid formed from
the condensation is called
distillate.
Fractional Distillation
This process is used to separate
two or more volatile liquid
components of a mixture by
gradually heating the mixture to
the boiling points of the volatile
components. The volatile liquids
are recovered in separate
containers, one at a time.
Application of distillation
method
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
Separation of acetone and water.
Distillation of alcohol.
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
Separation of different fractions
from petroleum products.
Separation of a mixture of
methanol and ethanol.
Chromatography is used to
separate the components of a
solution (homogeneous mixture)
In this process, the mixture is
dissolved in a gas or liquid and the
components are separated
through their differences in degree
to adhere to or dissolve in a solid
or viscous liquid surface.
The various components of the
mixture travel at different speeds,
causing them to separate. There
are different types of
chromatographic techniques such
as column chromatography, TLC,
paper chromatography, and gas
chromatography.
Paper chromatography is one of
the important chromatographic
methods. Paper chromatography
uses paper as the stationary
phase and a liquid solvent as the
mobile phase. In paper
chromatography, the sample is
placed on a spot on the paper and
the paper is carefully dipped into a
solvent. The solvent rises up the
paper due to capillary action and
the components of the mixture rise
up at different rates and thus are
separated from one another.
Example of chromatography:
Using chromatography paper to
separate ink into its original
components.
Application of Chromatography
To separate colors in a dye.
To separate pigments from natural
colors.
To separate drugs from blood.
CENTRIFUGATION
This process makes use of a
centrifuge, a device that speeds
up the separation of the precipitate
from the clear liquid called
centrifugate. The precipitate
settles at the bottom and the
centrifuge is removed gently
The apparatus used for
centrifugation is called a
centrifuge. The centrifuge consists
of a centrifuge tube holder called
rotor. The rotor holds balanced
centrifugal tubes of equal amounts
of the solid-liquid mixture.
Application of centrifugation
method
Used in diagnostic laboratories for
blood and urine tests.
Used in dairies and home to
separate butter from cream.
Used in washing machines to
squeeze water from wet clothes.
EXTRACTION
A separating funnel is used for the
separation of components of a
mixture between two immiscible
liquid phases. One phase is the
aqueous phase and the other
phase is an organic solvent. This
separation is based on the
differences in the densities of the
liquids. The liquid having more
density forms the lower layer and
the liquid having less density
forms the upper layer.
Application of extraction
With a mixture of sugar and sand,
pouring water in the mixture which
causes the sugar to dissolve.
Then pouring the solution through
a filter, causing the sand to
separate from the sugar water.
To separate a mixture of oil and
water.
To separate a mixture of kerosene
oil and water
Example of using extraction and
evaporation together:
Using water to dissolve sugar,
then letting the water evaporate,
leaving the sugar behind.
EVAPORATION
Allowing the liquid to evaporate,
leaving the soluble solid behind.
Example: heating sugar water.
The water evaporates and the
sugar crystals are left behind.
CRYSTALLIZATION Examples: Mambayu (Kalinga) – M – Meaning Pasyon – Christ’s agony and
sung while pounding rice Resurrection
This process is done by lowering I – Imagery
the temperature of a liquid mixture Dirges and lamentations Secular lyrics
until the solid component L – Language
crystallizes out. Ili-ili (Ilo-ilo) – a lullaby to make a Jose Corazon de Jesus
child sleep E - Effect
Francisco Balagtas
Folk tales To the Flowers of Heidelberg
PHILIPPINE LITERATURE metrical romance – awit and
These are stories told by the old Figurative language: Apostrophe korido in Tagalog
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD people to teach a lesson to the Sound-effect device: Alliteration
children, explain a phenomenon Nationalism
When did Philippine history through fiction, or just for Imagery used in figures of freedom and liberty
start? entertainment speech
When Magellan “discovered” the Ilustrados – educated Filipinos
Example: Lam-ang Aroma
Philippines Propaganda Movement
Mimetic and Indigenous Dances Dawn
Filipino identity Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar,
Dances from the different tribes Canticles Mariano Ponce, Emilio Jacinto
Folk speeches that imitate the movements of and Andres Bonifacio
Petals
Some examples: nature for various purposes –
celebration, thanksgiving, Fragrance Noli me Tangere, El Filibusterismo
1. Riddles – test of wits marriage, etc.
Theme? Ninay Pedro Paterno
Sometimes sex-related…. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
Nationalism largely cultural
Example (translated from dialect): To the Flowers of Heidelberg
considered as the first Filipino
When I pull my daddy’s penis, my (Jose P. Rizal) Spanish Colonization
novel
mom’s vagina, too, screams.
Originally written in the Spanish Theatre plays
Spaniards had not
Campana (bell) language “A Las Flores de
Komedya thought about teaching their
Heidelberg”
2. Proverbs or aphorisms – language formally.
Zarzuela
sayings of the old Pursuing studies in Germany
Why?
Senakulo
Extended form – tanaga Just walking down the road one
They used religion to colonize the
(heptasyllabic quatrain) day, saw the flowers, and started Themes
Philippines. Formal education
writing the poetry
3. Chants – to heal, to drive away Religion started during American
spirits or to ask permission, to Nick Joaquin (National Artist in colonization, and therefore, the
Christianity
foretell the future Literature) influence of the West was
magnified through teaching their
Example (from Isabela): bari bari Translated Rizal’s A Las Flores de Doctrina Christiana
language.
dayu dayu Heidelberg to To the Flowers of
ladino poets – well-versed in
Heidelberg AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD
Folk songs or lyrics Tagalog and Spanish
How to read a poem? American influence
These are sung to tell the lifestyle dalit – appended to novenas and
catechism
or culture of a community Just SMILE ☺ Poetry in free verse
S – Structure Jose Garcia Villa
“Art for art’s sake”
Angela Manlang-Gloria
Illicit love
a woman poet described as ahead
of her time
“Seditious works”
encouraged people to
disobey the government
Liwayway, Bisaya, Hiligaynon,
Bannawag – weekly outlets
Modernism in poetry
Alejandro G. Abadilla (AGA)
“Ako ang Daigdig”
departure from the traditional
rhymed, measured and orally
recited poems
Writing Criticism
Salvador P. Lopez
Commonwealth Literary Award in
1940
“Literature and Society” – art must
have substance
Period of Apprenticeship
imitation of the style of
storytelling and strict
adherence to the craft of the
story as practiced by popular
American fictionists
short story writers –
Andersons or Saroyans or
Hemingways of Philippine letters
University of the Philippines
(1908)
U.P. Writer’s Club – enhance and
propagate the “language of
Shakespeare”
Dead Stars – short story of Paz
Marquez Benitez
maturity of the Filipino
writer
first successful short
story in Philippine English
combination of borrowed tongue
while dwelling on Filipino customs
and traditions
discourses on cultural
identity, nationhood and being a
Filipino done in English language
Balagtasan
debate in verse, a poetical joust
invented by the Tagalogs, in honor
of Francisco F. Balagtas
Jose Corazon de Jesus –
“Huseng batute”
first king of Balagtasan
What’s lacking?
Imagination of writers?
Nope.
The coming together of writers
in the various languages, share
experiences and concluded on the
elements that constitute good
writing in the Philippines.
Luis G. Dato
Isarog
authority on the Bicol language
and culture
journalist and writer of Bicol
graduated political science in
University of the Philippines
CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
appearance of publication after
the Martial Law years
Filipino writers become more
conscious of the art with the
proliferation of writers workshop
here and abroad
Various literary awards:
Don Carlos Palanca
Memorial Awards for Literature
Philippine Free Press
Philippine Graphic
Home Life
Panorama Literary Awards
Bataan Death march
66 miles (106 km)
76,000 prisoners of war
(66,000 Filipinos, 10,000
Americans)
April 1942, during the early stages
of World War II
starting in Mariveles,
southern tip of Bataan peninsula
April 9, 1942
north to San Fernando,
boxcars north to Capas
Walked an additional 7 miles
(11 km) to Camp O’Donnell
5-10 days
beaten, shot, bayoneted, and
beheaded
starvation and disease
around 27,000 survivors only Consonance
After the bombing of pearl harbor recurrence or repetition of
consonants especially at the
Why did the Japanese do it? stressed syllables without the
correspondence of vowels
Death March – power or dominion
over countries Onomatopoeia
Full metal Alchemist Words that imitate natural
March of Death sounds
by Bienvenido Santos Examples: buzz, bark, chirp,
moan, crow, roar, clatter
Bienvenido N. Santos
Cacophony
Filipino-American
fiction, poetry and nonfiction writer Unpleasant, loud, discordant,
or harsh sounds
Born and raised in
Euphony
Tondo, Manila but lived in the US
Pleasing or sweet sounds
BA in UP – Creative
Writing under Paz Marquez
Benitez
EAPP English for Academic and
SOUND-EFFECT DEVICES Professional Purposes
(FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE)
Summarizing, Paraphrasing,
Repetition Direct Quoting, and Outlining
Words, phrases, stanzas or Summarizing is often used to
sentences are being determine the essential ideas in a
repeated in a text
book, article, book chapter, or
parts of an article.
Rhythm
The repeated pattern of
Aside from summarizing, there are
sounds
other skills that can help you
Rhyme encapsulate the ideas or concepts
in a text effectively. There are
The same sounds
paraphrasing, direct quoting, and
outlining.
Alliteration
Paraphrase means:
initial rhyme
“to express the meaning of
Assonance (something written or spoken)
using different words, especially to
same or very similar vowel
achieve greater clarity.”
sounds
While rephrase is:
“to express (an idea or question) in
an alternative way, especially for
the purpose of clarification.”
What is plagiarism? In minor
cases, it can be the quotation of a
sentence or two, without quotation
marks and without a citation
(example, footnote) to the true
author. In the most serious cases,
a significant fraction of the entire
work was written by someone else
but the plagiarist removed the
author(s), name(s), and
substituted his/her name, perhaps
did some re-formatting of the text,
then submitted the work for credit
in a class (e.g., term paper or
essay), as part of the
requirements for a degree
(example, thesis or dissertation),
or as part of a published article or
book.
Reference
Standler, R.B. (2012). Plagiarism
in colleges in USA: Legal aspects
of plagiarism,
academic policy. Retrieved
from
http://www.rbs2.com/plag.pdf,p.5
Summary
Plagiarism can be defined as
using ideas, data, or any relevant
information of another without
giving proper credit or
acknowledgement (Standler,
2012)
Paraphrase
According to Standler (2012),
plagiarism can occur. In small
cases, which happens when small
parts of a passage are used
without enclosing them in
quotation marks and citing the
author. It can also occur in more
grave situations. In these
instances, big chunks of the
original text are used. There are
changes in the format, but the
original author is not attributed to
and the work is claimed as the
plagiarist’s own and submitted to
comply with academic
requirements or as a part of a
material for publication.
The samples of
paraphrase and summary show
that the original text is rewritten
based on the message conveyed
and ideas presented by the
author. Less of the original words
is presented in the summary, and
the source is properly cited. In the
paraphrase, all the ideas in the
original text are still mentioned,
but the wording and structure are
completely different.
Direct Quote
Standler (2012) states that
plagiarism can be “the quotation of
a sentence or two, without
quotation marks and without a
citation (e.g., footnote) to the true
author”. (p.5)
Guidelines in Paraphrasing
Check the meaning.
Remember, your
paraphrase should have the same
meaning as the original text.
Check the sentence structure.
The sentence structure
of your paraphrase should be
different from the original text.
Refrain from adding comments
about the text.
Stick to the ideas
presented in the text.
Guidelines in Direct Quoting
Direct quotation should not be
used to replace paraphrasing or
summarizing.
Copy exactly the part of the text
that you want to use.
Use quotation marks to show the
beginning and ending of the quote.
Outlining
There are two kinds of Outlining,
Topic Outline and Sentence
Outline.
Topic Outline
I. There are rules that the students
should follow.
A. The Classroom Rules
B. The School Policies are
for the students.
II. The Mission and Vision
A. The Philosophy
B. The Mantra is used
by the school.
Outlining
There are two kinds of Outlining,
Topic Outline and Sentence
Outline.
Topic Outline
I. The Rules and Regulations
A. The Classroom Rules
B. The School Policies
II. The Mission and Vision
A. The Philosophy
B. The Mantra
Sentence Outline
What are the rules that the
students should follow?
A. Classroom rules
B. There are school policies
and
regulations.
Why do they need to follow rules
in the institution?
A. The students should be
responsible enough
B. For the development of the
students
THESIS STATEMENT AND
TOPIC SENTENCE
Thesis Statement – this presents
or describes the point of an essay.
In an academic text, the thesis
statement is usually presented in
the abstract or executive summary
or found at the last part of the
introduction. It is written in
declarative sentence.
• The following strategies
are also useful in
helping you locate the
thesis statement of a
text.
• Read the title of the text
and make inferences on
its purpose.
• If the text has no
abstract or executive
summary, read the first
few paragraphs as the
thesis statement is
usually located there.
• In other cases, you may
also check the
conclusion where
authors sum up and
review their main points.
• Signal phrases include,
“This study examined
…”, “This paper
examines …” , “The aim
of this essay is to …”,
This paper begins with
…”, “In this paper, I
hope to …”, “The
primary objective of this
paper is to …”, and “The
purpose of this essay is
to …” .
Topic Sentence – presents or
describes the point of the
paragraph; in other words, it is the
main idea of a paragraph. It can be
located in the beginning, middle,
or last part of paragraph.
• The following strategies
are also useful in
helping you locate the
topic sentence in a
paragraph.
• Read the first sentence
of the paragraph very
carefully because most
authors state their topic
sentence in the
beginning of the
paragraph.
• Browse the sentences in
the paragraph to identify
what they describe. The
sentence that best
describes the topic of
the paragraph is the
topic sentence.
Writing an Abstract, Précis or
Summary
Texts classified as either abstract,
précis, or summary, and
sometimes as synopsis, are all the
same.
Whatever they may be called,
these texts aim to precisely
condense a larger work to present
only the key ideas.
They tell the audience the gist of
what has been read, listened to, or
viewed.
Note that the way we write an
abstract, précis, or summary
depends on the expectations of a
particular discipline or field.
There are different kinds of
Abstract
Descriptive Abstract – the
purpose is simply to pique the
interest of the target
audience (e.g. publishing
companies, libraries, and
movie catalogues do not give
away the actual content of
the material when they write
summaries of materials.)
Summative Abstract – this
is more preferred in an
academic text. It presents the
key ideas and major findings
of the study like research
papers.
Since an abstract, a précis,
and a summary aim to
present the key ideas of the
text, the general rule is to
condense the information
into around 15 percent of the
original length of the text.
However, this is not a hard
and fast rule. In most cases,
a 6,000-word research article
for an academic journal may
require only 200 to 250 words
for its abstract.
Structure of an Abstract, a
Précis, or a Summary
The structure of the idea depends
on how it will be used. For
example, the abstract of a
research paper usually contains
150 to 300 words. It does not
include specific result statistics,
and is last to be written.
Rationale – (around 20%)
Research problems – (around
10%)
Methodology – (around 20%)
Major findings – (around 40%)
Conclusion and implications -
(around 10%)
Guidelines in Writing an
Abstract, Précis or Summary
• Write the main idea of
each paragraph using
your own words. In
some cases, you can
write one main idea for
multiple paragraphs
particularly of a between economic classes (i.e.
research paper.
• Never copy in verbatim
a single sentence from
the original text.
Critical Approaches in Writing a
Critique
FORMALISM
- the key to understanding a text is
through the text itself
- claims that literary works contain
intrinsic properties
- the historical context, the author,
or any other external contexts are
NOT NECESSARY in interpreting
the meaning
FEMINISM
- focuses on how literature
presents women as subjects of
socio-political, psychological, and
economic oppression
- reveals how aspects of culture
are patriarchal (i.e. how culture
views men as superior and women
as inferior)
Aspects:
- how gender equality is presented
in the text
- how patriarchal ideology is an
overpowering presence
READER RESPONSE
- claims that the reader’s role
cannot be separated from
understanding the work
- a text does not have meaning
until the reader reads it and
interprets it
MARXIST
- concerned with differences
working class and the elite)
- understanding an author’s
life can help readers more
thoroughly comprehend the
work