JX: Legal situs is where conduct/result of crime happened, or should have happened. OFFENSES AGAINST THE PERSON MERGER: Only solicitation and attempt merge into substantive offense. No merger BATTERY unlawful force; injury/offensive touch. Aggravated Battery: deadly weapon; for conspiracy, which is treated as a separate crime. seriously bodily harm to child, woman or cop (aka Mayhem). ELEMENTS: 1) Physical act (actus reus) —own volition, not reflective, convulsive, ASSAULT attempted battery (Specific Intent); reasonable app of threat of harm (Gen unconscious; 2) mental state (mens rea); 3) concurrence of act and mental state Intent). Aggravated: Assault +1; use of deadly force or intent to rape, maim, kill. 4) causation— causation—actual & proximate 5) Result. MURDER unlawful killing of human with malice aforethought —intent to kill; intent to MPC MENTAL STATES Purpose: conscious objective to engage in certain inflict bodily injury; a reckless indifference to unjustifiably high risk to life; or Felony conduct/cause cert result Knowingly: aware conduct likely to cause result. Murder; + C ausation by D. Recklessly: conscious disregard of a substantially unjustifiable risk. Negligent: fails to FELONY MURDER: killing caused by attempt/commission of an inherently be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable risk. dangerous/enumerated felony: BARRK (burglary, arson, rob, rape, kidnap) SPECIFIC INTENT: crimes requiring doing of act + specific intent solicitation, STATUTORY MODIFICATIONS TO COMMON LAW MURDER st st conspiracy, attempt, 1 degree murder, assault, larceny, embezzlement, false 1 Degree: 1) deliberate & premeditated: dispassionate manner and reflection on pretenses, robbery, burglary, forgery. killing; 2) Felony Murder: killed during an enumerated felony (BARRK) nd GENERAL INTENT: requires awareness battery, rape, kidnap, false imp. 2 Degree/depraved: any homicide not arising to first. Unjustified. No felony murder nd MALICE CRIMES: reckless disregard of high risk of harm; CL 2 degree murder/arson. once D reaches temp safety or death of co felon is result of resistance by V or police. STRICT LIABILITY: no required awareness. Mistake of fact is no defense. Statutory Homicide of Officer: D must know V is cop and V must be on duty. rape, selling beer to minor, bigamy. MANSLAUGHTER Voluntary— Voluntary—murder with adequate provocation/heat of passion TRANSFERRED INTENT: homicide, battery, arson. No attempt. Usually guilty of 2 without time to cool. Bump down murder if “imperfect self def ensedef ense”— ”—D D was at fault crimes: completed crime against actual Victim and attempt against intended Victim. in starting fight or unreasonably but honestly believed in necessity. ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY & INCHOATE OFFENSES Involuntary— Involuntary —killing committed with criminal negligence or during commission of unlawful act not constituting felony murder. LIABILITY: crime itself and all foreseeable crimes committed in furtherance. active FALSE IMPRISONMENT unlawful confine without valid consent. involvement— involvement —aid, counsel or encourage intent to aid; mere presence insufficient. KIDNAPPPING unlawful confinement of Victim in secret place Agg: ransom or Withdrawal: repudiate encouragement, neutralize assistance, call police or other. purpose of committing other crimes, offensive purpose or child stealing. SOLICITATION: inciting, urging, or asking another to commit crime w/ intent they SEX OFFENSES commit the crime. Not response/acceptance reqd from solicited; crime ends at RAPE unlawful carnal knowledge of a woman by a man other than husband, w/o asking. If crime subsequently committed, merge into conspiracy. No defenses. effective consent/capacity; slightest penetration completes the crime . CONSPIRACY: 1) 2+ people agreement 2) intent to pursue + intent to agree 3) STATUTORY RAPE Strict Liability crime— crime—consent of V/mistake of fact no defense. unlawful objective. Majority jxs require overt act (mere prep sufficient). No merger. ADULTERY/FORNICATION: sex with another other than spouse if validly married Liability: all foreseeable crimes committed to further conspiracy. (adultery) or unmarried (fornication) that is open and notorious. Withdrawal: effective by timely, affirmative act notifying all co-conspirators, and INCEST marriage or sex between closely related. attempt to neutralize. At CL, 2 must be guilty; MPC 1 guilty sufficient. SEDUCTION inducing, by promise of marriage, an unmarried girl to have sex. MPC ATTEMPT: Specific Intent to commit + substantial step beyond mere prep doesn’t require require chastity or female be unmarried. (dangerously close to completion) Legal impossibility is a defense; factual BIGAMY Strict Liability— Liability—marrying one while having another valid, living spouse. impossibility and abandonment are not. PROPERTY OFFENSES DEFENSES NEGATING CRIMINAL CAPACITY LARCENY: asportation (taking) and carry away of personal prop of another by INSANITY: defense to all; including Strict Liability. D —burden of production. trespass w/ intent to perm deprive. M’Naghten: M’Naghten : lacked ability to know wrong of actions or nature/quality of actions; EMBEZZLEMENT: fraudulent conversion of personal property of another by a person Irresistible Impulse: lacks cap for self-ctrl/free choice. Durham: conduct is product of in lawful possession of that property. mental illness; ALI/MPC: lacked cap to appreciate conduct or conform to law. FALSE PRETENSES: obtaining title to personal property of another by intentional INTOXICATION: Voluntary : only defense for specific intent; applies to alcoholics and false statement of past/existing fact with intent to defraud. addicts, N/A for ‘liquid courage.’ Involuntary: courage.’ Involuntary: like insanity and is defense to all, LARCENY BY TRICK: obtaining possession to personal property of another by including Strict Liability. D given intoxicant w/o her knowledge; forced to consume intentional false statement of fact with intent to defraud. under duress; or by med advice unaware of intoxicating effect. ROBBERY: taking personal property of another from other’s person/presence by DIMINISHED CAPACITY: D may claim that bc of his mental defect short of insanity, force/threat of imminent death/injury with intent to permanently deprive. he didn’t have mental men tal state required. Usually limited to specific intent crimes. EXTORTION: obtain property by threats of future harm/exposing info. DUE PROCESS: D can’t be executed if can’t the nature and purpose of punishment RCPT STOLEN PROP: receiving possession and ctrl of stolen personal prop known to INFANCY: at CL, <7yo, no liability; <14yo, rebuttable presumption of no liability. have been stolen by another person with intent to permanently deprive owner. FORGERY: making/altering written doc so it’s false with intent with intent to defraud. EXCULPATION/JUSTIFICATION MALICIOUS MISCHIEF: malicious destruction/damage to prop of another. SELF-DEFENSE: Non-deadly Force (NDF): D use reasonably necessary to protect from HABITATION OFFENSES No Specific Intent; reckless disregard — imminent unlawful force. Deadly Force (DF): 1) D w/o fault 2) confronted w/ unlawful BURGLARY: break/enter dwelling at night w/ intent to commit felony therein. force 3) threatened w/ imminent death/injury. Minority —retreated unless in ARSON: malicious burning of dwelling of another. Requires damage to structure. person’s home; making lawful arrest; or V ictim of rape/robbery; Original aggressor Charring sufficient; scorching insufficient. must withdraw and communicate withdrawal to re-invoke clam of self-defense. JUDICIAL PROCEDURE OFFENSES Defense of Others: same as self-defense. PERJURY: intentional taking of false oath to a material matter in judicial proceeding. DEFEND PROP: NDF ok. No force to regain possession unless hot pursuit. SUBORNATION PERJURY: procuring or inducing another to commit perjury. CRIME PREVENT: NDF prevent felony/breach of peace. DF prevent dangerous felony. BRIBERY: corrupt payment/receipt of anything for value for official action. EFFECTUATE ARREST: Private Person: DF if person harmed actually guilty of offense. COMPOUNDING CRIME: agreeing for valuable consideration, not to prosecute or Officer: DF to fleeing felon who threatens death/harm and necessary to stop escape. conceal commission/whereabouts of felon. DURESS: Threat of imminent death/harm on self/family. No defense for homicide. MISPRISONMENT OF FELONY: failure to disclose knowledge of commission of NECESSITY: reasonably necessary (good faith alone insufficient) to avoid harm to felony/prevent commission of felony. society. N/A to homicide or if D originally caused need for necessity. IMPOSSIBILITY Factual: no defense. Legal: not illegal to do what D intended to do. MISTAKE OF FACT: specific Intent— Intent—any mistake. Malice/gen intent —reasonable mistake only. Strict Liability— Liability —never. CONSENT: only if crime requires lack of consent; requires consent voluntarily/freely given; legally capable; no fraud. ENTRAPMENT: police originated criminal design and D wasn’t predisposed to commit act (undercover cop). CRIMINAL LAW &PROCEDURE 2 TH <<CRIMINAL PROCEDURE >> 4 AMENDMENT PRETRIAL IDENTIFICATION ARREST: Probable cause (PC)+warrant if D home; stop car reqs reasonable suspicion DUE PROCESS: D can attack an ID as denying DP if ID is unnecessarily suggestive and (RS), includ checkpt and pre-text stops PC reqd to compel fingerpt/interrog there is a substantial likelihood of misidentification . WARRANT: particularity of place searched/things seized; issued by neutral, REMEDY: exclude in-court ID. detached judge. Challenge if: affiant intentionally/recklessly included material false Independent source: if P can show adequate independent source if ID, including stmt. Apply good faith. Execution: once issued, use timely. Knock & announce (K&A) ample opportunity to observe person at time of crime. purpose, reasonably wait before enter. No K&A if RS that K&A dangerous, futile, or Hearing: Govt bears burden proving 1) counsel was present 2) accused waived inhibit investigation. Seize any evid of crim activity discovered, even if not in warrant counsel or 3) independent source for in court ID. D must prove an alleged DP viol. (plain view), detain anyone on premises but can’t search unless exception. EXCLUSION th SEARCH/SEIZURE Analysis—1) Is there a 4 am rt? (Govt act & REOP—reqs standing, ownership/living in premises searched; overnight guest; but not items held public); EXCLUSIONARY RULE prohibits introduction of evidence obtained in violation of D’s th th th 2) Valid search warrant? (PC + particularity); 3) Is there an exception? 4) Is there a constitutional rights in a criminal trial (4 , 5 , 6 amendment(s)). FRUIT OF POISONOUS TREE: evidence derived from illegal govt conduct is excluded. good faith defense? [PAC PAC CHIPS] Pre-textual Stop: motive is irrelevant as long as RS of legal violation. Exceptions: 1) independent source 2) inevitable discovery 3) D’s intervening acts Auto Stop: RS that law violated; briefly detain. All passengers can challenge the stop. Doesn’t Apply to: 1) grand jury/civil proceedings, parole hearings, or administrative Checkpoint: must relate to vehicle specific purpose (DUI chkpt ok bc related to cases, 2) viol of K&A during search warrants; 3) ev seized as result of Miranda viol. GOOD FAITH defense that govt relied on 1) judicial opinion; 2) state ordinance; 3) safety, but drug chkpts insufficiently related). Must use neutral and articulable std. Plain View: officers legitimately on premises, immediately apparent, & PC it’s defective search warrant. Good faith negated if 1) affidavit lacking in PC that no contraband/related. Includes plain smell and binoculars, but not infrared. reasonable officer would rely on it 2) warrant defective/invalid on face 3) affiant lied Auto Search: If PC —full search, includ guests and their bags, containers reasonably or misled judge; 4) judge wholly abandoned judicial role. HARMLESS ERROR: admission of illegal evidence will overturn conviction unless containing contraband, and trunk. Police can tow and search containers later. Consent: volun/intellig ent by one w/ apparent right of use and access. Valid even if government can show beyond a reasonable doubt that error was harmless; never individual didn’t have authorization, but police reasonably believed they did. applies to denial of right to counsel at trial —such error is never harmless. Caretaker/Emergency: justifies warrantless search if an officer faces PRETRIAL PROCEDURES emergency/threatening health/safety of others. BAIL: bail issues (refusal to grant/excessive bail) are immediately appealable. Hot Pursuit/Evanescent Evidence: may follow suspect into dwelling if in pursuit (w/in Preventive detention is constitutional; can be set no higher than necessary to assure 15 min); seize evidence likely to disappear (fingernail, but blood needs warrant) th D appears at trial. SC has never held 8 am as provision for bail, but arbitrary denials Incident to Arrest: (Gant) search concurrent time & place; ltd to wingspan; may of bail will viol Due Process —detainees must have opportunity to prove eligibility. search car interior if unsecured/reasonable belief evid of offense is in car; no trunk. GRAND JURIES: exclusion N/A to conduct of grand juries. Grand jury Witness may be Public School: kids in extra-curricular can be searched. Reasonable if moderate compelled to testify based on illegally seized evidence. The proceedings of grand chance of finding; measures reasonably related & search not excessively inclusive. juries are secret. D has no right to appear and no right to send in Witnesses. Stop & Frisk: (Terry) pat down/stop if RS of criminal act supported by articulable PRE-TRIAL DISCLOSURE: P—must disclose material, exculpatory evidence; D — facts; held no longer than necessary to verify suspicion. Protective frisk ok if RS discloses use of alibi or insanity. armed/dangerous but ltd to finding weapons. Stop vs. Arrest : stop is brief detention, not arrest. Police may develop PC to arrest TRIAL based on anything occurring/discovered during stop and/or frisk. TRIAL: right to an unbiased judge (no financial interest in outcome/actual malice). DETENTIONS: 1) may detain from entering home while obtaining a search warrant or JURY TRIAL: right if maximum authorized sentence >6mos. If < or up to 6mos, no 2) if valid warrant of given premises, may detain for duration of search. constitutional right to jury trial. BORDERS: routine searches of persons/effects incl cars w/o warrant, PC or RS. JURORS: min 6. If court uses min, verdict must be unanimous. No federally protected MAIL: govt can open/insect international mail if RS right to unanimous 12-juror verdict. Supreme Court approved the non-unanimous IMMIGRATION: govt may raid a business to determine citizenship of employees. verdict of 10-2 and 9-3. D has right to have jury pool reflect a fair cross section of the WIRETAPPING: if PC; named person; describe w/ particularity subj of convos; ltd community BUT no right to have impaneled jury reflect fair cross section. time; terminated when get info; return to ct to show what was intercepted. All PREEMPTORY CHALLENGES—a challenge to exclude a prospective juror for whatever speakers assume risk talking to wired/recording person. Warrant to tap, not wire. reason. Unconstitutional for Plaintiff or Defendant to exclude based on race/gender. SELF-REPRESENTATION: D has right to defend himself so long as waiver of counsel is CONFESSIONS th knowing/intelligent and he’s competent. D can be found mentally competent to 5 AM: any person in any proceeding may refuse to answer if it’ll incriminate. stand trial, yet incompetent to represent himself, trial judge has discretion. Limitations: privilege of self-incrim doesn’t apply to compulsory disclosure of docs; CONFRONTATION: absence of face-to-face confrontation between D and accuser st must assert at 1 question on subject, including civil trials; protects compelled th doesn’t viol 6 am when preventing confront serves important public purpose and testimony, not phys evid (blood, writing, voice, hair sample). reliability of the W testimony is otherwise assured (child testify in sex case). Effect: Police can’t negatively comment on silence, unless D asserts he was unable to Disruptive D may be removed from court, relinquishing right of confrontation. tell his side of story. If invoked silence before Miranda, silence can be used against. PLEAS: court won’t disturb guilty pleas after sentencing. Judge must address D Eliminated if: grant of immunity; no possibility of incrim (SOL); waives privilege. personally re: nature of charge, max possible penalty/mandatory min, that D has rt MIRANDA: must be informed of rts before interrogation for stmts to be admissible. to plead guilty but would waive right to trial; must all be on record. Invoke Silence: must cease questions, only accused can re-initiate. Police can later OVERTURN PLEA If: 1) plea involuntary 2) lack of jurisdiction 3) ineffective assistance ask of unrelated crimes. Invoke Counsel: umambig stmt; not offense specific; cease of counsel 4) Prosecutor fails to keep agreed plea bargain. questions until counsel present. Police can ask after break & D must re-invoke again. DEATH PENALTY: Present all relevant mitigating evidence; no automatic Death Waiver: knowing, voluntary (clear verbal), intelligently made, burden on P. Penalty; only jury can determine aggravating factor imposing DP. Custody: doesn’t feel free to leave. Interrogation: likely to elicit incriminating DOUBLE JEOPARDY: D can’t be retried for same offense once response. Unsolicited stmts unprotected. Routine questions not interrogation. st Jeopardy Attaches: jury trial is sworn in, or 1 witness in bench trial is sworn. N/A to th 6 AM: rt to counsel to post-charge, show/lineup. Offense specific (can ask of other separate sovereigns or in civil trial. D can be tried for battery and later for homicide if crimes) Attach once charges filed. No rt at photo ID/take phys ev (handwrtg/fingpts) Victim later dies. Malpractice: show result would be different; show particular errors. Exceptions: hung jury (unable to agree on verdict); mistrial or manifest necessities; Waive 6thAm: must be knowing, voluntary & intelligent, totality of circumstances. retrial after successful appeal unless insufficient evidence to support verdict; bch of th 14 AM: requires confession be voluntary. agreed plea; termination at behest of D on ground not constituting acquittal. CO-D CONFESSION: redact all referring to other D; confessing D takes stand and subject to cross; confession of non-testifying D is used to rebut D’s claim that his confession obtained by coercion.