Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Lecture 2: Conduction
1
Contents
2
Conduction
3
Conduction
4
Conduction
5
Thermal conductivity
The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability
of the material to conduct heat.
12
Conduction: Plane wall
Q α (A)(T1-T2) / ∆x
Q = k (A)(T1-T2) / ∆x
Q = -k A ∆T/∆x
Qx = kA (-dT / dx)
Q = ∆T /R
13
Plane wall
Q = -(kA/∆x) ∆T or
Qx = k A (-dT / dx)
kA/L = Conductance
Thus,
1/Conductance = Resistance
Q = ∆T /R
Conduction: Composite wall
Q = ∆T /RT = To-T3/ RT
Q = To-T1/ Ra + T1-T2/ Rb +
T2-T3/ Rc
Ra, Rb, Rc
Thermal contact resistance
Examples:
Qx = k A (-dT / dx)
Q = k A (-dT / dr)
Q (1 / r) dr = -k 2πL dT
20
Pipe wall/Cylindrical system
21
Maximum heat loss: Critical Radius
Rb = 1/2πkb ln r/r1
Ra = 1/ha2πr
1/2πkbr - 1/ha2πr2 = 0
rc = Kb/ha
Maximum heat loss: Critical Radius
General Conduction Equation
General Conduction Equation
Let, an elemental cube of volume, dV = dx.dy.dz receives a
differential quantity of heat dQ’1 (Btu) through its left yz plane. In
the same interval, differential quantity of heat dQ’2 (Btu) leaves
through its right yz plane.
dQ’ = dQ’1 – dQ2' -------------------------(1)
From Fourier's law of heat conduction, the heat entering the left yz
plane is given by,
dQ'1/dθ = k dy dz (- ∂T/∂x) ------------(2)
The temperature gradient (- ∂T/∂x) may vary with both time and
position in the cube.
Variation of (- ∂T/∂x) as a f(x) is ∂(- ∂T/∂x)/(∂x) = (-∂2T/∂x2)
General Conduction Equation
Over the distance dx from x to x+dx, the total change in
Temperature gradient is (- ∂2T/∂x2).dx
When the flow of heat in and out of the cube is constant as in the
steady state, (∂T/∂x) is constant then (∂2T/∂x2) = 0
Equation (3) can be written as,
dQ’/dθ = k dy dz (- ∂T/∂x)
Qx = - kA dT / dx
General Conduction Equation
Putting values form equations 2 and 3 into equation 1 we have
dQ’/dθ = k dy dz (∂2T/∂x2).dx------(4)
T k T 2
T T
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
.c p x y z
29
30
A furnace is installed in the synthesis laboratory of chemical engineering department for the
purpose of high temperature oxidation. It is required to keep the inner temperature of the
furnace at 300 ºC, with the air inside having heat transfer coefficient of 5 W/m2·ºC. The
material of the furnace wall have thermal conductivity of 0.8 W/m·ºC. The temperature of the
outer air is 25 ºC with heat transfer coefficient of 7 W/m2·ºC. Consider a steady state heat
transfer in one dimension (x-axis direction) through one of furnace’s wall having thickness of
0.3 m, height of 0.8 m, and width of 0.5m then
(a) Sketch the problem with clear depiction of heat transfer modes involved in it
(b) Calculate the steady rate of heat transfer from the inner of furnace to outside
(c) If another wall of insulating material is placed over the furnace’s considered wall with
similar dimensions (height, width and thickness) and k = 0.1 W/m·ºC and thermal contact
resistance at interface to be 0.05 ºC/W, then what will be the rate of steady state heat
transfer? Will it be beneficial or not? Justify your logic.
31
32
Transient Heat Transfer
33
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
• Consider a body of arbitrary shape initially at a uniform temperature Ti
• At time t = 0, the body is placed into a medium at temperature T∞, and
heat transfer takes place between the body and its environment, with a
heat transfer coefficient h
34
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
• This heat transfer is due to convection heat transfer at the solid–liquid
interface.
• The essence of the lumped capacitance method is the assumption that the
temperature of the solid is spatially uniform at any instant during the
transient process. This assumption implies that temperature gradients
within the solid are negligible.
35
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
36
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
Where,
37
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
Energy balance
• h As (T∞-Ti) dt = m Cp dT
• d (Ti- T∞) / (Ti- T∞) = -(hAs/ρVCp ) dt
• Integrating from t =0, where T=Ti and t=t where T=T
• ln[(T(t)- T∞) / (Ti- T∞)] = -(hAs/ρVCp ) dt
• [T(t)- T∞) / (Ti- T∞)] = e-bt
• b = hAs/ρVCp = 1/b = τ =Time constant
38
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
39
Transient Heat Transfer: Lump system
40
Transient Heat Transfer
41
Transient Heat Transfer
42
Transient Heat Transfer
43
Unsteady state heat transfer
44
Unsteady state heat transfer
• The formulation of the problems for the determination of the one
dimensional transient temperature distribution T(x, t) in a wall
results in a partial differential equation, which can be solved using
advanced mathematical techniques.
46
Thank You
for
Your Attention
email: abdulrazzaq@ciitlahore.edu.pk
47