NMAT 2018

SOCIOLOGY MODULE B
(with explanations)
1. Which of the following defines sociology?
A. A study that is concerned with discovering and organizing
facts, principles, and methods.
B. A study of human groups, their customs and institutions,
and their development at all times and places.
C. A study that deals with the production, distribution, and
consumption of wealth by human groups.
D. A study of human behavior, mental processes, and
personality.
1. Which of the following defines sociology?
A. A study that is concerned with discovering and organizing
facts, principles, and methods.
B. A study of human groups, their customs and
institutions, and their development at all times and places.
C. A study that deals with the production, distribution, and
consumption of wealth by human groups.
D. A study of human behavior, mental processes, and
personality.

 Keyword: Sociology = “Social”; must concern groups of

people
 C: Emphasizes wealth (Economics)
 D: Emphasis on individual (Psychology)
 A: Does not connote people or groups of people
2. People can best show enculturation when they learn to
A. be refined
B. act as people
C. love one another
D. talk, act, and think in acceptable ways

 Enculturation/Socialization: Gradual learning of

norms and customs
3. Which of these are social barriers to change?
A. patterns of cooperation
B. authority patterns
C. characteristics of social structure
D. all of the above

 A and B: Establishment of patterns makes

change difficult because people are already
comfortable with patterns (which make things
more predictable)
 C: A social structure of a society may be rigid,
making it a social barrier to change
4. The constitution provides for separation of the church
and the state. One of the ff. is a violation of said
provisions:
A. prayer rally at EDSA to be led by Cardinal Sin
B. denying Estrada’s request that world expo be
held somewhere else
C. non-committal of the El Shadai and Iglesia to the
proposals made by Erap regarding PAL
D. supporting candidates shown by the Protestant group

 Separation of the Church and the State: Their

operations are separate and therefore their affairs ought
not to overlap with one another
5. The difference between divorce and legal
separation is
A. valid marriage
B. psychological incapacity of couple
C. severance of marriage bond
D. legal impediment exists before marriage

 Divorce: Legally ends valid marriage

 Annulment: Nullification of marriage, treats as
if marriage never existed
 Legal separation: Parents are still married but
may live separately
6. All but one are characteristics of
stereotypes:
A. group-shared image of another group
B. concern with social differences
C. exaggerate some characteristics of
members
D. maintain selective perception
6. All but one are characteristics of
stereotypes:
A. group-shared image of another group
B. concern with social differences (Among
stereotypes and stereotypical thinking,
differences of members within a group are
neglected)
C. exaggerate some characteristics of
members
D. maintain selective perception
7. It normally transforms people from helpless
victims into persons
A. voluntary association
B. social welfare department
C. guidance counselor
D. therapeutic self-help group
7. It normally transforms people from helpless
victims into persons
A. voluntary association
B. social welfare department
C. guidance counselor
D. therapeutic self-help group

 Voluntary association: Groups of people

who agree to create an association
 Social Welfare Groups: Help victims fulfill
their needs (Security, food and shelter) but not
essentially empower them
 Guidance counselor: More of a confidant
8. The manifest functions of religion include all
but one
A. fraternal relationships C. rituals
B. behavior norm D. ecumenism

 Manifest functions of religion pertain to

primary purposes of religion (What does
religion do for us?)
o We just don’t follow a religion because of
their rituals; we generally seek internal
satisfaction
9. A computer machine will not replace teachers
because it:
A. does not teach values
B. has no human touch
C. cannot lay down policies and guidelines
D. is automated by machines
10. Traditional economy means
A. colonial C. antiquated
B. subsistence D. governmental

 Traditional economy: Traditions, customs,

and beliefs shape what the economy produces
as well as their manner of distribution, also,
run by the government
11. All but one is subculture of poverty:
A. unplanned future
B. matrilocal family
C. weak impulse control
D. uncoordinated effort to change

 Matrilocal family may also be a subculture (i.e.,

may be observed by) of well-off families
12. According to Karl Max, it establishes a classless
society
A. noveau rich C. proletariat
B. bourgeoise D. the clique

 Bourgeoise: Middle class to upper class, emphasizes

materialism. These people hold on to their private
possessions to hold their power in society
 Proletariat: Working class, lower class
o According to the Social Conflict Approach, not only
can society be a platform for inequality between these
two classes; it is the goal of the proletariats to reduce
this pervasive inequality
13. The fusion in which two groups blend their culture so
that they become one.
A. amalgamation C. acculturation
B. assimilation D. adaptation

 Acculturation: One cultural group adopts the beliefs

and behaviors of another group
 Assimilation: Fusion of two cultures to create a unique
culture
 Amalgamation: Biological merging
 Adaptation: Process of a person integrating into a new
culture.
o This can’t be the answer because it is also observed
in assimilation and acculturation
14. The biological interbreeding of two people
of different physical appearance until they
become one stock is called
A. compatibility
B. amalgamation
C. adaptability
D. intermarriage
15. Rejecting a person based on ethnic
identity is
A. prejudice C. discrimination
B. conjecture D. influence

 Prejudice: More cognitive/attitudinal, what you think

of a person
 Discrimination: Behavioral, how you treat a person
 Conjecture: Formation of opinions based on
incomplete information
16. The confluence where Catholics and Protestants can live
peacefully in the same government is called
A. cultural relativism C. cultural pluralism
B. ethnicity D. ecumenism

 Cultural Pluralism: Acknowledges the existence of

diversity and culture, and the possibility of their co-
existence
 Cultural Relativism: A cultural trait or element of a
culture is best understood in its own context
17. A deviant behavior is generally
characterized by
A. anomie or normlessness
B. disloyal to the peer group
C. aggressive attitude towards arguments
D. different religious beliefs
18. The government controls the industry but
the individuals share in the profit in
A. socialism
B. anarchism
C. communism
D. capitalism
19. Social mobility prevails in modern societies
because of
A. automation
B. change in occupational structure
C. scientific progression
D. bureaucracy

 Change in occupational structure may bring forth a

level up in rank or salary. The change in your
salary range may affect the category in the
stratification to which you belong
20. If stratification is inevitable but functional, which of the
following does not follow?
A. extreme inequality in rewards motivate people to work
B. some inequality is necessary for the efficient utilization
of potential talents
C. inequality should not exceed the amount justified on the
criterion of efficiency
D. some people make financial sacrifices in exchange for
challenging, interesting or self-fulfilling work

(Extreme inequality will de-motivate people to work, which

counters the functional significance of inequality)
21. Marasmus is a disease predominantly found in
underdeveloped countries. It is aggravated by
A. anemia
B. deficient calcium content
C. protein calorie deficiency
D. obesity

 Testmanship: In underdeveloped countries, there

are malnourished children
o Malnutrition = lack in calories/macronutrients
(Eliminate D)
 Another disease associated with protein calorie
deficiency: Kwashiorkor
22. All but one is a characteristic of suburb:
A. low population density
B. predominance of private homes
C. abundance of open space
D. decentralized facility

(Suburbs are located in urban communities,

which are highly dense in terms of
population)
23. The power which emanates from the
government has its foundations on the
following but one:
A. legitimacy C. authority
B. influence D. traditional transition

 Basic foundations: Legitimacy, influence, and

authority (Must remember)
24. Among the characteristics of population
affecting technology are all but:
A. rate of its growth
B. directions of its mobility
C. supply of technically skilled workers
D. spatial patterns of mobility
25. Demography is the study of population
while statistics
A. determines sex ratio
B. provides data of fertility & mortality
C. mathematical presentation of graphs
D. none of the above

 Statistics: Branch of mathematics that deals with

collection, organization, and interpretation of data
o A, B, and C may be obtained with the use of
statistics but they do not define statistics as a
whole
26. The term which refers to all of the natural
resources which are usable in the productive
processes
A. labor
B. land
C. production
D. economy
26. The term which refers to all of the
natural resources which are usable in the
productive processes
A. labor
B. land
C. production
D. economy
27. If institutions have coercive power,
therefore:
A. they exist subjectively and can be “wished”
away
B. an individual can change its order through
persuasion
C. offenses against it results in ridicule and
persecution
D. defiance is accepted without sanction
28. If man’s behavior and personality is shaped by the
groups to which he/she belongs:
A. members are isolated from one another
B. groups are formed randomly and without purpose
C. the greater the interaction, the greater the influence on
norms and values.
D. man can achieve solely through individual effort

 A person’s Social Life (Social Construction of Reality,

which includes our personality and self-concept) is
characterized by one’s patterns of Social Interactions.
29. Which of the ff. concepts characterize family:
A. dyad C. primary group
B. Laissez-faire D. secondary group

 Primary group: Close, personal relationships

 Secondary groups: Goal-oriented, efficiency,
interact on a less personal level
 Laissez-faire: Economic system in which
private parties involved in the transaction are
free from the policies of the government
30. A mother-housewife-career woman who feels
tension and has difficulty fulfilling all her role
obligations is suffering from what Goode termed
as?
A. role exchange C. powerbloc
B. role strain D. role withdrawal

 Role strain: Different obligations are expected

out of a single status
 Role conflict: Two or more statuses are
expected to be played at the same time
o Role conflict is actually the answer but the
closest among the options is role conflict
31. Socialization refers to:
A. the underlying dynamics of social structures
B. that particular space an individual occupies in
society
C. the process by which society serves an
internalized commitment from an individual
D. the stimulation of social life

 Socialization: Lifelong learning process of acquiring

customs, beliefs, ideas
o Begins at birth or shortly thereafter
o Renders us fit to function in a society
o Successful socialization is equivalent to conformity
o Unsuccessful socialization may result in deviance
32. Social classes are characterized by:
A. common occupations, income, lifestyle,
prestige and relationship to the means of
production
B. allegiance to those in their own class and
antagonism to those in other classes because
of conflict of interest
C. solidarity and acting in behalf of shared
interests as well as organizational against
other classes
D. all of the above
33. A social movement is a collective effort to
promote or resist change. Which of the ff. may be
the strongest force to start social movement?
A. social, economic or political discontent
B. deprivation of basic needs
C. inconsistence between theory and practice
D. personal failure

 Social Movement: Group action required to

cause or prevent social change
o Connotes the requirement of a magnanimous
force
 Social Change: Transformation of a culture
34. At what stage does an individual become fit to
function in a society?
A. During his academic training
B. Upon graduation from college
C. When he starts attending social functions
D. When he learns the accepted norms and
practices

 Socialization begins as soon as we are capable of

learning cultural norms and practices (From birth
or shortly thereafter)
35. Jose was a family driver for ten years whereupon his
11th year of service, he was transferred and thus became
a company driver. Jose’s case illustrates:
A. horizontal mobility C. group conformity
B. stratification D. social change

 Horizontal Mobility: A type of social mobility that

deals with movement from one status to another but
within the same social level.
36. The primary function of religion in human societies
is to
a. establish an orderly relationship between man and his
surroundings
b. help people understand the existence of both good and evil
c. allay man’s fears and anxieties over unexplainable
phenomena
d. provide a way for man to be able to communicate with God

 Primary functions may serve as manifest functions

 B, C, D, may serve as latent functions
37. Which of the following is NOT true of the
relationship among members of large secondary
groups?
a. Primary relations tend to persist in the form of
intimate cliques
b. There is emphasis on the efficiency by which
people accomplish their jobs
c. It is unlikely that every member is aware of every
other member
d. The goal is to provide for the personal needs of
the members
37. Which of the following is NOT true of the
relationship among members of large secondary
groups?
a. Primary relations tend to persist in the form of
intimate cliques (That is, within large secondary
groups, primary groups can develop)
b. There is emphasis on the efficiency by which
people accomplish their jobs
c. It is unlikely that every member is aware of every
other member
d. The goal is to provide for the personal needs of
the members (More applicable for primary groups)
38. A person who becomes rich is scorned by the old,
wealthy families. The law graduate who works as a clerk
and the old man who pursues a young woman are all
suffering from:
a. ascribed status c. status consistency
b. achieved status d. status incongruity

 Ascribed and Achieved Status describe one’s type of status:

o Ascribed: Something you are born with
o Achieved: Something you could achieve, personal efforts could be
exerted to change it; statements are achieved statuses
 Status Consistency: Ex. A young man from a wealthy family
graduates from an Ivy League school and lands a high position in a
company
 Status Incongruity: Inconsistency, not linear (Freddie Aguilar and his
wife)
39. Which of the following conditions is true under the
fascist system?
a. Labor unions are independent and are not under state
influence.
b. Private ownership of business by individuals is
permitted.
c. Business is owned by the government but leased to
private individuals.
d. The government owns and runs all business.
39. Which of the following conditions is true under the
fascist system?
a. Labor unions are independent and are not under state
influence.
b. Private ownership of business by individuals is
permitted.
c. Business is owned by the government but leased to
private individuals.
d. The government owns and runs all business. (Marxism)

 Fascism allows for private property ownership

o Additional facts: Uses military power to dominate
“less powerful” nations; enforces strict performance
of roles
40. The major trend in the development of Philippine
society is a shift from the traditional, familistic, agricultural
society to a rational, specialized, industrial complex. Which
of the following would NOT be a feature of this society?
a. work recruitment based on specialized competencies
b. relationships defined and strengthened by legal
contracts
c. focus on progress in business and economics
d. system that foster regionalism
40. The major trend in the development of Philippine
society is a shift from the traditional, familistic, agricultural
society to a rational, specialized, industrial complex.
Which of the following would NOT be a feature of this
society?
a. work recruitment based on specialized competencies
b. relationships defined and strengthened by legal
contracts (Closely tied with “rational”)
c. focus on progress in business and economics (Closely
tied with “industrial”)
d. system that foster regionalism
41. The concept of socialization refers to the process
of:
a. learning roles, attitudes, and the corresponding
behavior proper to a society or group
b. making oneself acceptable to other members of a
social group
c. participating in the activities of the group
d. determining the principles of behavior governing
the give-and-take of services in a society
42. Which of the following is NOT true of modern societies
which emphasize achieved status and roles:
a. people are not expected to remain in one position in
their entire life
b. people who are ambitious can move up the social ladder
c. people can be assigned to tasks that they are most
qualified for
d. people are protected against the stresses of constant
adjustment to new roles

 Any degree or form of adjustment to new roles will

always entail a certain amount of stress
43. The members of a common society share the
same values, such as for economic success and
upward mobility, and they are stratified into a
number of distinct strata. It could be stated that the
society is stratified because:
a. The values are not shared by all members of the
society
b. b. The means for realizing the shared values are
not equally distributed
c. The values are divisive
d. The strata are not classes
43. The members of a common society share the
same values, such as for economic success and
upward mobility, and they are stratified into a
number of distinct strata. It could be stated that the
society is stratified because:
a. The values are not shared by all members of
the society (Inconsistent with the given statement)
b. The means for realizing the shared values are not
equally distributed
c. The values are divisive (Inconsistent with given
statement)
d. The strata are not classes (False)
44. Which instance supports the notion that culture
is learned?
a. a vegetarian has to eat pork because there was
nothing else to eat
b. a Visayan girl became fluent in Tagalog after a few
years stay in Manila
c. a modern Chinese woman no longer followed the
practice of binding her feet because of its
impracticality
d. a child whose parents were very strict grew up to
be shy and withdrawn
44. Which instance supports the notion that culture
is learned?
a. a vegetarian has to eat pork because there was
nothing else to eat (Mere compliance)
b. a Visayan girl became fluent in Tagalog after a few
years stay in Manila
c. a modern Chinese woman no longer followed the
practice of binding her feet because of its
impracticality (Rather, there was un-learning of a
cultural practice)
d. a child whose parents were very strict grew up to
be shy and withdrawn (Merely describes the effects
of growing up in a strict household)
45. Which of the following assumes an interrelationship
between two demographic processes?
a. The younger entry into marriage, the greater the
number of children
b. The higher the level of education, the greater the
number of children
c. The higher the occupational level, the lesser the number
of children
d. The more migratory, the lesser the number of children

 Demographic Processes: Processes through which a

population can change. Factors include:
o Fertility
o Mortality
o Migration
46. Culture is influenced by the environment which is
influenced by the culture within it. What kind of
interrelationship is shown by this statement?
a. continuous
b. dynamic
c. functional
d. mutual

 All are correct but “dynamic” encompasses them all.

Relationship of culture and environment are ever-
changing, mutually influencing each other, and they
both change to ensure survival, making it functional.
47. This theory recognizes change is inevitable and that
society is characterized by the struggle of opposing forces
A. Functionalist C. Interaction
B. Conflict D. none of these

 Functionalist: Each component /structureof society

serves a different purpose
 Interaction theory: Purports that social processes
(e.g., cooperation, conflict) are derived from social
interaction
 Keyword for Social Conflict Theory: Struggle of
opposing forces
48. A Hindu society composed of castes would feature:
A. work specialization C. endogamy
B. social mobility D. flexibility

 Endogamy: Marrying within one’s own social group

o Ex. A Hindu belonging to the upper class would not
marry someone from the lower class
49. A learned predisposition to respond to people,
objects, or institution in a positive or negative way
is:
A. a norm C. a belief
B. an attitude D. a stereotype

C: More cognitive
B: More correct because it is more behavioral
(Keyword: Respond)
50. The EDSA revolution and the resulting effect on
the country’s political structure is an attempt at:
A. social change
B. an attitude
C. maintaining the status quo
D. revolution

 Social Change: Transformation of a culture or a

social institution