MATH 162 Calculus II

Integration Unit Objectives

By the end of this unit students should be able to:

Basic Approaches

1. Apply basic operations such as substitution, algebraic manipulations, multiplication by 1, and completing
the square to simplify an integrand.
Z Z
2. Calculate sec x dx and tan x dx.

7.2 Integration by Parts

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1. Memorize the Integration by Parts (IBP) Formula : udv = uv − vdu.

2. Compute definite and indefinite integrals by using Integration by Parts (IBP).

Z Z Z
(a) Apply IBP to evaluate the special examples ln xdx, tan−1 xdx, and sin−1 xdx.
Z Z
2 x
(b) Apply the repeated use of IBP for examples like: x e dx (IBP more than once) and ex sin xdx
(IBP going in circles).

3. Identify when IBP is a useful technique to apply. (Namely, the integrand is a polynomial times a transcen-
dental function or is the product of two transcendental functions.)

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7.3 Trigonometric Integrals

1. Recall the trigonometric identities below:

*(1) sin2 x + cos2 x = 1

*(2) 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x
*(3) 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x
1
(4) sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x)
2
2 1
(5) cos x = (1 + cos 2x)
2
(6) sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x

Memorize the above formulas that are starred (∗).

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2. Identify the techniques needed to compute sinm x cosn xdx when m and n are positive integers.

(a) If at least one of m or n is odd then use u = cos x or u = sin x and the substitution integration technique.
(b) If both m and n are even then use half-angle identities.
(c) Recognize that these techniques can sometimes be applied in the case that m or n is not a positive
integer.
(d) Recognize that we will not use reduction formulas.
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3. Identify the techniques needed to compute tanm x secn xdx when m and n are positive integers.

(a) If n is even use u = tan x and the substitution integration technique.

(b) If m is odd and n ≥ 1 then use u = sec x.
(c) Recognize that these techniques can sometimes be applied in the case that m or n is not a positive
integer.

7.4 Trigonometric Substitution

1. Compute definite and indefinite integrals by using trigonometric substitution.

2. Choose the appropriate trigonometric substitution to evaluate an integral whose integrand contains some-
thing like a2 − x2 , a2 + x2 or x2 − a2 .
p π π
(a) For a2 − x2 you let x = a sin θ for − ≤ θ ≤ ,
p p2 2 √
so dx = a cos θ dθ and a2 − x2 = a2 − a2 sin θ = a2 cos2 θ = a cos θ
p π π
(b) For a2 + x2 you let x = a tan θ for − < θ < ,
p p2 2 √
2
so dx = a sec θ dθ and a + x = a + a tan2 θ = a2 sec2 θ = a sec θ
2 2 2 2
p π 3π
(c) For x2 − a2 you let x = a sec θ for 0 ≤ θ < or π ≤ θ < ,
p p 2 √2
so dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ and x2 − a2 = a2 sec2 θ − a2 = a2 tan2 θ = a tan θ

3. Apply the methods of triangle trigonometry to convert an integral computed using trigonometric substitution
back to the original variable x.

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7.5 Method of Partial Fractions

1. Construct the partial fractions decomposition for a rational function in these cases: distinct linear factors,
repeated linear factors, distinct (irreducible) and quadratic factors.

2. Apply the method of Partial fractions for any combination of the above listed cases to compute integrals

3. Use long division when the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to the degree of the denominator
before applying the method of partial fractions.

7.8 Improper Integrals

1. Articulate and apply the limit definitions for improper integrals when f is continuous over an infinite interval.
Z ∞ Z t
(a) f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→∞ a
Z b Z b
(b) f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
−∞ t→−∞ t
Z ∞ Z 0 Z t
(c) f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx + lim f (x)dx [or any # in place of the zero]
−∞ t→−∞ t t→∞ 0

2. Articulate and apply the limit definitions for improper integrals where f is unbounded on an interval [a, b]
at an endpoint.
Z b Z b
(a) If f is unbounded at a then f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→a+ t
Z b Z t
(b) If f is unbounded at b then f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx
a t→b− a
(c) If f is unbounded at c where a < c < b then
Z b Z c Z b Z t Z b
f (x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx = lim f (x)dx + lim f (x)dx
a a c t→c− a t→c+ t

3. Evaluate and classify an improper integral as convergent or divergent. (If the corresponding limit does not
exist then the improper integral diverges.)
Z ∞
−p dx
4. Articulate the behavior for x over [1, ∞) and [0, 1]. That is, converges for p > 1 and diverges for
1 xp
p ≤ 1.