Limit State Design of

Reinforced Concrete
SECOND EDITION

P.C. VARGHESE
Honorary Professor, Anna University, Madras
Formerly, Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Madras, and
UNESCO Chief Technical Advisor, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

New Delhi-110001
2010
LIMIT STATE DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE, 2nd ed.
by P.C. Varghese

© 2002 by Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book
may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing
from the publisher.

ISBN-81-203-2039-5

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Fourteenth Printing (Second Edition) … … December, 2006

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, B-35/9, G.T. Karnal Road Industrial Area,
Delhi-110033.
 To
The Fond Memory of My Wife Achamma
for Her Loving Care and Support
 CHAPTER 1
Contents

List of Select Illustrations xv

List of Tables xvii
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Preface to the First Edition xxv
Acknowledgements xxvii
Introduction to Limit State Design xxix
Introduction to IS 456 (2000) xxxi

1. Methods of Design of Concrete Structures 1–5

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Modular Ratio or Working Stress Method (WSM) 2
1.3 Load Factor Method (LFM) 2
1.4 Limit State Method (LSM) 3
1.5 Limit State Method in National Codes 3
1.6 Design by Model and Load Tests 4
1.7 Publications by Bureau of Indian Standards 4
Review Questions 5

2. Partial Safety Factors in Limit State Design 6–16

2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Principles of Limit State Design 6
2.3 Procedure for Design for Limit States 7
2.4 Characteristic Load and Characteristic Strengths 7
2.5 Partial Safety Factors for Loads and Material Strengths 9
2.6 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Concrete 11
2.7 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Steel 12
2.8 Summary of Design by Limit State Method 12
Examples 14
Review Questions 16

3. Limit State of Durability of Reinforced Concrete to Environment 17–29

3.1 Introduction 17
3.2 Corrosion of Steel 18
3.3 Deterioration of Concrete 19
v
vi Contents

3.4 Prescribed Cover to Reinforcements 21

3.5 Control of Permeability of Concrete 23
3.6 Compaction During Placement of Concrete 24
3.7 Curing Methods 24
3.8 Quality of Aggregates and Water 25
3.9 Concrete in Foundations 25
3.10 Checking for Limit State of Durability 26
3.11 Coated Reinforcements to Prevent Corrosion 26
3.12 Determination of Soluble Sulphates 26
3.13 Cover for Fire Resistance 27
Examples 27
Review Questions 28

4. Theory of Singly Reinforced Members in Bending

(Limit State of Collapse—Flexure) 30–47
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Ultimate Strength of R.C. Beams (Limit State of Collapse by Flexure) 30
4.3 Balanced, Underreinforced and Overreinforced Sections 31
4.4 Equivalent Compression Block in Concrete 32
4.5 Determination of Constants k1 and k2 for Compression Stress Block 33
4.6 Depth of Neutral Axis of a given Beam 34
4.7 Importance of Limiting x/d Ratios 36
4.8 Calculation of Mu by Strain Compatibility Method 36
4.9 Minimum Depth for a given Mu 39
4.10 Expression for Steel Area for Balanced Singly Reinforced Section 39
4.11 Expression for x/d for given b, d and Mu 40
4.12 Expressions for Lever Arm Depth (z) 41
4.13 Calculation of Steel Area for given, b, d and Mu for Depths Larger than
the Minimum Required 42
4.14 Guidelines for Choosing Width, Depth and Reinforcement of Beams 45
Review Questions 46

5. Examples in Design and Analysis of Singly Reinforced Beams 48–69

5.1 Introduction 48
5.2 Design and Analysis 48
5.3 Methods of Design and Analysis 48
5.4 Procedure for Analysis of Section by Strain Compatibility
(Trial and Error Method)—Method 1 49
5.5 Analysis and Design by Formulae (Method 2) 50
5.6 Use of SP 16 for Design of Beams and Slabs (Method 3) 53
5.7 Necessity for Specifying Maximum and Minimum Tension Steel in Beams 56
5.8 Recommended Procedures for Design and Analysis 57
Examples 58
Review Questions 67
Problems 68
 Contents vii

6. Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 70–88

6.1 Introduction 70
6.2 Basic Considerations 71
6.3 Action of Doubly Reinforced Beams 71
6.4 Stress-Strain Relationship in Steel 73
6.5 Analysis and Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams 73
6.6 Strain Compatibility Method (Method 1) 73
6.7 Use of Formulae Steel Beam Theory (Method 2) 74
6.8 Use of Design Aids SP 16 (Method 3) 77
6.9 Specifications Regarding Spacing of Stirrups in Doubly Reinforced
Beams 80
6.10 Summary of Procedure for Analysis and Design 80
Examples 80
Review Questions 87
Problems 87

7. Limit State of Collapse in Shear (Design for Shear) 89–118

7.1 Introduction 89
7.2 Types of Shear Failures 89
7.3 Calculation of Shear Stress 90
7.4 Design Shear Strength in Concrete Beams 91
7.5 Types of Shear Reinforcements 94
7.6 Design of Links (Stirrups) 94
7.7 Rules for Minimum Shear Reinforcement 97
7.8 Summary of General Procedure for Design of Beams for Shear 100
7.9 Step-by-step Procedure for Design of Links 101
7.10 Design of Bent-up Bars as Shear Reinforcements 101
7.11 Enhanced Shear Near Supports—Critical Section for Shear 103
7.12 Shear in Slabs 105
7.13 Detailing of Steel 105
7.14 Shear in Members Subjected to Compression and Bending 105
7.15 Shear in Beams of Varying Depth 105
7.16 Detailing of Vertical Stirrups in Wide Beams 106
7.17 Design of Stirrups of Steel Cut-off Points 108
Examples 108
Review Questions 116
Problems 117

8. Design of Flanged Beams 119–145

8.1 Introduction 119
8.2 Effective Flange Width 120
8.3 Basis of Design and Analysis of Flanged Beams 121
8.4 T Beam Formulae for Analysis and Design 123
8.5 Limiting Capacity of T Beams by Use of Design Aids 127
8.6 Expressions for Mu and As for Preliminary Design 128
 viii Contents

8.7 Minimum and Maximum Steel in Flanged Beams 129

8.8 Transverse Reinforcement 129
8.9 Tables in SP 24 for Design of T Beams 129
8.10 Design of L Beams 129
8.11 Design of Flanged Beams in Shear 130
8.12 Detailing of Reinforcements 130
Examples 132
Review Questions 144
Problems 145

9. Design of Bending Members for Serviceability Requirements of

Deflection and Cracking 146–169
9.1 Introduction 146
9.2 Design for Limit State of Deflection 147
9.3 Empirical Method of Deflection Control in Beams 147
9.4 Empirical Method of Control of Cracking in Beams 153
9.5 Bar Spacing Rules for Beams 154
9.6 Bar Spacing Rules for Slabs 158
9.7 Minimum Percentages of Steel in Beams and Slabs for Crack
Control 158
9.8 Curtailment, Anchorage and Lapping of Steel 159
9.9 Stress Level in Steel 159
9.10 Other Requirements 159
9.11 Comments on Minimum Percentages of Steel to be Provided in Beams
and Slabs 160
9.12 Recommendations for Choosing Depth of R.C.C. Beams 162
9.13 Slenderness Limits for Beams for Stability 162
Examples 162
Review Questions 167
Problems 168

10. Bond, Anchorage, Development Lengths and Splicing 170–188

10.1 Introduction 170
10.2 Local (or Flexural) Bond 171
10.3 Average (Anchorage) Bond Stress 172
10.4 Development Length 172
10.5 End Anchorage of Bars 173
10.6 Checking Development Lengths of Tension Bars 173
10.7 Conditions for Termination of Tension Reinforcement in Flexural
Members 176
10.8 Development Length of Compression Bars 177
10.9 Equivalent Development Length of Hooks and Bends 177
10.10 Bearing Stresses Inside Hooks (Minimum Radius of Bends) 178
10.11 Anchorage of a Group of Bars (Bundled Bars) 179
10.12 Splicing of Bars 180
10.13 Lap Splices 180
 Contents ix

10.14 Design of Butt Joints in Bars 182

10.15 Welded Lap Joints 183
10.16 Curtailment of Bars and Their Anchorage 183
10.17 Use of SP 16 for Checking Development Length 183
10.18 Importance of Laps and Anchorage Length 184
Examples 184
Review Questions 187
Problems 188

11. Design of One-way Slabs 189–213

11.1 Introduction 189
11.2 Live Load on Slabs in Buildings 189
11.3 Structural Analysis of One-way Slabs with UDL Using Coefficients 191
11.4 Design for Shear in Slabs 191
11.5 Considerations for Design of Slabs 192
11.6 Use of Design Aids SP 16 195
11.7 Concentrated Load on One-way Slabs 195
Examples 202
Review Questions 212
Problems 213

12. Design of Two-way Slabs 214–265

12.1 Introduction 214
12.2 Action of Two-way Slabs 215
12.3 Moments in Two-way Slabs Simply Supported on all Supports 215
12.4 Moments in Two-way Restrained Slabs with Corners Held Down 217
12.5 Arrangement of Reinforcements 222
12.6 Negative Moments at Discontinuous Edges 223
12.7 Choosing Slab Thickness 223
12.8 Selecting Depth and Breadth of Supporting Beams 224
12.9 Calculation of Areas of Steel 224
12.10 Detailing of Reinforcements 225
12.11 Loads on Supporting Beams 226
12.12 Critical Section for Shear in Slabs 228
12.13 Procedure for Safety Against Excessive Deflection 229
12.14 Procedure for Control of Crackwidth 229
12.15 Procedure for Design of Two-way Simply-supported Slabs 229
12.16 Procedure for Design of Two-way Restrained Slabs (with Torsion
at Corners) 230
12.17 Concentrated Load on Two-way Slabs 231
12.18 Methods Based on Theory of Plates for Concentrated Loads on
Two-way Slabs (Pigeaud’s Method) 231
12.19 Design of Circular Slabs 245
Examples 250
Review Questions 264
Problems 264
 x Contents

13. Limit State of Collapse in Compression: Design of Axially

Loaded Short Columns 266–289
13.1 Introduction 266
13.2 Short Columns 267
13.3 Braced and Unbraced Columns 267
13.4 Unsupported and Effective Length (Height) of Columns 268
13.5 Slenderness Limits for Columns 269
13.6 Derivation of Design Formula for Short Columns 269
13.7 Checking Accidental Eccentricity 271
13.8 Design of Longitudinal Steel 272
13.9 Design of Lateral Ties (Links) 273
13.10 Design of Short Column by SP 16 274
13.11 Procedure for Design of Centrally Loaded Short Column 274
13.12 Strength of Helically Reinforced Short Column 276
13.13 Calculation of Spacing of Spirals 277
13.14 Placement of Steel in Circular Columns 278
13.15 Comparison of Tied and Spirally Reinforced Columns 279
13.16 Design of Non-rectangular Columns 279
13.17 Detailing of Columns 280
Examples 284
Review Questions 287
Problems 287

14. Design of Short Columns with Moments 290–324

14.1 Introduction 290
14.2 Methods of Design 291
14.3 Uniaxial Bending (Design Assumptions) 291
14.4 Stress-Strain Curve for Steel 292
14.5 Column Interaction Diagram 293
14.6 Use of Equilibrium Equations to Construct the Interaction Diagram
for Rectangular Sections 294
14.7 Application to Circular Sections 297
14.8 Interaction Curves in SP 16 298
14.9 Interaction Diagram for P = 0 301
14.10 Shape of Interaction Curves 302
14.11 Accidental Eccentricity in Columns 302
14.12 Use of Interaction Diagrams for Design and Analysis (Method 1) 302
14.13 Design of Eccentric Columns by Equilibrium Equation (Method 2) 303
14.14 Simplified Method—(Method 3) 304
14.15 Member Subjected to Biaxial Bending 306
14.16 Simplified BS 8110 Method for Biaxial Bending 308
14.17 Shear in Columns Subjected to Moments 309
14.18 Representation of Column Design Charts 310
Examples 310
Review Questions 323
Problems 324
 Limit State Design Of Reinforced
Concrete

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Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 9788120320390 Author : VARGHESE, P. C.

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