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4 Deductive
geometry
Stage 5.1/5.2/5.3
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
apply the properties of complementary, supplementary and vertically
opposite angles and angles at a point to find unknown angles, giving reasons
find unknown angles on parallel lines, giving reasons
use the angle sum of a triangle to find unknown angles, giving reasons
use the exterior angle property of triangles to find unknown angles, giving
reasons
use the angle sum of a quadrilateral to find unknown sides and angles, giving
reasons
use the properties of the special quadrilaterals to find unknown sides and
angles, giving reasons
name a polygon according to the number of sides
classify a polygon as either convex or non-convex, regular or irregular
find the interior angle sum of a polygon
find the size of the interior and exterior angles of a regular polygon
use geometric properties to find unknown angles in diagrams involving more
than one step
prove unfamiliar geometric results by using formal reasoning
apply the congruence tests to justify that two triangles are congruent
apply the congruence tests to establish properties of triangles and
quadrilaterals
write formal deductive proofs involving the tests for congruent triangles
use Pythagoras’ theorem to prove unfamiliar results
use the converse of Pythagoras’ theorem to prove that a triangle is
right-angled
118
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■ Adjacent angles
Two angles are adjacent if they:
have a common vertex, and
have a common ray, and
lie on opposite sides of this common ray.
For example:
A S
α α β
β P R
B C Q
∠ABD and ∠DBC are complementary ∠PQS and ∠SQR are supplementary
angles: α + β = 90° angles: α + β = 180°
NOTE: When giving reasons, the terms complementary angles and supplementary angles must
not be used. These terms simply mean that the angles have a sum of 90° or 180°. In geometric
reasoning, you need to explain why the angles have that sum (for example angles in a right
angle, or angles on a straight line).
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■ Angles at a point
Angles at a point are two or more angles that have a common vertex and whose sum is 360°,
or one complete revolution.
For example:
α + β + γ = 360°.
α β
γ
For example: W Y
*
T ∠WTZ and ∠YTX are vertically opposite angles.
* ∠WTY and ∠ZTX are vertically opposite angles.
Z X
■ Parallel lines
Parallel lines are two or more lines that have been drawn in the same plane and never meet. The
notation || means ‘is parallel to’. A line that cuts two or more parallel lines is called a
transversal.
When a pair of parallel lines is cut by a transversal, 8 angles are formed. These angles can be
classified into 3 special pairs of angles: alternate angles, corresponding angles and co-interior
angles.
α
β
That is, α + β + γ = 180°.
α γ
That is, γ = α + β.
α γ
60°
60° 60°
γ
That is, α + β + γ + δ = 360°.
β
α δ
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Exercise 4.1
e f 25° g h
45° k° 28°
p° 65°
38° a° a°
74° m° a°
i j k l
139° n°
r° 72° 63°
z° z° 70° n°
z° z° r° w° w°
w° w°
w°
x°
r°
52°
35°
P°
100°
d e f
(y – 25)°
2k° f°
2f °
78° 51° 39°
d e 28° f h°
t°
57° a°
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g h i
84° 47°
36°
25° q°
k° s° 50°
4 Find the value of all pronumerals, giving reasons. All lengths are in cm.
a b c
b° 92°
z° 5n°
37° 16°
43° 74° 245° 86°
2n°
d e f x
a° 8 u
v y 25
70° 5
7
g h v i
p° 7
k
7
w 10
3
j k l
110°
20
k
46°
e s° j
r°
d°
8
12
m 18 n o
4
f
b 15 y° z
a°
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d e f 4n°
k° 2k° 15° 11n°
3g° 76° g°
4k° 3k°
g h i
4b° 60°
97° 3b° (12v – 47)° (5v + 16)°
2c°
85° 53°
d e f
135° 75°
117° 3m°
k°
13° g° 152°
2n° j°
h°
i°
7 Find the value of each pronumeral. (You do not need to give reasons.)
a b c r°
27°
230°
t°
75°
36° 80°
34° n°
d e f
144°
h° 138°
c°
163° 22° 105°
k°
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8 State whether TU || VW in each of these. If the lines are parallel, give a reason.
a b V c
T
T
81° U T 109°
U
V
81°
115°
W 75° 71°
W V W
U
c° 108°
2y°
⎞ 3s ⎞ °
⎟ ⎟
⎠2 ⎠
e° 123°
65° 76°
d e f 5n°
60°
(7x
–2 (3t – 18)° 75°
0)°
(3x
+3
0)°
76° 8w°
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42° 63°
71° a° p° q°
54°
d e f
c° 59°
48°
d° g°
g h i
21° 58°
u°
r° 103° j° k°
s° 152°
14° v°
j k l
m° 18°
32°
50°
f°
66° p°
45° e° 58° n°
q°
41°
d 108° e 54° f
g° 61° 117°
152°
76° 133°
h°
v° 34° w° v°
36°
u°
g h 121° i 67°
125°
163° t°
c°
j° 40°
74°
k°
110° s°
d°
38° c° b° d°
133°
d e f
z°
76° a° y° x°
b° y°
73°
c° z° x°
■ Further applications
14 Find the value of x. (You do not need to give reasons.)
20° 30°
x° 40°
55°
A E B
15 ABCD is a rhombus and BE = BF. 72°
Find the value of x. (You do not
have to give reasons.)
F
x°
D C
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4.2 Polygons
■ Common polygons
A polygon is a closed figure bounded by only straight sides. The name of a polygon is based
on the number of sides that make up the boundary of the figure. The names of the first 10
polygons are shown below.
Sides Polygon Sides Polygon
3 Triangle 8 Octagon
4 Quadrilateral 9 Nonagon
5 Pentagon 10 Decagon
6 Hexagon 11 Undecagon
7 Heptagon 12 Dodecagon
■ Regular polygons
A regular polygon is a polygon in which all of the sides are equal and all of the angles are
equal. The size of the interior and exterior angles in a regular polygon can be found by dividing
the sum of these angles by the number of angles.
Exercise 4.2
■ Consolidation
6 Find the size of the interior angles in a regular:
a pentagon b hexagon c octagon d decagon
7 Find the size of the interior angles in a regular polygon with 20 sides.
360°
9 Use the formula θ = ----------- to find the size of each exterior angle in a regular:
n
a hexagon b pentagon c dodecagon
11 Find the size of the exterior angles in a regular polygon with 24 sides.
12 How many sides has a regular polygon whose exterior angles measure:
a 45° b 36° c 20° d 40°
13 Show that a regular polygon cannot have interior angles measuring 100°.
14 Construct a regular pentagon in a circle using a ruler and compasses. Measure the angles in
the pentagon and verify that each angle is 108°.
■ Further applications
15 Find the interior angle sum of a regular polygon that has:
a exterior angles measuring 72° b interior angles measuring 156°
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b a a'
b'
Example 1
EG In the diagram, DB = DC, DE || AC and CD ⊥ DF. F
+S Find the value of a, giving reasons.
D a° E
Solution
• ∠DBC = 62° (vertically opposite ∠s)
• ∠DCB = 62° (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, DB = DC) A
B
C
• ∠EDC = 62° (alternate ∠s, DE || AC) 62°
• ∠FDE = 28° (adjacent ∠s in a right angle) G
∴ a = 28
Example 2
EG In the diagram, DE || BA, DEFG is a parallelogram D E
+S and GD bisects ∠BDE. Find the value of y, giving
reasons. C y°
80° G F
Solution
B 36° A
• ∠ABC = 64° (∠ sum of ∆ABC is 180°)
• ∠BDE = 116° (co-interior ∠s, DE || BA)
• ∠EDG = 58° (GD bisects ∠BDE)
• ∠EFG = 58° (opposite ∠s of a parallelogram)
∴ y = 58
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Exercise 4.3
d H J e I J f S T
x° x°
L X
D K 96°
155° 23° V
I 69° U
x° M N W
F E
67°
G
g E h A i W
T 77° Q
58° F E 150° P
A B D
H x° S
R
17° x°
x° F
C D C
G B U
V
HG bisects ∠EGD
WV bisects ∠TRS
■ Consolidation
2 Find the value of x in each of these, giving reasons.
a B b S c W V
T x°
47°
A x° E R 28°
D X
U
C 36° x°
P Q 43° 75°
Z Y
UQ bisects ∠PQR
dD E H e J L f A
x° C E
33° x°
42° 29°
48°
109° K N x° O
M
F G
B D
OK bisects ∠LNP P
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g C h P Q i U
163° 72° X
114° D G T x° Y
U 34°
109° 57° W
x° V
152°
81° x° R S V Z
E H
F
j Y k E l
N
V x°
O x° K L
27°
X x°
W A B J
M
U 145° C 55° D
O is the centre of the circle I
Z IJKLM is a regular pentagon
3 In each of the following, PQRS is a rectangle. Find the value of x, giving reasons.
aP Q bP Q cP Q
x°
53° 67°
T T T
x°
x° 21°
S R S R S R
■ Further applications
4 In each of the following, ABCD is a rhombus. Find the value of m, giving reasons.
a A B b A B c A B
54° 116°
m° m° m°
E E E
17°
D C D C D C
d D e A B f A B
A E m°
m° 128°
E
E m° F
G
61° 75°
B C D C D C
DE = DF F
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Example 1
EG In the diagram, QU || RV || ST and RV bisects ∠PRS. P
+S Prove that ∠PQU and ∠RST are supplementary angles.
Q U
R V
S T
Solution
Let ∠PQU = α P
• ∠PRV = ∠PQU (corresponding ∠s, QU || RV)
∴ ∠PRV = α
Q α U
• ∠VRS = ∠PRV (RV bisects ∠PRS)
∴ ∠VRS = α α
R V
α
• ∠VRS + ∠RST = 180° (co-interior ∠s, RV || ST)
180° – α
∴ α + ∠RST = 180° S T
∴ ∠RST = 180° − α
Now, ∠PQU + ∠RST
= α + 180° − α
= 180°
∴ ∠PQU and ∠RST are supplementary angles
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Example 2
EG In the diagram, AB || DE and BC || EF. B E
+S Prove that ∠ABC = ∠DEF.
G
A D C F
Solution
Let ∠ABC = α and ∠DEF = β B E
• ∠ABG + ∠BGD = 180° (co-interior ∠s, AB || DE) α β
∴ α + ∠BGD = 180° G
∴ ∠BGD = 180° − α 180° – α 180° – β
• ∠GEF + ∠EGC = 180° (co-interior ∠s, EF || GC)
∴ β + ∠EGC = 180° A D C F
∴ ∠EGC = 180° − β
• ∠BGD = ∠EGC (vertically opposite ∠s)
∴ 180° − α = 180° − β
∴α=β
∴ ∠ABC = ∠DEF
Exercise 4.4
2 • CB ⊥ AB C
• DB ⊥ BE E
D
a Prove that ∠ABD = ∠EBC.
b Prove that ∠ABE + ∠DBC = 180°.
A
B
S
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■ Consolidation
4 • AC is a straight line through B. E F
• DB bisects ∠ABE.
D
• FB bisects ∠EBC.
Prove that DB ⊥ BF. A C
B
5 T • WX || UY || ZV
• UY bisects ∠TUV
W X Prove that ∠TWX = ∠UVZ.
U Y
Z V
6 • BA || DE B A
• Prove that ∠BCD = ∠ABC + ∠CDE
C
D E
7 A B • AB || CD || EF.
β α Prove that α = β + γ.
E F
γ
C D
8 • CD || EF G
• GH || DJ
Prove that ∠CHG = ∠JIF C D
H
E F
I
J
■ Further applications
9 Q
• AB || CE
• PQ bisects ∠ABD
S • RS bisects ∠BDE
A B
Prove that PQ || RS.
P
C E
D
R
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B ABCD is a rhombus.
A
36° ∠DBE = 30°.
∠BAC = 36°.
°
30
D E C
Example 1 A B
EG In the diagram, AB = BC and
+S CD = DE. Prove that AB || DE.
Solution D E
Let ∠BAC = α A B
α
• ∠BCA = ∠BAC (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, AB = BC)
∴ ∠BCA = α
• ∠DCE = ∠BCA (vert. opp. ∠s) α
∴ ∠DCE = α C
α
• ∠CED = ∠DCE (base ∠s of an isosceles ∆, CD = DE)
∴ ∠CED = α α
D E
Now, ∠BAC = ∠CED (both equal to α)
∴ AB || DE (alternate ∠s are equal)
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Example 2 A
EG In the diagram, DA = DB = DC.
+S Prove that AB ⊥ BC.
D
B C
Solution
Let ∠DAB = α and ∠DCB = β. A
• ∠DBA = ∠DAB (base ∠s of isosceles ∆ABD, DA = DB) α
∴ ∠DBA = α
D
• ∠DBC = ∠DCB (base ∠s of isosceles ∆BCD, DB = DC)
∴ ∠DBC = β
α
• ∠DAB + ∠ABC + ∠DCB = 180° (∠ sum of ∆ABC is 180°) β β
B C
∴ α + (α + β) + β = 180°
2α + 2β = 180°
∴ α + β = 90°
∴ ∠ABC = 90°
∴ AB ⊥ BC.
Exercise 4.5
A C
2 In ∆ABC, AC is produced to D. B
Prove that ∠BCD = ∠BAC + ∠ABC.
[Hint: Construct CE parallel to AB.]
A D
C
3 In ∆ABC, ∠C = ∠A + ∠B. Prove that the triangle is right-angled.
A C
E
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D
A
5 In the diagram, AB || DE and AB = BC.
Prove that ∆CDE is isosceles. C
B
6 A E
D Q
E
A 30° C
D
■ Consolidation
X
9 In ∆XYZ, XY = XZ. The bisector of ∠X meets the
base YZ at W. Let ∠YXW = α and ∠XYW = β. α
a Explain why ∠XWZ = α + β.
b Show that ∠XWY = α + β.
c Hence, prove that XW ⊥ YZ. β
Y Z
W
10 A
In ∆ABC, AB ⊥ BC. D is a point on AC such that AD = DB.
D a Prove that ∆BCD is isosceles.
b Hence, prove that D is the midpoint of AC.
B C
A B
13 In the diagram, AB || CD, EB bisects ∠ABD
and FD bisects ∠BDC. EB and FD meet at G. F G
Prove that EB ⊥ FD.
E
C D
14 W
A
15 In ∆ABC, D is a point on AC such that BD bisects α D
∠ABC. E is a point on BD such that ∠BCE = ∠BAD. C
Let ∠BAC = α and ∠ABD = β. E
β
a Explain why ∠BDC = α + β.
b Hence, prove that CD = CE. B
■ Further applications
17 In the diagram, AB = AC and AB || EC. EB bisects A E
∠ABC and EC bisects ∠ACD. Prove that AC ⊥ BE.
[Hint: Let ∠ABF = α and ∠ACE = β.] F
α β
B D
C
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There are four standard tests that can be used to determine whether two triangles are congruent.
1 If the three sides of one triangle are equal to the three sides of another triangle,
then the two triangles are congruent (SSS).
2 If two sides and the included angle of one triangle are equal to two sides and the
included angle of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (SAS).
3 If two angles and one side of one triangle are equal to two angles and the
matching side of another triangle, then the two triangles are congruent (AAS).
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4 If the hypotenuse and a second side of one right-angled triangle are equal to the
hypotenuse and a second side of another right-angled triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent (RHS).
NOTE: 1 If the three angles of one triangle are equal to the three angles of another triangle,
then the triangles are not necessarily congruent. That is, AAA is not a test for
congruent triangles.
2 When naming congruent figures, the vertices must be given in matching order.
Thus, for the triangles below, we would write ∆ABC ≡ ∆XYZ.
B Y
A C X Z
The standard congruence proof for triangles has five steps.
NOTE: By convention, the sides or angles on the LHS of the proof should belong to one
triangle and the sides or angles on the RHS should belong to the other triangle.
Example 1 A B
EG • AE and BD bisect each other at C.
+S
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆EDC. C
b Hence, show that AB || DE.
Solutions D E
a In ∆ABC and ∆EDC b ∠ABC = ∠CDE (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
• AC = CE (BD bisects AE) ∴ AB || DE (alternate ∠s are equal).
• ∠ACB = ∠DCE (vert. opp. ∠s)
• BC = CD (AE bisects BD)
∴ ∆ABC ≡ ∆EDC (SAS)
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Example 2 Q
EG • QS ⊥ PR
+S • QS bisects ∠PQR.
a Prove that ∆PQS ≡ ∆RQS.
b Hence, show that ∆PQR is isosceles.
P S R
Solutions
a In ∆PQS and ∆RQS b PQ = QR (matching sides of congruent ∆s)
• ∠PQS = ∠RQS (QS bisects ∠PQR) ∴ ∆PQR is isosceles.
• ∠QSP = ∠QSR = 90° (QS ⊥ PR)
• QS is a common side
∴ ∆PQS ≡ ∆RQS (AAS)
Example 3
EG • O is the centre of the circle
+S
• OM ⊥ EF. O
a Prove that ∆OEM ≡ ∆OFM.
b Hence, show that OM bisects ∠EOF.
E M F
Solutions
a In ∆OEM and ∆OFM
• ∠OME = ∠OMF = 90° (OM ⊥ EF)
• OE = OF (equal radii)
• OM is a common side
∴ ∆OEM ≡ ∆OFM (RHS)
b ∠EOM = ∠FOM (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
∴ OM bisects ∠EOF.
Example 4 Y
EG • XY = YZ
+S
• YW bisects XZ.
a Prove that ∆YXW ≡ ∆YZW.
b Hence, show that YW ⊥ XZ.
X W Z
Solutions
a In ∆YXW and ∆YZW b ∠YWX = ∠YWZ (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
• XY = YZ (given) But, ∠YWX + ∠YWZ = 180°
• XW = WZ (YW bisects XZ) (adjacent ∠s on a straight line)
• YW is a common side ∴ ∠YWX = ∠YWZ = 90°
∴ ∆YXW ≡ ∆YZW (SSS) ∴ YW ⊥ XZ.
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Exercise 4.6
1 State the test that could be used to prove that each pair of triangles are congruent.
a 38°
b
11
74° 11
18 18
74° 5
38°
5
c d 8
12 8
17 21
14 17
14 21
12
2 State whether each pair of triangles are congruent. If they are congruent, state the test used.
a 19 b 10
50° 20
19 13 11
23 20
50°
23 13
c d
48° 62°
27 16 48°
22
62°
27
22
16
N 75°
60° 45°
4 a Q S b D E
F
R
G H
P T
Prove that ∆PQR ≡ ∆TSR. Prove that ∆DEF ≡ ∆HGF.
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c Y d M
X Z
L K N
W
Prove that ∆XYZ ≡ ∆XWZ. Prove that ∆MLK ≡ ∆MNK.
■ Consolidation
5 a D b
I J K
E O
A B
C
AB and CD bisect each other at E. O is the centre of the circle and OJ ⊥ IK.
Prove that AC = BD. Prove that OJ bisects ∠IOK.
c Y d C
D
W O
X Z B
∠WXY = ∠WZY and WY bisects ∠XYZ. O is the centre of the circle and AB = CD.
Prove that ∆XWZ is isosceles. Prove that ∠AOB = ∠COD.
e Q S f I
L J
P R T
K
PQ || RS, QR || ST and QR bisects PT. IJ || LK and LI || KJ.
Prove that PQ = RS. Prove that LJ bisects ∠IJK.
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g D h R S
C E Q T
F
CD = DE and DF ⊥ CE. RS = QT and RS || QT.
Prove that DF bisects CE. Prove that QR || TS.
i A j
X
B C M
O
D E Y
BC bisects AD, BC || DE and BC = DE. O is the centre of the circle and
Prove that AC || BE. OM bisects XY. Prove that OM ⊥ XY.
Q X Y R
7 A
In the isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC.
P and Q are the midpoints of AB and AC respectively.
P Q a Prove that PB = QC.
b Hence, prove that PC = BQ.
B C
8 In the isosceles triangle ABC, AB = AC. A
CL ⊥ AB and BM ⊥ AC.
a Prove that ∆BLC ≡ ∆CMB.
b Prove that ∆BLN ≡ ∆CMN. L M
c Hence show that LN = MN.
N
B C
10 ∆ABC is equilateral.
a Construct CD, the bisector of ∠C. Hence, prove that ∠A = ∠B.
b Construct AE, the bisector of ∠A. Hence, prove that ∠B = ∠C.
c Hence show that each angle in an equilateral triangle is 60°.
■ Further applications
11 ABC is a triangle with AB = AC. P is a point inside the triangle so that ∠PBC = ∠PCB.
Prove that PA bisects ∠BAC.
12 In a triangle LMN the sides LM and LN are equal and greater than MN. P is any point on
MN. On ML cut off MQ = NP, and on NL cut off NS = MP. Prove that ∠PQS = ∠PSQ.
J G
K F
Example 1 A B
EG ABCD is a rhombus.
+S
a Prove that ∆ABE ≡ ∆CBE.
E
b Hence, show that the diagonals
of a rhombus are perpendicular.
D C
Solutions
a In ∆ABE and ∆CBE
• AB = BC (sides of a rhombus are equal)
• ∠ABE = ∠CBE (diagonals of a rhombus bisect the angles at the vertices)
• BE is a common side
∴ ∆ABE ≡ ∆CBE (SAS)
b ∠AEB = ∠CEB (matching ∠s of congruent ∆s)
But, ∠AEB + ∠CEB = 180° (adj. ∠s on a st. line)
∴ ∠AEB = ∠CEB = 90°
∴ the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.
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Exercise 4.7
D C
2 ABCD is a parallelogram. A B
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA.
b Hence show that AB = DC and AD = BC.
c Show that ∠ABC = ∠ADC.
d What property of a parallelogram have you proven? D C
D C
6 ABCD is a rectangle. B C
a Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆DCB.
b Hence show that AC = BD.
c What property of a rectangle have you proven?
A D
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7 The proofs in this question verify the four standard tests for a parallelogram.
A B a ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the opposite
α β angles are equal. Let ∠A = ∠C = α and
∠B = ∠D = β.
i Find the value of α + β.
β α ii Hence show that AB || DC and AD || BC.
D C
b ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the opposite B C
sides are equal.
i Prove that ∆ABC ≡ ∆CDA.
ii Hence show that AB || DC and BC || AD.
A D
D C
d ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals A B
AC and BD bisect each other at P.
i Prove that ∆APB ≡ ∆CPD.
ii Hence show that AB = DC and AB || DC. P
D C
8 A B ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals bisect each
other at right angles at P.
a Prove that ∆ABP ≡ ∆CBP.
b Hence prove that AB = BC.
P
c Explain why ABCD is a rhombus.
D C
9 ABCD is a quadrilateral in which all angles are equal. A B
α α
Prove that ABCD is a rectangle.
α α
D C
10 A B ABCD is a quadrilateral in which the diagonals are equal
α β and bisect each other. Let ∠DAP = α and ∠PAB = β.
a Show that ∠ADP = α and ∠ABP = β.
P b Find the value of α + β. Hence prove that
∠DAB = 90°.
D C c Explain why ABCD is a rectangle.
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D C
■ Further applications
13 ABCD is a parallelogram. BD is produced to E A F
and DB is produced to F such that DE = BF. B
a Show that ∠FBC = ∠ADE.
b Prove that ∆FBC ≡ ∆EDA.
c Hence prove that AFCE is a parallelogram. D
E C
a2 a c
b
b2
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PROOF: Q
Data: ∆ABC is right-angled at A, and squares are drawn
on all sides.
P
Aim: To prove that the square on side BC = sum of the R
squares on the other 2 sides. A
Construction: Join PC, AU and AVW as shown.
S
Proof: In ∆ABU and ∆PBC,
AB = PB (sides of a square are equal) B V C
BU = BC (sides of a square are equal)
∠ABU = ∠PBC (right ∠ + common ∠ABC)
∴ ∆ABU ≡ ∆PBC (SAS)
Now ∠BAC = ∠BAQ (= 90°)
∴ QAC is a straight line U W T
1
∆ABU = --- rectangle BVWU (same base and height)
2
1
∆PBC = --- square PQAB (same base and height)
2
∴ rectangle BVWU = square PQAB (double equal triangles)
Similarly, rectangle VCTW = square ARSC
∴ square on BC = sum of squares on AB and AC
PROOF: P A
Data: ∆ABC such that AB2 = AC2 + BC2.
Aim: To prove that ∠ACB is a right angle.
Construction: Assume ∠ACB is 90° and draw PC = AC
so that ∠PCB = 90°.
Proof: PC2 + CB2 =PB2 (Pythagorean theorem) C B
∴ AC2 + CB2 = PB2 (since PC = AC)
But AC2 + CB2 = AB2 (given)
∴ AB2 = PB2
∴ AB = PB
Also, BC is common
and AC = PC (by construction)
∴ ∆ACB ≡ ∆PCB (SSS)
∴ ∠ACB = ∠PCB
∴ ∠ACB = 90°
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 154 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
Example 1
EG Find the value of x in each triangle, correct to 1 decimal place.
+S a b 4 cm
x cm
6 cm x cm
11 cm
9 cm
Solutions
a By Pythagoras’ theorem, b By Pythagoras’ theorem,
x2 = 6 2 + 9 2 x2 + 42 = 112
x2 = 117 x2 + 16 = 121
∴ x = 117 x2 = 105
= 10.8 (correct to 1 decimal place) ∴ x = 105
= 10.2 (correct to 1 decimal place)
Example 2
EG Show that a triangle with sides 35 cm, 84 cm, 91 cm is right-angled.
+S
Solution
352 + 842 = 1225 + 7056
= 8281
= 912
∴ the triangle is right-angled (converse of Pythagoras’ theorem).
Exercise 4.8
1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each triangle. Answer in simplest surd form, where
necessary.
a b 7 c t
x
15 24 2 4
a
36
d e f 6
u 2
17
8 e 9
6
2 Which of the following could be the sides of a right-angled triangle? All lengths are in mm.
a 4, 5, 6 b 9, 12, 15 c 7, 10, 13 d 20, 21, 29
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A 16 cm D 9 cm C
4 An isosceles triangle has a base of 70 cm and congruent sides of 37 cm. Find the altitude
of the triangle.
B C D
16 cm
Q T
60 cm R
17
x
7
8 In a right-angled triangle, the hypotenuse is 8 cm longer than the shortest side and 1 cm
longer than the third side. Find the length of the sides.
9 P
Q a R
P
R y Q
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 156 Thursday, October 13, 2005 4:17 PM
A D
13 Prove that each set of expressions is a Pythagorean triad.
a 2x, x2 − 1, x2 + 1 b 2xy, x2 − y2, x2 + y2
AD CD
14 In ∆ABC, CD is an altitude and -------- = -------- . C
CD DB
Let AD = x and DB = y.
a Show that CD = xy .
b Find expressions for AC2 and BC2. y
A x D B
c Hence, show that ∆ABC is right-angled.
B
15 In ∆ABC, D is a point on AC such that BD ⊥ AC.
a Find an expression for AB2 in ∆ABD.
b Find an expression for CD2 in ∆BCD.
c Hence, show that AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD2.
A D C
16 L In the quadrilateral KLMN, the diagonals KM and LN meet at P.
a Show that KL 2 − KN 2 = PL 2 − PN 2.
K b Show that LM 2 − MN 2 = PL 2 − PN 2.
c Hence show that KL 2 + MN 2 = KN 2 + LM 2.
P
d What geometric property of quadrilaterals have you proven?
N
M
■ Further applications
17 In ∆ABC, AC ⊥ BC. P is any point on AC and A
Q is any point on BC.
a Prove that AQ 2 + BP 2 = AB 2 + PQ 2. P
b If P and Q are the midpoints of AC and BC
respectively, prove that AQ 2 + BP 2 = 5PQ 2.
[Hint: Let AC = 2x and BC = 2y.] C Q B
S R P
P C N
0FF OCUS ON
O R K I N M I CAAL LL LYY
O C U S O N W 0 R K I N G M AATTHHEEMMAATTI C
GW
ICALLY
AN EXPLORATION OF AN EQUILATERAL TRIANGLE
MATHEMAT
WORKING
Introduction
ON
In this chapter you have been developing your skills in deductive reasoning. In working
mathematically our aim is to fine tune these skills, by giving you an opportunity to make, refine
FOCUS
and test your conjectures. You will also have the opportunity to make a generalisation from
some specific cases and to prove a result.
In these activities dynamic geometry software such as Cabri or Geometer’s Sketchpad are
highly recommended. However if they are not available, geometrical instruments can be used.
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 158 Thursday, October 13, 2005 4:17 PM
B C
2L EARNING ACTIVITIES
%C HALLENGE ACTIVITIES
ICALLY
∆DEF a 2 – 3x ( a – x )
---------------- = ---------------------------------
-
∆ABC a2
a
e Confirm that the value of the ratio when x = --- is 1--4- .
2
a
f Confirm that the value of the ratio when x = --- is 1--3- .
MATHEMAT
3
a
g Calculate the value when x = --- and compare with your conjecture in question 7 above.
4
3 Were you surprised about the result? Disappointed it was not so simple? Given that x is a
fraction of a, will the ratio always be an exact rational number? Why?
E L ET’S COMMUNICATE
WORKING
Discuss in class what you have learned from this activity about using special cases to help
clarify a general rule.
%R EFLECTING
ON
Think over the power of algebra to generalise when we are tackling problems in geometry.
FOCUS
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 160 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
1 In a short sentence explain justify verb (justified, justifying) to show (an action,
a Equilateral triangles argument, etc.) to be right or reasonable: She can
b Congruent triangles justify her decision to leave.
c A conjecture How does the meaning of justify as given here
d Deductive reasoning “to show to be right or reasonable” differ
e The specific as opposed to the general from the mathematical use of the word?
case.
2 The Macquarie Learners’ Dictionary
defines the word justify as follows:
115° 63°
X Y
C D e C
x° F F
67° G
E e° 86°
A E
b B D 137°
F H
84° G H
137° f
63° M
E
p° J s°
D
L
c R 10°
I N
K
a° T g U
S T V
52°
VIEW
W
17°
51° S Z
U V 25°
W m°
ST bisects RSV X Y
CHAPTER REVIEW
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 161 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
VIEW
h I 5 Find the angle sum and interior angles of
a regular:
a hexagon b decagon
112° B C D c pentagon d nonagon
A 47°
e octagon f dodecagon
b° E 6 Find the exterior angles of a regular:
J G a pentagon b octagon
CHAPTER RE
85° c hexagon
H F 7 How many sides are there in a regular
2 a Show that B polygon whose:
C
AB ⊥ BC. 67° a exterior angles measure 36°?
b interior angles measure 165°?
23°
c angle sum is 2880°?
A D 8 Can a regular polygon have interior
angles of 124°? Explain.
b Show that S
9 a A C
P, Q, R are E
collinear
points. 125° 55° R • AB || CD || EF
G
P Q • ∠ABG = ∠DEF
B Prove that CD
3 a Is KL || MN? I D F bisects ∠GDE.
Explain. K L
105° b T
Q
P U
J N
M 110°
R
S
b Is WX || YZ? Y • PQ || RS
W
Explain. 72° 108° • TS ⊥ RS
• QS ⊥ SU
Prove that ∠PQS and ∠TSU are
Z supplementary.
X c I
J
c Is ST || UV? V H
U
Explain. 120°
N
M
120°
S T K L
• IJ || KL || MN
4 How many sides has: • HM ⊥ MN
a a heptagon? b an undecagon? • IM bisects ∠KIJ
Prove that ∠IKL = 2∠IMH.
CHAPTER REVIEW
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 162 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
d P b P
S
Q S
Q R
R
• PQ ⊥ QR
• PS = SQ • PQ || SR
Prove that ∆QRS is isosceles. • PS = QR
e • PQ ⊥ QS
B
A i Prove that ∆PQS ≡ ∆RSQ.
F E ii Hence show that PQRS is a
parallelogram.
G c
C D W X
• BG ⊥ FD
• BG bisects ∠ABD
• FD bisects ∠BDC
VIEW
CHAPTER REVIEW
Mathscape 10 ext. - Ch04 Page 163 Friday, September 23, 2005 7:25 AM
VIEW
11 P a Explain why STUV is a
Q
parallelogram.
b Prove that ∆SVW ≡ ∆STW.
T c Hence show that STUV is a rhombus.
S R 15 A
PQRS is a parallelogram.
a Prove that ∆PQT ≡ ∆RST.
CHAPTER RE
R S
b Hence show that the diagonals bisect T
each other.
B C
12 K L
• AB = AC
• R and S are midpoints of AB and AC
respectively.
N M a Show that BR = CS.
KLMN is a rectangle. b Prove that ∆RBC ≡ ∆SCB.
a Prove that ∆KNM ≡ ∆LMN. c Hence show that CR = BS.
b Hence show that the diagonals of a d If TR = TS, show that ∆BTC is
rectangle are equal. isosceles.
13 W
16 D A
X
α
A
β C B
Z Y • AB ⊥ BC, DC ⊥ CA
WXYZ is a rhombus. Let ∠AXY = α and • BC = CD = 2AB
∠AYX = β. Prove that AD = 3AB.
a Prove that ZX bisects ∠WXY, without 17 L
the use of congruent triangles.
b Prove that XZ bisects WY at right
angles, without the use of congruent
triangles.
M N
14 a P b
S T • LP ⊥ MN
MP LP
• --------- = --------
W LP PN
a Show that LP = ab .
V U b Find expressions for LM 2 and LN 2.
STUV is a quadrilateral in which the c Hence show that ∆LMN is
diagonals bisect each other at right right-angled.
angles.
CHAPTER REVIEW