Development Phase Introduction To Hydrocarbon Exploitation

INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION
Development Phase
Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation

Work over & Well Intervention
©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved
Workovers
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e “…any work performed after the initial
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completion that alters the well performance or
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©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Development Phase
Well Servicing & Workovers
 Potential Well Problems

 Well Servicing and Workover Techniques
 Intervention Techniques
– Wireline
– Coiled Tubing
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e – Hydraulic Snubbing Units
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o – Surface Well Intervention Technique
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Well Servicing & Workovers
 During the conceptual design stage it is important to

identify any potential reasons for workovers and the
applicable techniques.
 When reviewing the impact of well problems and

Workover techniques on the initial completion design, it
is important to recognise the risk associated with that
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o  Optimising the completio n design around potential well
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& problems and Workover techniques is, like many other
n issues, a question of balancing risk against likely
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Development Phase
Types of Operations
 Measurements
 Maintenances
 Workover
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Types of Operations
 Measurements
– May involve the status of equipment
– Quality of pay zones-borehole connections
– Status of reservoir and well equipments etc.
s  Maintenances
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v – Simple operations that can be done on a well during
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e – Heavier operations that might require the well to be
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ll – Sometimes carried out with the well under pressure
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Development Phase
Measurement Operations
 At the Wellhead
– Pressure and temperat ures, variation would mean
modification in production conditions.
– Pressures or loss in pressur es in the annulus to check
integrity of packers, casing and production strings.
– In artificial lift operatio ns to monitor stress on rods,
pumps or gas lift valves.
rs – Safety valve testing etc.
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o  At the Tubing
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& – Calibrations and checks
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t – Corrosion or deposit prob lems etc.
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te  At the Bottom hole
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ll – Checking top of sediments
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W – Production logs –density, flow rate or temperature
Maintenance Operations
 At the Wellhead
– Routine operations such as adjusting flow rates
– Opening and shutting in well.
– Replacing faulty parts downstream
– Periodic verification of safety valves etc
s  At the Tubing
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v – Operations connected with problems of deposits,
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foaming agents etc.
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n – Operations for exchange of equipments downhole etc.
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Development Phase
Workover Operations
 At the Wellhead
– Leaks in lower master valves, tubing hanger.
– Problems with SSSV control lines etc
– Damaged back pressure valves and other wellhead components.
 At the Tubing
– Casing or tubing problems/leaks
– Collapsed, burst or broken pipe
– Tubing partially or totally plugged.
rs At the Bottom hole
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o – Leaks in equipments that has seals such as packe rs, locators, slip
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o joints etc.
W – Gas lift valves, fish, broken rod, pumping problems
& – Miscellaneous faulty downhole equipment such as sensors, control
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e  Modification in production conditions
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Potential Well Problems
Low Reservoir Pressure:
 The reduction in reservoir pres sure and hence flowr ates

is particularly acute in dissolved gas drive reservoirs. In
gas cap and water drive reservoirs, pressure
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maintenance techniques can often offset the reduction in
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e pressure due to depletion.
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Development Phase
Poor Permeability:
Fields with low reservoir permea bility suffer a rapid

decline once the fluids near the wellbore are produced.
 Matrix acidising is only effective in this situa tion if
formation damage is also present.
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o  How to solve it:
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o – The most effective method of improving productivity
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& in these types of reservoir is to utilise a large
n hydraulic fracture treatment.
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Wellbore Restrictions:
 Typical causes of restriction s include scale, sand, paraf fin

and asphalt etc. Many of these problems may not be
apparent during early field life but can become a
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significant problem as the field matures.
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– A number of techniques, both mechanical and
n chemical, exist to remove the restriction.
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n – However, these workover techniques are remedial
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Development Phase

Control of Water Production:
 Excessive water production can lead to a number of

production problems including
– loss of production and eventual well death
– expensive treatment and disposal costs,
– corrosion and scaling.
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 Recovery from water drive res ervoirs
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I – Squeeze cementing
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e – plugging back and re-compl etion
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 Fingering
– Water migrating along a high
permeability streak.
 Water Conning
– water is drawn up from the
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ti – Reduce off take from wells
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Development Phase

Control of Gas Production:
 Excessive gas production from a well can result from solution gas in the
oil evolving as the pressure declines, or as a result of gas encroachment
from the gas cap.
 With pressure decline in saturated oil reservoirs, the gas evolved across
the reservoir may migrate to the gas cap.
 However, the gas evolv ed near the well bore as the oil is produced causes
rs an increase in gas saturation and allows the gas to be produced with the
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n – High gas/oil ratios (GORs) in this case are a function of the res ervoir
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r drive mechanism and cannot usually be remedied by a workover.
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– An increase in GOR can also occur from a lowering of the gas cap
e into the producing zone and through channels in the cement or
W casing leaks. This increase in GOR can be temporarily remedied by
squeeze cementing and lowering the perforated interval.

Mechanical Failures:
 Mechanical failures of tubing, casing and downhole

equipment often require a workover to rectify the
problem.
 Typical problems would include
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o – tubing failures, packer failures and downhole
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& safety valve failures.
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rv  How to solve it:
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nI – Replacement of downhole components by work over
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– Expandable tubular

Development Phase
Primary Cement Failures:

A poor primary cement job which leav es channels behind
the casing can lead to the influx of unwanted fluids and
in certain instances casing collapse.
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o – Squeeze cementing
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& – Scab liners
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Sand Production:
 Failure of reservoir formations and subsequent sand
production from wellbore can cause
 Erosion of tubular and components
 Productivity impairment
 Clogging of separators
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e  How to solve it:
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– reservoir pressure maintenance

Development Phase
Well Servicing & Workover Techniques
 The most commonly utilis ed workover

techniques include:
– Wireline operations;
slickline, braided line and electric line.
– Coiled tubing operations.
– Hydraulic workover operations.
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– Remedial cementing.
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– Full rig workovers.
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Wireline Operations
s Technique used to operate in a producing and

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injecting well by means of a steel cable, to
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enter, run. set and retrieve measurement tools
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& and instruments needed for production.
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Development Phase
Wireline Operations
 Advantages
– Work can be done inside tubing without killing
the well.
– Operations performed quickly due to lightweight
and mobile units.
rs – Pay zone not damaged during operation
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o – Relatively easy to handle, saving money and
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– Highly skilled personal required to operate.
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– Can work in tension and moderate loads, no
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Wireline Operations
 Classification
– Checking and cleaning tubing or bottom hole
(checking corrosion, clogging, top of sediment
etc.
– Carrying out measurements (BHT and Pressure,
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e locating surfaces, production logging etc)
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o – Running & retrieving operations (setting and
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Development Phase
Wireline Operations
 Slickline.
– This is a solid single strand of wire, the commonest
size being 0.108in
 Braided line.
– This wireline consists of stranded wire resulting in a
higher load capacity than slickline. Commonly used
rs sizes are 3/16 and 5/16in
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v – commonly used in fishing operations where slickline
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n – This consists of stranded wire and a conductor
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surface.
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Wireline Operations
 The main functions of slickline are as follows:

– Installation and retrieval of flow control equipment.
– Running of pressure, temperature and flow monitoring
devices.
– Cleaning the tubing.
s – Bailing fill.
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& including trailers, trucks, boats and barges. Units used on
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Development Phase
Wireline Equipment
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Wireline Equipment
 The minimum surface equipment required to perform

wireline operations is:
– Wireline winch unit.
– Measuring device.
– Weight indicator.
– Hay pulley and wireline clamp.
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v – Lubricator.
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& – Wireline.
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Development Phase
Wireline Equipment
 Winch and Motor
– Steel drum that holds length of wire
– Driven by a diesel or gasoline engi ne or sometimes electrically
operated.
– Engines rated outp ut depends on working depth .
– Winches are either single or double drum. One spool wi th slickline and
other with braided line used for considerable tension strength.
– The most comm on wireline winch unit is skid mounted and has a
rs double drum, one with 20 000 ft of 0.108in wire and the second with
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Source :United drilling
Wireline Equipment
 Cable
– Steel wire drawn in one piece without any welding or
brazing in accordance with API SPEC 9 A.
– Common diameters are 0.066”,0.072”,0.082”,0.092”
and 0.105”.
– Three types of wires are used
 Ordinary steel
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 Stainless steel with good H 2S resistance.
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n location of his tool relative to some datum, usually the
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string into the stuffing box when pulling out of the
hole.

Development Phase
Wireline Equipment
 The weight indicator

– displays the total loa d or line tensio n and is
critical to jarring operations to avoid
breaking the wire.

– Types
 Hydraulic
 electric
– The device will also indic ate
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 The hay pulley
r – guides the wire down from the lubrica tor
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via the load cell for the weight indicator.
Wireline Equipment
 Lubricator
– Placed on top of the x-mas tree to allow tools to
be run into pressurized well.
– Serves as intermediary between surface and
well. Lower part has quick union on end.
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– Widespread diameters are 2” to 4”and series
& from 3000 to 10,000 psi.
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ti – At the base there is a ½” bleed off valve, used
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Development Phase
Wireline Equipment
 The wireline clamp is used

to secure the wire when
required e.g. when removing
the lubricator.
 The stuffing box provides
the pressure seal on the wire
and consists of a packing gland
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o – In the event that the wire
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& breaks and is forced out of
n the packing, there is a an
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internal BOP plunger that is
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Wireline Equipment
 BOP or wireline valve
– Located between lubricator and top of well head.
– provides a means of well control in emer gency situations. BOPs
can either be single or double.
– The BOP can isol ate pressure with or without wire in the well . The
BOP rams have resilient seals which can close and seal around a
wire, without damaging or cutting the wire.
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v operations.
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Development Phase
Wireline Tool String
 All equipment placed above

specialized tools and run in hole
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along
It with them.
is connected to the wire by
special socket.
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& – Threaded on its lower end and
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connected to the wire by a knot
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e – Spring placed in machine cavity
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Wireline Tool String
 Knuckle Joint
– Provides flexibility to the tool strin g in deviated
holes etc.
– Prevents wire from twisting around due to tool
string dragging against wall
 Jars
– Makes it possible to hammer with stems at end
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e of stroke
– Use to shear pin.and fishing operations.
for maintenance
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Knuckle
despite wellhead pressure and friction. Mechanical Jar
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n – Aids in the jarring of tools.
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Development Phase
Wireline Tools
 Wireline tools fall into 4 categories-
– Checking and maintenance tools
– Running and pulling tools

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Wireline Tools
Checking and maintenance tools
– Tools screwed directly on the bottom of
wireline tool string.
– Checking and cleaning inside of tub ing &
bottom of well
 Swaging tools
– Straighten tubing walls that have bee n
s slightly deformed allowing free passage of
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o  Gage Cutters
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& way is clear.
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o – Allows some deposits to be cleared.
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Development Phase
Wireline Tools
 Sand Bailers
– Used to take sediment fill
at the bottom of the well
or even clean the bottom
– Equipped with a check
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valve
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– Used to clean the inside
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Wireline Tools
Running and Pulling tools
– Specialized tools for pulling and retrievin g downhole tools.
– Downhole tools are attached to the tool string by mean s of the
standard landing and fishing heads located in the upper part
of each tool
 Running tools
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e – Run and set downhole tools in well.
v – Holding on to them by retain er pins and gripp ing dogs
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o – Allow downhole tools to be landed an d locked, then to free
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 Combination tools

Development Phase
Wireline Tools
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Source: D PERRIN
Wireline Tools
Other Tools
 Locking Mandrel
– Carry tools screwed on under them.
– Landed and locked into landin g nipples integr ated in the
tubing or sometimes directly on tubing walls.
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Equalizing subs
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o – Inserted between mandrel and plug and allows pressu re
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o differential to be equalized across assembly before it is
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 Kick over tools for installing side pocket mandrels in gas
rv lift operations
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Development Phase
Wireline Tools
Fishing Tools
 Wireline cutters
– Designed to cut the wire flush with rope
socket when string is stuck.
 Wireline finders
– To find upper end of a broken wireline and
tamp it down to make it into a nest.
– Bell shaped and very close to tubing
rs diameters
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o – Consist of 2 or 3 branc hes with teeth and
W diameter corresponding to inside tubing.
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n  Impression blocks
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t Impression Overshot
n – Identify shape and condition of the head Wireline
block
e of fish grab
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– Bell shaped and filled with lead
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e – Allows broken equipment to be fished.
W – Bowl equipped with a grapple (basket)
that latches onto head of fish.
Electric Line
 The primary use is

– Cased-hole Formatio n Evaluation
– Production Logging.
– Perforating, setting bridge plugs and packers etc.
 Production logging is the term used for any survey
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which is run to evaluate the nature and behaviour of
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e fluids in the well during production or injection.
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– Determining reservoir character istics.
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Development Phase
Coiled Tubing Units (CTU)
 It consists of continuous pipe with a diame ter of ¾” to 1

½” or even more, coiled up on a spool.
 Can be run in and pulle d out of a pressur ized well
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Coiled Tubing Equipment
 Injector head
– Uses friction drive system actuate d hydraulically.
– Directs tubing into the well and supp orts it
– Equipped with goosen eck (guide), straightener ,
depthometer and weight sensor.
 Reel
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e – Diameter
v hydraulic of about 8ft can contain s the tubing and driven by
motor.
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r – Tubing up on the reel is connec ted by reel swivel to the
o rotation axis allowing pumping to continue
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make up coils up to 20,000ft long.
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Development Phase
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 Safety Assembly
– Stripper with sealing
elements and stack of
safety rams.
– Stripper located above BOP,
sealing element actuated
s hydraulically at a pressure
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e that depends on wellhead
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W – BOP Stack consists of
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n  Pipe Rams-close and seal on
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nI  Shear rams-cut the tubing
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over cut tubing

Development Phase
 Surface equipment
– Power pack consisting of diesel engine driving
hydraulic pump required for all equipment.
– Control cab with control unit, gages and warning
lights needed to operate and monitor.
rs – Hydraulic crane or mast to retrieve safety
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o assembly and injector head.
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Standard Coiled Tubing Operations

 Coiled tubing units are routinely use d for the following
operations:
– Nitrogen lifting.
– Sand lifting.
– Cleaning out the wellbore utilising a downhole motor.
– Circulating fluids.
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– Drill stem testing (DST).
r
e – Sand control.
v
o
k
r – Corrosion inhibitor placement.
o
W – Spotting acid, Spotting cement.
&
n – Coiled tubing conveyed electric line services.
o
ti – Inflatable bridge plugs.
n
e
rv – Fishing operations.
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Nitrogen Lifting
 Pumping nitrogen down coiled tubing to reduc e the

hydrostatic head of the well fluids is utilised in a number
of well operations.
 Lifting unstable wells and circula ting out completio n
fluids following a workover are common applications.
 The injection rate required to bring on the well is a
rs function of the pipe size, depth, fluid characteristics and
e
v
o reservoir performance.
r k
o  Coiled tubing can also be used to provide the requir ed
W
& underbalance prior to perforating.
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Sand Lifting
 Coiled tubing can be used to clea n out sand fill

from sumps that has occurred during
production or as a result of hydraulic fracturing
operations.
 Coiled tubing’s ability to maintain circulation
s
r
e while running in or pulling out of hole make it
v
o
k
ideally suited for this application. If possible
r
o
W
sand lifting should be performed with the well
n
& flowing.
o
ti
n
e
 This may alleviate the need for injectin g gel,
rv although cross linked polymer is usually
e
t
nI
ll
injected.
e
W

Development Phase
Cleaning Out with DH Motors
 This technique is utilised when the deposit s in

the well are compacted or cemented and is
particularly useful in the removal of insoluble
scale deposits.
 A downhole motor is used to drill out the
rs deposit which is then washed to the surface.
e
v
o
r k  The downhole motor operates on the Moineau
o
W principle which utilises fluid being forced
&
n through a progressive cavity to supply the
io
t
n
e
rotational power.
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Clean Out
s
r
e
v
o
k
r
o
W
&
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Circulating Fluids
 Coiled tubing obviously provid es a convenient

and economic means of circulating fluids and is
used for such varied purposes as circulating kill
fluid, washing drilling mud, and removing
paraffin and salt using hot oil or water.
rs
e
v
o
r k
o
W
&
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Drill Stem Testing
 Coiled tubing is often used as a means of artificial lift to

assist wells which will not flow naturally during DSTs.
 Two methods are used, downho le jet pumping and
nitrogen gas lift.
– The jet pumping method utilises the coiled tubing to
both locate the jet pump module in a landing nipple
s
r
e and subsequently convey the power fluid. The power
v fluid is usually water, although a combination of water
o
k
r and nitrogen can be used for low GOR crudes. Heavy
o
W crude oils may also benefit from applying heat to the
& power fluid.
n
o
ti – The jet pumping techniqu e is most appropriate for
n
e crudes with an API gravity of 12 or less.
rv
e
t – Nitrogen gas lifting is more suitable for the higher API
nI
ll crudes.
e
W

Development Phase
Sand Control
 Limitations on pump press ure and rates limit this

application to shallow wells less than 6000 ft.

Both resin coated sand and water activa ted plastic can be
pumped with coiled tubing.
 To place water activated plastic:
– CT is run in the hole to the interval to be treated, and
rs
e the well fluids are circulated out to diesel. With the
v
o
k wellbore free of water, the plastic is pumped through
r
o the coiled tubing with the annulus shut off.
W
& – After the plastic is squeezed into the formation, the
n
io
t
coiled tubing is shut in for 12 to 24 hours with
n sufficient wellhead pressure to prevent backflow of
e
v
r the plastic from the formation.
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Corrosion Inhibitor Placement
 Coiled tubing has been used in conjunction with

an inhibitor valve to atomise corrosion inhibitor
and coat the tubular on low rate gas wells with
potential carbon dioxide corrosion.
 However, in many cases the use of inhibito r to
s
r
e prevent corrosion has not proven to be cost-
v
o
k
effective.
r
o
W
&
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Stimulation
 Coiled tubing is ideally suited for the selec tive placement

(spotting) of acid and can be used in a number of
applications, including opening perforations and
dissolving acid soluble scale deposits.
 Using coiled tubing in this man ner avoids having to
bullhead the well. Coiled tubing allows acid to be
circulated across the perforations and take the returns
rs back up the tubing.
e
v
o  In this way smaller amounts of acid can be used at lower
r k
o pressures and the contact time with the production
W tubing is reduced.
&
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
CT Conveyed Electric Line Services
 Coiled tubing provides a conveni ent means of

obtaining the functionality of electric line in
highly deviated and horizontal wells.
 The system can be adopted in both cased and
open hole. Coiled tubing has certain
s
r
e advantages over other systems in that no
v
o
k
downhole wet connections are required and the
r
o
W
tools are less prone to damage.
&
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Inflatable Bridge Plugs
 Inflatable bridge plugs can be run through on coile d

tubing, set in production liner and subsequently
retrieved.
 The bridge plugs , manufactured by Lynes and Baker Oil
Tools, consist of an inflatable element that is set by
pumping down the tubing and a hydraulic disconnect
rs which is activated by dropping a ball down the tubing
e
v and pressuring up.
o
r k
o  The tool has the adva ntage of being able to pass thr ough
W restrictions in the tubing and set in relatively large
&
n diameters.
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Fishing Operations
 Coiled tubing fishing techniqu es are proven

successful, especially in the recovery of fish
buried under sand, cement or scale.
 Fishing with coiled tubing allows fill to be
cleaned out and the fish washed over and
s
latched during the same operation.
r
e
v
o
 Application of this technology has potential in
k
r remote or offshore locations where rig
o
W availability is a problem or in cases where the
&
n CTU is already available on site.
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Remedial Cementing
 Remedial cementing uses various techniqu es to

place small volumes in specific targets. The
type of operations fall into two categories:
– Cement squeezes, where cement is squeezed
under pressure to seal perforations or defects in
rs
the primary cement sheath.
e
v
o – Cement plugs, which are set to isolate part or all
r k
o of the wellbore.
W
&
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Remedial Cementing
 Remedial cementing is usually performed

during the production phase to control the
fluids entering the wellbore, or to restore
pressure integrity.
 Common applications include:
s – Recompletion or perforation squeeze.
r
e
v
o
– Repairing of channels.
k
r – Repair of casing leaks.
o
W
&
– Supplementing top of cement.
n – Plug and abandonment.
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Rig Workovers
 Conventional rig workovers are usually

employed to perform the following:
– Retrieving and running completion strings.
– Repairing or modifying the permanent downhole
equipment e.g running scab liners etc.
rs – Changing the completion interval.
e
v
o
r k
o
W
&
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
Concentric Workovers
 Concentric workovers involve the use of a

smaller diameter workstring which is run inside
the permanent completion.
 Concentric workover methods include coiled
tubing, HWUs and small workover rigs.
s
r
e 
Coiled tubing and HWUs have the advant age of
v
o
k
r
being able to be run in the well without killing
o
W the well.
&
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
Hydraulic Workover Units (HWU)
 A hydraulic workover or snubbing opera tes on

the principle that pipe can be inserted or
withdrawn from a well under pressure.
 The process utilises jointed tubing or drill pipe

rs with a hydraulic snubbing unit to run the tubing
e
v
o
r k string without killing the well, and allows small
o
W diameter tubing to be run through the
&
n completion.
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
(HWU)
 The unit has to perform

three basic functions:
– Feed the pipe into and
out of the well in a
controlled manner
s against wellhead
r
e pressure.
v
o
k
r – Provide a seal which
o maintains integrity while
W
& at the same time
n allowing the pipe to be
o
ti
n inserted or removed
e
rv from the well.
e
t
nI – Provide a means of
ll
e plugging the inside of the
W
pipe.

Development Phase
 Hydraulic workover units have seve ral advantages over

conventional workover rigs and greater capability than
coiled tubing:
– The workover operation can be performed under
pressure and in certain cases with the well still
flowing. This eliminates the risk of formation damage
rs in sensitive formations resulting from killing the well
e
v
o
prior to a conventional workover.
r k – Mobilisation and demobilisation are shorter reducing
o
W the overall time a well is off production.
&
n – The hydraulic workover unit is flexible, with a lifting
io
t capacity up to 340 000 lbs, allowing it to handle
n
e relatively large tools. The ability to rotate the pipe
v
r
te enables light drilling and milling work to be
n
I
ll
performed.
e
W
 The primary use for HWU was for emergen cy and non-
routine well interventions.
 This use has to so me extent tarnis hed the reputation of
HWU, in that most of the experience has been gained
under difficult or emergency situations.
 Indeed, in many cases HWU wa s the only appropria te
s
r
e technique to control the well. However, for some of the
v reasons outlined above, the HWU is now becoming the
o
k
r
o preferred well servicing technique for certain situations.
W
&
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase
 Current applications include:

– Fishing or milling in casing.
– Cleaning
casing. out cemented solids in the tubing, liner or
– Drilling out bridge plugs.
– Washing out frac materials.
rs – Pressure control/well killing.
e
v
o – Circulating out heavy fluids.
r k
o – Acidising and washing.
W
& – Running macaroni tubing to pump nitrogen in wells
n where depth and pressure preclude the use of coiled
io
t
n
e
tubing.
v
r – Running completions under pressure.
te
n
I
ll
– Sand consolidation.
e
W – Squeeze cementing or plugging back.
Hydraulic Snubbing Unit
 Hydraulic snubbing units are made up from modula r

units which can be easily transported and rigged up.
 When locating the unit, ca re should be taken to ensu re
that the structure or wellhead can support the weight of
the unit together with any forces generated during the
snubbing operation. A hydraulic workover unit (HWU)
s
r
e consists of the following components
v – The hydraulic jack assembly, guide tube, window,
o
k
r travelling and stationary slips, rotary table and power
o
W tongs.
&
n – The work basket and control panel.
o
ti – Hydraulic power pack and accessories.
n
e
rv – Circulating swivel, kelly hose and pumps.
e
t
nI – BOP stack.
ll
e
W

Development Phase
BOP Stack Configuration
rs
e
v
o
r k
o
W
&
n
io
t
n
e
v
r
te
n
I
ll
e
W
 The main components of the BOP system are

as follows:
– stripper rubber
 is located immediately below the window and is
used for running pipe in and out of the hole
without using the stripper rams.
s
r
e 
The stripper rubber is a solid synthetic rubber
v element that can stretch as couplings etc pass
o
k
r
o
through, and maintain pressure integrity.
W  Allows pipe to be stripped through the rubber
&
n under pressure.
o
ti
n
e
– stripper rams
rv Should always be incorporated in a snubbing BOP.
e
t

nI
ll
 The stripper rams provide pressure integrity at
e pressures above 3000 psi
W
 Facilitates the running of downhole tools.

Development Phase

 Equalizing loop
– This loop runs from below the lower stripper ram to
below the upper ram and is used to equalize the
pressure above the lower ram before opening it.

 choke
– included in the loop to regulate the rate of
equalisation.
rs – These chokes are changed out to suit the fluid in the
e
v
o well.
r k
o
W  Vent line
& – ties in belo w the uppe r stripping ram and is run to
n
io
t safe point away from the snubbing unit.
n
e – This line is used to bleed down the pressure between
v
r
te each stripper ram.
n
I
ll
e
W
 Safety Rams
– located below the strippe r rams and are used to contain the
well pressure in the event of a stripper ram failure or
change in the stack.
– Safety rams are pipe rams and the nu mber used in the
stack will depend on the well conditions and planned
operations.
s
r
e – At least one set of safet y rams must be contr olled from the
v
o
basket.
k
r – These are the sam e as blind rams used in a drilling BOP and
o
W are used to shut in the well when there is no pipe in the
& stack.
n
o
ti
n
e
rv
e
t
nI
ll
e
W

Development Phase

 Blind/shear rams
– will cut the pipe and clos e in the well in a emergency
situation.
– The ram and

to ensure blade
that theytyp
willecut
must
thebe tested
size prior to
and grade ofrig-u
pipe.p,
 Outlet spools
rs – provide access to the wellb ore and sho uld always be
e
v
o located above at least one pipe ram preventer and
r k
o have double valve isolation.
W
&
n
io
t  choke and kill lines
n
e – attached to an outlet spool or ram body and as the
v
r
te name suggests are used to pump fluid into, or take
n
I
ll
returns from the well.
e
W – These lines must have a working pressure equiv alent to
the BOPs.

Development Phase Introduction To Hydrocarbon Exploitation

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Development Phase Introduction To Hydrocarbon Exploitation

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INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION

Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Well Servicing & Workovers

 Potential Well Problems

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Well Servicing & Workovers

 During the conceptual design stage it is important to

 When reviewing the impact of well problems and

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Potential Well Problems

Low Reservoir Pressure:

 The reduction in reservoir pres sure and hence flowr ates

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Potential Well Problems

Fields with low reservoir permea bility suffer a rapid

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Potential Well Problems

 Typical causes of restriction s include scale, sand, paraf fin

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Potential Well Problems

 Excessive water production can lead to a number of

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Potential Well Problems

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Potential Well Problems

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Potential Well Problems

 Mechanical failures of tubing, casing and downhole

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Potential Well Problems

Primary Cement Failures:

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

Potential Well Problems

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

Well Servicing & Workover Techniques

 The most commonly utilis ed workover

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

s Technique used to operate in a producing and

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

 The main functions of slickline are as follows:

©2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved

©abalt solutions limited - 2005 September – October 2005