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Redefining Community

in Intercultural Context

rcic’18
Selection of papers presented within the 7th International Conference
Redefining Community in Intercultural Context RCIC’18
Nation Branding, Identity & Security, Bucharest, 17-19 May, 2018

Brasov
vol.7, no.1/2018
© May, 2018
‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy Publishing House
160, Mihai Viteazu st., Brasov, 500183
Phone: +40 268 423421, fax: +40 268 422004
e-mail: editura@afahc.ro

Editor-in-chief
Adrian LESENCIUC - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Guest Editor
Ella Magdalena CIUPERCĂ - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Editors
Ramona HĂRȘAN - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Daniela NAGY - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Cosmina ROMAN - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Marilena-Jeana CÎMPINEANU - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Mădălina CUC - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Florentina HĂHĂIANU - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Ecaterina PĂTRAȘCU - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Adrian POPA - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania

Designer
Mariana GHINDĂOANU - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Printing
Daniela OBREJA - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania

Scientific Directors of the Conference


Adrian IVAN - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Gabriel RĂDUCANU - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania

Scientific Board
Cristian BARNA - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Vittoria BOSNA - ‘Aldo Moro’ University, Bari, Italy
Elena BUJA - ‘Transilvania’ University of Braşov, Braşov, Romania
Irena CHIRU - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Ella Magdalena CIUPERCĂ - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Maria de São-Josè CORTE-REAL - Universidade Nova, Lisbon, Portugal
Alberto FORNASARI - ‘Aldo Moro’ University, Bari, Italy
Zbyšek KORECKI - University of Defense, Brno, Czech Republic
Diana ILIȘOI - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Cristina IVAN - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Indira JUNGHARE - University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Adrian LESENCIUC - ‘Henri Coanda’ Air Force Academy, Brasov, Romania
Veronica MIHALACHE - ‘Mihai Viteazul’ National Intelligence Academy, Bucharest, Romania
Armela PANAJOTI - ‘Ismail Qemali’ University, Vlora, Albania
Lucia SANTELLI BECCEGATO - ‘Aldo Moro’ University, Bari, Italy
Asher SHAFRIR - Tel Aviv University, Israel
Mariselda TESSAROLO - University of Padua, Italy
Bledar TOSKA - ‘Ismail Qemali’ University, Vlora, Albania

ISSN 2285-2689
ISSN-L 2285-2689 Aviz publicare: 0574-05/2018

First cover: The statue of Glycon, also spelled Glykon (late 2 nd-century A.D., National History and Archaeology
Museum, Constanta), an ancient snake-god in Eastern Europe. This statue of the god of wisdom/ intelligence is a
metaphor for RCIC’18 Conference. Also, it is representative for the Romanian continuity.
4
SUMMARY

Summary.......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Plenary Session........................................ ....................................................................................................... 7


Cultural Influences on Intelligence Activity (Bob de Graaff) ........................................................................ 9
Digital Reputation Management. Relapses of the Semiotics in Social Perception (Alberto Fornasari) ............... 12
Romania – Self-Image and Hetero-Image .................................................................................................. 17
National Identity in a World in Movement (Mariselda Tessarolo) ................................................................. 19
Romanian Art Society – A Landmark of the Autochthonous Aesthetics in 1918 (Cristina Gelan) ................. 25
Recognition of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania – Historical and International Law Issues (Radu
Carp) ................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Romania as an Ongoing Vampire Story: Count Dracula and the Pop-Cultural Détente (Ramona Hărșan) .. 38
National Identity in Romanian Psychological Studies (Anca-Olga Andronic, Răzvan Andronic) ... 45
National Identity in Intercultural Context .................................................................................................. 49
Farewell Difference. A Few Comments about the Origins of Globalization (Claude Karnoouh) .................. 51
Ethnic Identities and Nationalism. Belgian Case Study (Andi Gabriel Grosaru) ............................................ 55
National Identity and Social Position of the Roma in Serbia (Slavica Komatina, Eufrozina Greoneant) ............. 61
Nation beyond Nation (Ecaterina Pătrașcu, Mohammad Allam) .................................................................... 67
European Identity and Security in Post-Brexit Age: A Possible Model Neopostnapoleonic? (Florin
Buștiuc, Cezar Teclean) ................................................................................................................................... 72
Nationalism and Civic Life: From Inconsistency to Inequality (Vlad Jegan) ................................................. 79
Security and Intercultural Communication ............................................................................................... 85
Communicating Intelligence with the Citizenry: The Experience of the Netherlands Referendum on the
Act on Intelligence and Security Service (Bob de Graaff) .............................................................................. 87
The Symbolic Power: National Security Culture Reflected in Primary and Pre-Primary Education (Adrian
Lesenciuc, Simona Lesenciuc, Daniela Nagy) .............................................................................................. 93
Transactional International Relations: Procedures and Consumers of Security Defining Hierachies Silviu
Petre, Ella Magdalena Ciupercă) ................................................................................................................... 102
Romanians from Ukraine – Realpolitik and Identity (Cristian Barna, Dragoș-Mircea Păun) ......................... 107
Guidelines on Improving CIMIC Capabilities in the Public Sphere (Cosmina-Oana Roman) ....................... 111
The Metamorphosis of Communication in Military Alliances (Rita Palaghia, Alina Mihaela Andra
Răducanu) ........................................................................................................................................................ 116
Cultural Variables Related to Risk and Disaster. Towards a Definition of Culturally Informed
Communication (Cristina Ivan) ....................................................................................................................... 122
Endemic Representations of Security Culture in the Romanian Public Sphere (Darie Cristea, Diana-
Alexandra Dumitrescu) .................................................................................................................................. 133
Justice, Politics and Intelligence. Quantum Synergies Computed within the Framework Contract of the
European Union (EU) Membership (Bogdan N. Țugui) ................................................................................. 138
Modern Methods to Increase Resilience in Security (Răzvan Grigoraș) ......................................................... 144
Perceptions on Security Culture (Ruxandra Buluc, Ciprian Lungu, Ioan Deac) ............................................. 149
Jihadist Groups on the Turkish-Syrian Front (Ammar El Benni, Cristian Troncotă) ..................................... 157
The Media as a Securizing Agent? The Framing of Corruption in Romania .................................................. 163
The Power Distance (DP) and Leadership in Theatre of Operations from Afghanistan (Rita Palaghia) ........ 170
Social Perceptions Generated by the Concept of Administrative Intelligence in the Context of the New
Technologies .................................................................................................................................................... 177
Immigration, Communication Barrier and Terrorism (Ioana Raluca Rusu) .................................................... 184
Consequences of Changes in the Study Program to the Level of Knowledge of Aerospace Military
Students (Zbyšek Korecki) .............................................................................................................................. 189
Crisis Management and Increasing Knowledge in Security and Resilience of Critical Infrastructure
Elements in the New Study Program for Students of the Faculty of Regional Development and
International Studies ((Zbyšek Korecki, Hana Kališová) .............................................................................. 193
Transference of Meaning from Analyst to Policy Maker in Intelligence (Antonio Marius Rebegea) ............ 200
Reducing the Side Effects of Energy Security Activities in Conjunction with Increasing Food Security –
Case Study Husnicioara – Mehedinți County (Elena Roșculete, Cătălin Roșculete, Titela Vîlceanu) ......... 207
5
Linguistics. Discourse Analysis ................................................................................................................... 213
Women, Proverbs and Culture Diversity (Elena Buja) .................................................................................. 215
Political Semiotics: Lexical Innovations In Mass-Media Discourse (Veronika Kartermina) ......................... 223
Meaning and Intention in Political Discourse about Brexit (Liliana Alic) ...................................................... 229
Rewriting Interculturalism in Québec. Some Literary Examples (Ylenia De Luca) ....................................... 236
Cinema as a Tool of Influence in the Portofolio of Iran’s Public Diplomacy (Irina Erhan) .......................... 241
Making Sense of the Present: Wakefield and the 21st Century Weltanschauung (Cătălin Tecucianu) .......... 247
Cultural Influences in the Communicative Stules of Primary School Teachers in Romania (Alina Turculeț) 253
Nation Branding in Albanian 2018 Promotional Materials: A Semiotic Perspective (Armela Panajoti) ........ 257
Semiotics Identity, Socio-Economic Development and Security in Contemporary International System
(Cezar Teclean, Florin Buștiuc) ............................................................................................ 265
I as a Powerful Means of Self-Representation and Political Identity Construction in Trump’s Discourse
During 2016 Presidential Debates (Bledar Toska, Vilma Bello) ................................................................... 272
Culture and Communication ......................................................................................................... 277
Shaping Post-Communist Romania’s Intelligence Culture: The De-Communization of Perceptions (Irena
Chiru) ............................................................................................................................................................. 279
The Bright Side of Money: A Weapon of Strategic Communication (Ella Magdalena Ciupercă, Diana
Coțovanu) ......................................................................................................................................................... 287
Language as a Dignified Humanity (Indira Y. Junghare) ............................................................................... 292
Intercultural Approach in Education and the Importance of Training Processes (Edi Puka) ......................... 299
Intercultural Communication as an Asset for Ensuring International Security (Andreea Stoian Karadeli) .... 305
Cultural Competence – A Necessity for the Mental Health Professionals (Iulia-Odette Dimitriu) ................ 311
The Role of Non-Formal Activities for Promoting and Accepting Human Diversiy (Mihaela Voinea) ........ 315
Challenges in Decoding and Observing the (Non)Verbal Communication (Mihaela Negrescu, Alina
Nicolescu) ........................................................................................................................................................ 319
Demographic Trends and Emergence of Multiculturalism in Europe (Ecaterina Pătrașcu, Mohammad
Allam) ............................................................................................................................................................ 325
The Archaeology of the Concept “Martyrdom”in Iranian Shi’ite Key (Irina Erhan) ..................................... 332
Intercultural Corollaries in the Development of a Pentagonal Model of Socio-Emotional Intelligence
(Florentina Hăhăianu) ...................................................................................................................................... 337
Social Prospective of Political Communication (Carlo Bosna) ...................................................................... 343
Dialogue Between Different Cultures throughout History (Vittoria Bosna) ................................................... 350
New Technology and Social Perceptions ................................................................................................... 353
The Powers of the Ninth Track. An Application of the Multitrack Model to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
(Ariadna Anamaria Petri) ............................................................................................................................... 355
The Impact of Video-Watching Activities on the Development of Prosocial Behavior in Children (Flavia
Mălureanu, Luiza Enachi-Vasluianu) .......................................................................................................... 360
Cybersecurity, Risks, Threats, and Trends of Manifestation in Romania ..................................................... 365
Practical and Ethical Issues of Persistent Behavioral and Neuropsychological Monitorization for Human
Performance Optimization (Cosmin Dugan, Aurel Băloi) ........................................................................... 373
The Construction of the Self between the Virtual World and the Real World (Matteo Conte, Guendalina
Peconio) ....................................................................................................................................................... 380
Countering Online Radicalization – Lessons Learned (Daniela Ștefănescu, Teodoru Ștefan) ..................... 385
Fake News – A Challenge for OSINT (Gherghina Olaru, Teodoru Ștefan) ................................................. 391
Social Media Interactions and the Expression of Extremist Beliefs. Case Study: Cyberbullying in the
Romanian Virtual Environment (Andrei Vlădescu) ....................................................................................... 397
Lost Identities! Building and Dismantling Social Intelligence Networks in Romania (Patrick Rus) ............. 403
Social Media Takes a Toll on Democracy (Claudia Lascateu Gogoașă) ....................................................... 411
The Social Impact of SMURD Air Ambulance System in Romania (Gabriel Jari, Mihai Andrei Mureşan) . 417
The Effects of Cultural Interactions in Multinational Military Missions (Ioana Raluca Goldbach, Florian
Răpan) ............................................................................................................................................................. 420

6
Romania –
Self-Image and
Hetero-Image
I N T E R N A T I O NA L CO N F E R E N C E RCIC’18
Redefining Community in Intercultural Context
Bucharest, 17-19 May 2018

ROMANIA AS AN ONGOING VAMPIRE STORY: COUNT DRACULA


AND THE POP-CULTURAL DÉTENTE

Ramona HĂRŞAN

Department of Fundamental Sciences, Faculty of Air Security Systems, ‘Henri Coanda” Air Force Academy,
Braşov, Romania

Abstract: The present article analyses two recent fictional reiterations of Count Dracula’s topos – namely, Alucard
in Kouta Hirano’s Hellsing manga series (1997-2008) and Fifi/FAD (Florin Anghelescu Dragolea) in Alexandru
Muşina’s novel Dracula’s Nephew (2012) – as two rather authoritative contemporary references modifying the
vampiric epitome originally outlined by Bram Stoker (and others). The focus is set on the evolution of ‘nation
branding’ related elements reflected inside the common fictional paradigm. More specifically, this imagological
investigation revolves around the ethical-symbolic dimension of the two selected contemporary works, in its
particular relation to the controversial tendency of ‘branding’ Romania (or Transylvania) as the ‘actual’ homeland
of the vicious vampire count. The ethical response both works imply is distinctive as well as significant, in the sense
that it illustrates a current tendency towards what will be referred to in the present study as a ‘pop-cultural
détente’.

Keywords: nation branding; popular culture; manga; vampire; Dracula.

1. THEORETICAL GUIDELINES theoretical definitions, this rather controversial


notion will be used within the framework of the
It is common knowledge that the original present approach in a (mildly) Gramscian
definition of the concept of ‘branding’ is closely connotation. As such, ‘popular culture’ will be
related to marketing. Much in the same line of understood as a terrain of artistic production where
thought, ‘nation branding’ is typically defined as significant cultural negotiation between the masses
“the application of corporate marketing concepts and institutionally-produced discourses occurs.
and techniques to countries, in the interests of Unrestricted, in our view, to strictly consumerist
enhancing their reputation in international relations” productions, the concept extends in such a way as to
(Kerr, Wiseman, 2013:354). Nevertheless, even in encompass elements issued by different ‘alternative
this traditional (i.e. ‘functional’, ‘materially- culture(s)’ or ‘subculture(s)’, in those cases where
oriented’) definition, certain fiction-related elements the cultural product reaches massive acclaim or
are still inherent to the concept, since ‘branding’ is exerts significant influence. The concept will hence
still seen as “a marketing tool associated with broadly oppose the notion of artistic ‘canon’, i.e.
perception, image, mental associations in the minds those productions issued or validated (so far) as
of target groups” (Vuiginier, 2016:5). This means ‘high culture’ by a certain cultural establishment. In
that imaginative creation, narrative patterns this line, we approach John Storey’s definition of
(especially popular ones), stereotypes, mythopoetic ‘popular culture as Other’ (Storey, 2001:14-15).
production – in a word, fiction (in the broadest Coming back, at this point, to the notion of
sense of the word) and fictional topoi are a part of ‘nation branding’, most of the recently-issued
any process of brand-generation. theoretical syntheses similarly concur towards the
Now, while the meaning of the concept of conclusion that there is more than one plausible
‘topos’ – a fictional motif, theme or reoccurring, understanding of the term. In a rather influential
structured discursive convention – is quite clear in study on the concept, Nadia Kaneva identifies three
comparative literature and cultural studies, things basic possible viewpoints on ‘nation branding’: a
are a little less axiomatic when it comes to the idea technical / economic perspective, a political
of ‘pop/popular culture’. Taking many forms perspective and a cultural / critical perspective,
according to various competing or successive respectively (Kaneva, 2011). Of course, this clear-

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ROMANIA AS AN ONGOING VAMPIRE STORY: COUNT DRACULA AND THE POP-CULTURAL DÉTENTE

cut, three-fold distinction is merely heuristic, but as Some of them were uncertain if that was in
it is rather intuitive, it serves our immediate purpose Romania”, said PR specialist Trevor Morris, cited
of delineating the range of meaning we are by nation-branding.info in 2008. And he is but one
interested in. Concretely, the present study thus falls in a long list of specialists still ranking Dracula first
into the category/range of cultural approaches, since of all Romanian national brands when it comes to
it basically envisages “a critique of nation international popularity4. Of course, the economic
branding’s discourses and practices as they relate to aboriginal exploitation of this hetero-image has
national identity, culture, and governance” (Kaneva, generated its own complementary fictions and topoi
2011:127)1. (such as, for instance, Bran Castle’s fictional
Another initial remark worth making here assignment as ‘Dracula’s Castle’). Also, the
would be that the perspective on Dracula’s myth as popularity of the fictional vampire count and his
a nation branding phenomenon that I am proposing (far-fetched) association with one of the most
is (again, in Kaneva’s terms) constructivist2, in the notorious Romanian historical figures – Vlad the
sense that the spotlight is rather set on the evolution Impaler – has generated critical reaction among
of the allogenic stereotype as an identity-related Romanian scholars, who strived to clarify (and
issue3. In other words, the main pursuit of this study over-clarify) the scientific incongruences – and the
is basically imagological in nature, as it analyses deficiencies with respect to political correctness – of
and interprets some recent (and perhaps, significant) this imaginary fusion. But between such scholars
changes in the features of an image still who, offended by the Count’s bloody countenance,
automatically (and traditionally) associated with attempt to dismiss Dracula and his authority as an
Romania and its identity. identity brand and those conversely militating in
favour of a cleverer commercial exploitation /
2. DRACULA AS A HETEROGENIC governmental policy in the matter, not many locals
NATIONAL BRAND pause to consider the actual image and its fictional
potential as a discourse5 in itself. That is to say, the
“I’ve asked a few British what they knew about force of purely fictional productions (literary works
Romania. You would be surprised to hear that or graphic novels, cinematic productions etc.),
number one on the list was Dracula / Transilvania. understood as a potential ‘brand-producing’
mechanism, should perhaps be reconsidered, as they
still seem to be unparalleled in terms of influence by
1
This is why, for any references and discussions related both scholarly work and the bare media/PR
to Dracula as an economic asset or to governmental strategies employed so far by Romanian
policies related to reputation management or governance. But let us first briefly overview the
exploitation, see, for instance, A. Sepi’s (2013), Nation
actual fictions, their inner structures – and the
Branding: The Case of Romania (E/IR&CD),
www.culturaldiplomacy.org. Available: nation-branding connotations behind this famous
http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/pdf/case- literary topos.
studies/Andreea_Sepi_-_Nation_Branding_-
_The_Case_of_Romania.pdf.[03.04.2018]), pp. 5-6 (the 3. THE FICTIONAL TOPOI: A VAMPIRIC
chapter referring to Dracula Park); A. N. Candrea, A. ARCHETYPE AND ITS AVATARS
Ispas, E.N. Untaru & F. Nechita (2016), Marketing the
Count's way: how Dracula's myth can revive Romanian 3.1 A few remarks on a classic: Count
tourism, in Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Dracula. Since there is a lot of scholarly literature
Braşov, Series V: Economic Sciences. Vol. 9 (58), No. analysing this (nowadays, archetypal) stereotype, I
1. 83-90 or C.-M. Prelipceanu, op. cit., ed. cit.
2
For a more detailed description of the ‘constructivist’
will just briefly review some less-known aspects
approach on nation branding as opposed to and their implications for Romanian identity.
‘essentialism’, see Kaneva, ed. cit., 129-130. To begin with, it is significant to note that
3
This is why the present analysis will also refrain from Stoker’s Count Dracula is not singular or unique as
expressly contrasting the stereotype/brand against a representation, but rather the last (and most
historical, social or cultural realities, figures or places in prominent) element in a string of popular Western
Romania. For such approaches, see, for instance, European 19th century Gothic fictional depictions of
Monica Hărșan, Bram Stoker et la genèse d’un
stéréotype géoculturel : « la Transylvanie hantée », in
4
L. Dupuy, J.-Y. Puyo. L’imaginaire géographique. For further details, see Prelipceanu, C.-M. (2015:157).
5
Entre géographie, langue et littérature. Pau: Presses de In a mild Foucauldian definition of the term, i.e. a
l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, col. social system’s produced knowledge and meaning as a
Spatialités. 209-222. position of power.

39
Ramona HĂRȘAN

vampires and/or vampiric figures. Little is said on combination which most likely converged into the
the fact that Bram Stoker’s interest in a vampiric tremendous success of the initial Gothic topos.8 Its
Transylvania was, for instance, preceded by Jules echo in Western consciousness was, as we know,
Verne’s nearly-supernatural Transylvania in The amazingly powerful, spawning an extensive
Carpathian Castle (1892). It is also almost vampire subculture in the 20th century. Still, let us
unknown that Dracula’s emergence follows a series maintain that, as a representation of otherness, it
of writings featuring a similar (and rather remains in many ways a less-than-flattering and ill-
successful) character: Lord Ruthven, a vampire of documented depiction.
non-specified national appurtenance, first starring in
Dr. John William Polidori in the short story The 3.2 Alucard, the vampire hunter (1997-2008;
Vampyre in 1816. This first notable representation 2001-2006; 2001-2002; 2006-2012)9. Of course, the
of an aristocratic, sensual, but ruthless vampire famous vampire is also a presence in various
generated a whole series of literary reiterations, vampire comic series and graphic novels, usually
among which one by none other than the famous making secondary-character majestic appearances
Alexandre Dumas père (The Vampire, 1865, drama)6. as the unsurpassed ancestor of all vampires. In
There are striking similarities in the narrative contrast, Kouta Hirano’s Alucard plays the role of
scheme as well. The vampire (or vampiric figure) the protagonist in the Japanese Hellsing series –
dangerously charms his way into the civilised world initially a manga (graphic novel) series, futher
by manipulating a young, inexperienced European developed following its popularity into two anime
nobleman. But if Lord Ruthven was originally a- (animation) series and doubled over by a prequel
national and a-geographical, with Dumas’ rendition, manga (Hellsing: The Dawn, by the same author).
the topos of his fictional (ancient, aboriginal, Obviously, the character’s name reads ‘Dracula’
excessively rocky and richly forested) country in reverse, pointing out to the old blood’s
visibly evokes Dracula’s. Moreover, the vampire’s conversion into a vampire hunter, an enemy of his
homeland is placed in Circassia, on the north- own kin (so, a supposedly positive character), as he
eastern shore of the Black Sea. Later, with Jules joins Hellsing, a British secret organisation designed
Verne’s baron Rodolphe de Gortz, the image of a to fight emerging supernatural menaces brought
dark (obscurantist / occult) Transylvania emerges about by the Undead. The reasons for which he does
and gets to be associated with the already shaped so are (and remain) inexplicit: even if he apparently
stereotype of the aristocratic vampire. swore an oath of faith to his old archenemy,
Bram Stoker’s Dracula (1897) is thus the Abraham Van Hellsing (whose descendant, Sir
successor of a rather prosperous 19th century Integra Hellsing is the current head of the
popular literary tradition in which the vampiric organisation), he still seems to act as if out of sheer
figure of another (or an ‘other’, heterotopic7) Europe boredom. More than that, he is in a permanent
comes into shape and is gradually associated with search for a truly challenging, perhaps deadly
Transylvania, a region which was just struggling to opponent.
place itself on the map of Europe at the time, but The character is mysterious and intimidating in
was still widely unknown to the majority of the many ways. His brutality and lust for blood, his
public. Attached to Romanian identity on-the-go, as fierce, unpredictable, untameable nature and
a sort of a dark-romantic, gothic-horror topos appearance, his rather beastly sadomasochistic and
basically opposing the positivist-rationalist spirit of uncommunicative attitude and his formidable
the ‘civilised world’, and bringing a half-horrifying, vampiric powers bring sheer charisma into the
half-alluring mystical primitiveness into the public character and give it the stature of an elemental
eye, the image of the obscurantist, delayed Other force. However, there is a second dimension to this
might have generated both an unsettling sensation
and a certain melancholic revival of Europe’s 8
I have extensively developed this thesis in a scientific
(already) lost mystical / magical past – a (see Hărşan, 2014).
9
The mentioned periods of time correspond to the
successive continuations and video transpositions of the
6
Namely: Lord Ruthven or the Vampires, 1820, novel series, as follows: 1997-2008 – Hellsing, the original
by Cyprien Bérardand; The Vampire, 1820, novel by 10-volume issue of the manga (published in Young King
Charles Nodier, adapted for the London stage by James OURs magazine, Tokyo: Shōnen Gahōsha); 2001-2006
Robinson Planché and re-played at least four times – Hellsing – The Dawn, a manga 10-volume prequel
within the same year. (id., see above); 2001-2002 – the 13-episode Hellsing
7
Both terms are used in their Foucauldian sense, as TV Series’ original run; 2006-2012 – the 10-episode
defined in Of Other spaces [Espaces autres]. (1967). OVA series Hellsing Ultimate (release date).

40
ROMANIA AS AN ONGOING VAMPIRE STORY: COUNT DRACULA AND THE POP-CULTURAL DÉTENTE

protagonist which actually provides him with slay him and provides them with occasions to do so)
unparalleled charm: he is also awash in dark result in intentionally-exaggerated, Tarantino-like
humour. Utterly charismatic, but rather monstrous displays of physical violence. Touching the absurd,
as a physical presence, he tends to look pretty and thus turning most battle scenes into parodic,
hilarious in his frill shirt adorned with a red cravat, farcical parades, Alucard’s own moped tone and
white gloves and generally, in the oldish- sickly-ironic comments, as well as the willed
gentlemanly 19th-century-like, scarlet attire making repetitiveness of the scenario add up to generate a
out his uniform, as his dandyish clothes never quite striking of their nonsensical character. The non-
seem to properly suit his unnaturally tall and bony sense hence hints to an implied meta-discourse on
appearance and messy hairdo. Also, the weapons he the repetitiveness of the explicit violence typical for
carries are unusual (to say the least): two the manga/anime Shōnen/Seinen culture10 (which
preposterously-dimensioned, large-calibre handguns are sometimes directly hinted at via hidden
(named Jackal and Casull), charged with references), but not exclusively (as references go as
consecrated bullets purposefully issued by the far as including bloody Victorian plays such as
Protestant Church are meant to put his ordinary Shakespeare’s tragedies, for instance). Also, there is
opponents to (eternal) rest. And last, but not least, a legibly critical take on the very topos of the
he has a hilariously hideous, toothy grin. bloodthirsty, morally ambiguous superhero often
In what concerns his true identity, he gloriously presented and/or perceived as a positive character,
reveals it as the plot of the initial series reaches its as well as on the topos of the hero’s (all-justifying)
peak – more specifically, as he manages to impale over-professionalism specific to so many
his ultimate foe and shows collosal, ungovernable contemporary action-movies (and narratives in
force: he is both Dracula, the supreme vampire, and general) – as Alucard is ostentatiously over-efficient
Vlad the Impaler, hereby presented as a Christian and ultra-professional, as well as obsessive in his
warlord having long fought the Ottomans and work. Third, there is also a subtle innuendo that the
ultimately turned his back on God as he was anti-hero’s emotional immunity/numbness to
eventually defeated and executed by them. The bloodshed resonates with the public’s unconscious
anime rendition of the scene in the TV series is emotional immunisation to (and saturation with)
monumental, as the protagonist’s face – normally obsolete, gratuitous and unreasonable adrenalin-
well shaved and framed by an unruly short haircut, filled story patterns.
usually hidden beyond his rounded specs and a As far as the discrepancies in relation to the
large, floppy hat – intentionally gives away, by original stereotype Alucard brings along (beyond its
means of a mere shadow play, its stunning ironic hyperbolising), two aspects are also worth
resemblance to the most famous portrait of Vlad noting. First, the fact that the personal history of the
Ţepeş. This wordless avowal is followed in the manga hero shows an increased awareness (and
later-issued OVA by further reassertion, as he perhaps more thorough documentation) in what
appears in some sequences cloaked in a dark cape, concerns the historical figure of Vlad Ţepeş, who is
wearing long, dark hair and a moustache, much in this time correctly associated with Christianity and
the manner of the Impaler. the wars against the Ottomans – even if the cruelty
Thus, Alucard seems to correspond, in general, of his demeanour is fictionally motivated by his
to the wider stereotype of the ultimate vampire; still, satanic turn. Second, the fact that Țepeş/Dracula is,
there are some notable particularities which are in this case, the protagonist of the story and, in spite
worth mentioning. First, the character’s half of all his moral/mental issues, he is definitely not all
ridiculous appearance – stemming from the bad. In fact, Alucard joins the cause of the Good,
organisation’s absurd efforts to civilise him is also and despises the undead. More than that, it is
doubled by the fierce dark humour of his rarely suggested in the Ultimate OVA that he is actually
articulate commentaries. For instance, he would incessantly seeking for his own death both out of a
laugh at a disabled opponent’s desperate attempt to need for redemption and because of his low self-
launch a last attack, and ask if he should really fear esteem, which, combined to the never-ending
dying by being ‘chewed to death’ by his broken, boredom of his infinite existence, progressively
armless adversary. turns into sheer depression. Now, both these
Then, there is a visibly hyperbolic lust for
violence attached to this character: just killing an 10
enemy is never enough for this mentally deranged Types of manga/anime whose main target audience is
made out of a male public (adolescent and older,
vampire. Sadistic chopping, blood baths and even
respectively), and which is notoriously dense in fighting
masochism (as he frequently invites his enemies to scenes.

41
Ramona HĂRȘAN

features show a deeper concern for political the major theme of the novel. In other words, as I
correctness, a pursuit Stoker (or Verne, for that have stated elsewhere, “[t]he playful, opera buffa-
matter) obviously ignored. Additionally (and like surface of the story shouldn’t misguide
accidentally, to all appearances), low self-esteem is interpretation: real and thorough culturally critical
more often than not mentioned as one of the traits observation is constructed by means of the
plaguing Romania’s public image (see, for instance, (apparently) humorous decontextualisation of
Prelipceanu, 2015:158). stereotypes. As they are ironically approached and
To sum up, in all his apparent barbarity, hilariously recontextualised, their meaning gets
Hirano’s Alucard makes up a more aware, self- “deflected”, i.e., it changes its course, it gets
conscious, documented and updated rendition of the “reprogrammed” so as to serve a different purpose
initial stereotype’s national implications, as the and create new significance” (Hărşan, 2016:550).
character’s cultural appurtenance and affiliation The entire fictional setting of the novel is, for
become altogether secondary to its showy biological instance, playfully based on Muşina’s real life
otherness and psychological alienation – or, in a experience as a university professor at
word, to its individual difference, which puts its “Transilvania” University of Braşov (placed some
problematic singularity first and makes its 30 kilometres away from Bran) – a circumstance
metafictional traits move to the centre of attention. which he cleverly intends to enable as a possible
Consequently, Hirano’s take on the paradigmatic novel-related cultural/tourist attraction. According
vampire moves away from nation-branding to the author’s own sarcastic claims12, he intended
elements (or from the temptation to produce cultural for the novel to be translated at least in English and
labels), by displacing the emphasis laid on Chinese, in order for it to generate a new and ‘more
Transylvania as an emblematically Gothic-horror credible’ popular tourism brand than Stoker’s. In
territory and shifting the public focus towards the any case, the alternative Transylvanian setup was
narrative, i.e. the weirdly dramatic individual directly inspired by the (apparently, ridiculous) fact
difference of the protagonist and the (meta)fictional (commonly known among faculty members at
potential of ingenious intertexts. “Transilvania” University) that the first thing to
come up in connection to the institution’s name in
3.3 Dracula’s nephew, the faint-hearted any conversation with foreign peers or students was,
professor (2012)11. Yet another parodic reprise of of course, Dracula’s name (or alternatively, Dracula
Count Dracula’s topos is the sarcastic fictional jokes). Ironically, Muşina overtly and outspokenly
construction of an alternative self-image articulated uses one of his younger colleagues’ profile as a
in Alexandru Muşina’s seemingly pop-fictional basis for the figure of Dracula’s nephew in the
enterprise in the satiric campus-novel Dracula’s book13.
nephew, published in Romania in 2012. However, The profile of the vampire is also utterly
quite opposite to Hirano’s rendition (which is a neo- dissimilar to both Stoker’s paragon and Hirano’s
allogenic perspective, i.e. both foreign and version of the anti-paragon: “The most blatant
secondary, as it retells an allogenic original story), (counter-) stereotypical representation in the novel
the Romanian author’s novel is an autochthone is the theme of the vampire and his Romanian
response to the first-hand outlandish perception of ancestry. […] Since any respectable vampire must
Dracula as a nation-branding element. That is to descend from Vlad Ţepeş, alias Dracula […], so
say, Muşina overtly addresses the issues related to does Florin Anghelescu Dragolea, actual nephew of
the political (in)correctness of the association and its Athanasie Drăculea, Ţepeş’s last known descendant.
rather laughable superficiality. However, apart from this ‘stereotypical imperative’,
As an eminent university professor in literature nothing else is, ‘vampirically’ speaking, comme-il-
and folklore, a nationally-acclaimed literary scholar, faut in what concerns this civilised (and thus,
theorist and poet, the Romanian writer naturally has degenerate), postmodern anti-vampire” (Hărşan,
both the proper theoretical and the practical insight 2016:550). Mockingly surname “professor FAD”
on the matter, as well as the creativity to set up a (meaning “dull” or “insipid” in Romanian) or “Fifi”,
deeply critical discourse under the form of light,
relaxed narrative. In fact, he chooses to confront the
issue of negative ‘nation branding’ in such an 12
During book launches, conferences or various
extensive way that it implicitly comes to constitute scientific events, and in particular discussions (I have
worked closely to Alexandru Muşina between 2010 and
2013 as a PhD candidate at “Transilvania” University).
11 13
Alexandru Muşina. (2012, first and so far sole The name of the real person isn’t displayed here
edition). Nepotul lui Dracula. Brașov: Aula. because of the personal nature of such information.

42
ROMANIA AS AN ONGOING VAMPIRE STORY: COUNT DRACULA AND THE POP-CULTURAL DÉTENTE

“the poor benign grand-grandson of the noble (Hărşan, 2016), i.e. a strategy setting up a delicate,
Athanasie is, in fact, a modest, depressive, shy, fictional and intellectually relaxed refusal of such
scrupulous, scruffy and tedious middle-aged Junior uncomplimentary nation-branding associations.
Lecturer in French literature at ‘Transilvania’
University of Braşov [...]. Personally, Fifi is a three- 4. SOME GENERALISATIONS: ON POP-
time divorced recovering alcoholic, living (and CULTURAL DÉTENTE AND THE
depending, emotionally) on his (over)affectionate INTERNATIONAL FICTIONAL IMAGERY
mother. His social status is less than dignified […], OF NATION-BRANDING
his self-esteem and psychological composure are
free-falling as he is constantly stressing about his As a conclusion to this brief analysis, let us first
own worth and the opinions of others […]. Thus, note that Dracula’s current secondary, if
our vampire’s disposition is (understandably) paradigmatic role in vampire culture remains, for
morose, introverted and… uptight, as he constantly now, the typical one. But such generalised
manages to hinder and ridicule himself.” (Hărşan, withdrawal of the original topos towards the
2016:550). margins of contemporary narratives and into
Thus, as I have stated in my above cited study, archetypal appearances is perhaps less a sign of its
“Fifi’s ensanguine, anaemic, starved figure, exhaustion, as one of transformation. It is
contrasting with his (much-too) gentle behaviour is conspicuous that the two fictions examined here
a visible (tragi-) comical parody of the gloriously come to ‘tell a different tale’: that of a possible
menacing, mysteriously fascinating romantic image fictional re-signification of the master-narrative14
of the vampire” (Hărşan, 2016:550), even if the and its probable success (as both stories have
story is actually a bildungsroman in which the reached, in their own terms, considerable notoriety
fading vampire is brought back to himself and the and were given a warm reception by their target
“old ways”, becoming a “civilised (noble, even!), a audience).
legitimate, respectful and extremely polite consumer Some common features of the two
of (Romani) blood” (Hărşan, 2016:550). That is, of contemporary representations of Count Dracula’s
perfectly bottled (for export) and thoroughly theme in what concerns their relationship to the
verified (for hygiene-related issues), premium- nation-branding features of the topos also become
quality (Romani) bio-blood. The narrative is evident. The fact that the sombre, menacing Gothic-
provided with a happy-end, as Fifi is brought to horror atmosphere is transfigured and relativized
himself by his loving would-have-been victim- into parodic, present-day or even futuristic set-ups
slaves and Lulu, a rich student who falls in love (i.e., gender transhipping), that the figure of the
with him. In the end, he comes to establish a “good vampire essentially becomes less ominous, even
marks for (donated) blood” trade with his students attaching – at least to some extent –as human
(Hărşan, 2016:551) and ends up dreaming of being anxieties and predicaments come to trouble the
installed king. vampires’ inner lives (i.e., the resemantisation of the
Of course, this is both a reversed and satiric narrative content and themes), the raised degree of
reaction to the ‘negative’ hetero-images produced awareness and concern for political correctness in
offshore as it is a criticism of Romanian post- the fictional rendition of identity-related cultural
communism, global consumerism and the policies detail, and the fact that both stories are, one way or
economic domination which relies, in Muşina’s the other, metafictional (i.e., they are stories, but
case, on deep cultural observation. In sum, Muşina’s also function as self-conscious discourses on
‘over-civilised’, faint-hearted and vulnerable avatar narrative techniques and conventional
of the vampire is definitely ‘brand-oriented’ and representations) – all these attributes concur towards
functions, just like Hirano’s rendition, on a meta- the idea that the stereotype, the paradigm itself is
discursive level. The difference consists, however, (slowly, but steadily) undergoing significant change
of the implied metadiscoursive reference: Dracula’s under the pressure of globalised dialogue and shared
Nephew doesn’t refer as much to (popular) fictional experience, even as it remains at the core – or the
patterns and their inconsistencies – even if popular
fiction per se and its instructive potential has been
14
one of Muşina’s constant ethical preoccupations In the sense assigned to the term by Jean François
over the years; in spite the novel’s ‘pop’ surface, it Lyotard in The Postmodern Condition: A Report on
is, in fact, a sort of a “fictio-critical” approach to Knowledge [La condition postmoderne: rapport sur le
savoir]: that of an all-encompassing, global cultural
stereotypes (Hărşan, 2016:549) I have previously
narrative pattern organizing and explaining knowledge
described in terms of a “deflective” strategy and experience. 1979, Paris: Minuit.

43
Ramona HĂRȘAN

basis – of such narrative constructions. Reiterated, it as unpractical or unrelated to a community’s


survives, but it is also bound to adjust to the material existence. On the contrary: as archetypes
gradually changing perceptions of Romania as an and fictions never stop merging, emerging and re-
Other, of Romania as a potential identity under (a emerging in a perpetual, unstoppable loop – and
self-)construction (in progress). If with the classical that, with or without our consent, advertently or not
stereotype, which is a classic example of a (rather – to seriously consider a mythopoetic effort in the
‘negative’) hetero-image, the Other (in this case, sense of attempting to ‘tame’ them, to knowingly
Transylvania / Romania) was the ‘stranger’, both contribute to their configuration, generation and
exotic / fascinating / mysterious / vitalistic and perpetuation when it comes to nation branding
possibly dangerous / brutal / primitive / risky, at the related issues would probably be a profitable
dawn of the new paradigm, otherness itself, in terms strategy in itself.
of a hetero-genetic definition of Romania either
becomes less important as a trait (as with Hirano) or BIBLIOGRAPHY
is addressed head-on, finding its own untamed, ‘un-
civilised’ voice (through Muşina’s self-image 1. Hărşan, R. (2014). L’ « autre » Transylvanie
generation). Tables are turned, and the Other dans Le Château des Carpathes : configuration
apparently tends to reach global integration, as the d’un topos culturel. In L. Dupuy, J.-Y. Puyo.
newer definitions refuse to focus on difference (or L’imaginaire géographique. Entre géographie,
exoticism) as much as the old did. langue et littérature. Pau: Presses de
A certain relaxation in the general tone l’Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, col.
consequently ensues in what concerns Romania’s Spatialités. 197-208.
reflected image, a sort of ‘a pop-cultural(ly 2. Hărşan, R. (2016). Literary Deflection of
generated) détente’: fiction is either relegated back Cultural Stereotypes as Deliberate
into fiction, as public awareness becomes more and Decontextualisation: A Case Study on
more able to distinguish between real-life and Alexandru Muşina’s Uptight Vampire in
imaginary stories; or it becomes a proper vehicle of Dracula’s Nephew. In I. Boldea, Convergent
cultural dialogue and negotiation when used in such Discourses. Exploring the Contexts of
a way by both parties, and does so in the terms of a Communication. Târgu-Mureş: Arhipelag XXI
more open and less hurtful or belligerent rhetoric. Press. 635-646.
This last observation could also open the way to 3. Kaneva, N. (2011). Nation branding: Toward
a more general conclusion on the importance of an agenda of critical research. International
fiction (and especially of popular narratives) in Journal of Communication. 5 (2011). 117-141.
today’s globalised world. As archetypal patterns are 4. Kerr, P. & Wiseman, G. (2013). Diplomacy in
simultaneously perpetually recycled and perpetually a Globalizing World: Theories and Practice.
re-assigned new meanings, we could probably talk New York: Oxford University Press. p. 354.
about the establishment of an ‘international fictional 5. Prelipceanu, C.-M. (2015). Country branding
imagery of nation branding’ (as one among in a multicultural world. The case of Romania.
numerous other such globalised patrimonies of Synergy. Vol. 11, no. 2/2015. 152-162.
essential images). It is mainly on what the abstract 6. Storey, J. (2001). Cultural theory and popular
reality ‘fiction tourism’ or ‘place branding’ draw on, culture. London et al.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
for instance; there is also a massive amount of 7. Vuiginier, R. (June, 2016). Place marketing
stories (cult or simply folkloric), popular sayings or and place branding: A systematic (and
stereotypical narrations defining and redefining tentatively exhaustive) literature review. Hal
national or regional identities; and it is, in sum, a Archives, Working Paper de l’IDHEAP 5/2016
global patrimony of tremendous representational [online]. URL: https://hal.archives-ouvertes.
force that should neither be used lightly, nor ignored fr/hal-01340352. [04.04.2018].[April, 2018].

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