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Note Set #2
• What are Continuous-Time Signals???
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Continuous-Time Signal
Continuous Time (C-T) Signal: A C-T signal is defined on the continuum of
time values. That is: f(t) for t Real # Line
Time-Varying Voltage, f(t)
Current, etc.
u(t)
1, t 0 ...
u (t ) ...
1
0, t 0
t
+
Vs C
–
R
+
Vsu(t) C
–
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Unit Ramp Function r(t)
0, t 0 1
mt , t 0
mr (t )
0, t 0
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Time Shifting Signals
Time shifting is an operation on a signal that shows up in many
areas of signals and systems:
• Time delays due to propagation of signals
─ acoustic signals propagate at the speed of sound
─ radio signals propagate at the speed of light
• Time delays can be used to “build” complicated signals
─ We’ll see this later
Time Shift: If you know x(t), what does x(t – t0) look like?
For example… If t0 = 2:
x(0 – 2) = x(–2) x(1 – 2) = x(–1)
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 t
u(t-2)
1 ...
-2 -1 1 2 3 4 t
Infinite height
Rough View: a pulse with: Zero width
Unit area
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Slightly Less-Rough View: Limit of pulse with width and height 1/
1
So as gets smaller the pulse gets higher and
narrower but always has area of 1…
t In the limit as gets smaller it “becomes” the
2 2 delta function
(t )dt 1, for any 0
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Showing Delta Function on a Plot:
T t
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The Sifting Property is the most important property of (t):
t0
f (t ) (t t )dt f (t )
t0
0 0 0
f(t)
Integrating the
f(t0) product of f(t)
f(t0) and (t – to)
t0 t
returns a single
number… the
(t- t0) value of f(t) at
the “location” of
the shifted delta
t0 function
t
1 2 3 t sin(t ) (t 1)dt 0
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Periodic Signals
Periodic signals are important because many human-made
signals are periodic. Most test signals used in testing circuits
are periodic signals (e.g., sine waves, square waves, etc.)
x(t) T
... ...
x(t) x(t + T) t
For periodic signals we use the average power as measure of the “size”
of a signal.
The Average Power of practical periodic signals is finite and non-zero.
(Recall that the total energy of a periodic signal is infinite.)
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Rectangular Pulse Function: p(t)
Subscript
p(t)
specifies the
1
pulse width
-/2 /2 t
-/2 t
u(t - /2)
1
-/2 /2 t
0–0=0 1–0=1 1–1=0 15/16
Building Signals with Pulses: shifted pulses are used to mathematically
“turn other functions on and off”.
g(t) = 0.5t + 1
1 2 t 16/16