Out of hearing range Hearing Range = 20 − 20KHz

HighFrequency

(R/I) = |(Z1−Z2)/(Z1+Z2)|

Reflection Hence: if Z1 << Z2 Reflection Increased.

Refraction Decreased

(T/I) = |(2Z1)/(Z1+Z2)|

Characteristics Refraction Hence: if Z1>>Z2 Reflection Decreased.

Refraction Increased.

Object << Wavelength

Elasticsity
Scattering Some Factor curse of this effect
Size

Freqquency

Velocity 1540m/s (Tissue)

Frequency 2M − 30MHz

Wavelength Wavelength = (Velocity/Frequency); V 1540m/s

AcusticImpedance Z=p.v

to compensate the amplitude(Intensity) that curse of Absorbtion by tissue

TCG| Depth Gain Compensation
"Deepest" Above noise is a TCG performance

LowDepth
HiFrequency
HighResolution

FrequencyandPrenetration High Depth

LowFrequency
LowResolution

fromAbsorbtionEquation

Narrow is Good for Resolution

PulseDuration(WaveLength)
SpatialResolution AxialResolution

Frequency Bandwidth Narrow is Good for both of Axial and Lateral

Technical Term Near field

Ref.with theory Good for Lateral

UltrasoundFieldCharacteristic Focal Length
Infact Both

Far field

Formation of Speckle sum of scatter echo from difference cell in taget tissue tissue image

Acoustic Pressure and intensity

Non−Linear AmplitudeIncreased(Depthincrease)

first take the low pressure for build the microbubble and it increasing
method
Hamonic Imaging secound take Hi pressure for expand the bubble size curse of the density of tissue
Oscillation Microbubble
More Contrast
effect
MoreResolution

Bio Effect

Method Recieve the echo and show on the oscilloscope

Product Amplitude

Amplitude
A Mode
Depth
Detail
organlocation

OrganDensity

Method get the product from A pass througth the A/D and Show result is dot on the screen

Dot on the screen

Organ Effect Product
Ultrasound 2D Image Resolution is Depen on Probe Structure (Number of Piezo inArray)
Mode
B Mode Resault is 2D image

OrganLocation
Detail
Depth

Real time

Method get the b mode display and move along the time domain

Product Motion Graph

Ultrasound Diagnosis Ultrasound Imaging
M mode To Dianosis The Motion of organ

Detail Depth

real time
Scanning Principle
Linear Scan

Beamshaping Convex Scan

Sector Scan

Linear Array
ScanTechnigue
Phase Array

ReducetheResolution
Side Lobe Effect of Linear Array Squarewave of input signal curse of sidelobe
fixed by change the input into Gaussain wave (Similar to normal distribution curve)

raise of number of K is curse of the alpha reducing.

Sector Range Sector Scan From Equation alpha = arcsin(1/2K)
the beam shaping is depend on it Resolution depend on it as well (LateralResolution)
Bad Signal or Noise
From Equation y = sin −(WaveLength/S) you have to rotate the angle of y to 90 degree for fix this.

Gating Lobe the distance from edge of Peizo electric crytal toward the edge of another element.(including space between
AlsoCalled"PitchDimension" elements)

Electrical Focusing Delay is used to make the Wave reach the focas point at the same time. Good Lateral Resolution in theory but infact this is good for both of Dimension

Mechanical Focusing If you add up the row of the array it be able to make a multi focusing Good for Resolution
Focusing
Transmission Only one Focas Point, or one focus point in each time of transmitt
Transmitt & Recieve
Recieving Multi − Focusing When echo pulse return to probe the probe be able to recieve multi focus and then sum.

Linear Multiplexer Each M group has a group of N element Probe

Transmit
Phase Delay To delay the input signal pulse that come toward the delay at the same time. Probe

Beam Former Pulse Echo delay

Linear Multiplexer Each M group has a group of N Element that returned
Recieve
Phase Delay To delay for recieve the return signal Pulse Echo delay

Transmit 1 recieve 2 Add up the line of image Good forResolution

Parallel Processing (After A/D)

Transmit 2 Recieve 1 Add up the beam dimension Good for Depth or penetration
Synthetic Aperture

Dynamic Filter Fillter along the depth

morepenetration
DepthdependentfrequencyBandwidth to constant the bandwidth
Structure and it function moreaxialresolution
A/D Convert the continuous signal into the discrete time signal(Digital)
Pre−Processing HF and Rise it Amplitude. MoreResolution
Use DSP and Image Edge is High Frequency
EdgeEnhancementandDynamicRange
Very Difficault to understand

Soft tissue
Hamonic Imaging Application
Circulation System

RealTimeProcessing Before Scan convertor To make the Real time image in B mode

ScanConvertor Convert the beam to show in the true position on the screen.

Post−processing ImagePersistence Average