Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
SESSION-1
By JSR
PUMP CLASSIFICATION
PUMP
Mixed-Flow Controlled
Power
Volume
Screw Piston
Direct Acting
Progressive Cavity Plunger
Plunger
Gear Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Rotary Lobe
Air-Operated Double
Slide Vane Piston
Diaphragm (AODD)
1
Apr-18
COMPARISON TABLE
2
Apr-18
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Principle
Pressurized the handling liquid by centrifugal
force generated by the impeller
Application
Generally, it can be applied to large capacity,
compared to PD pump
ANIMATION Discharge
3
Apr-18
APPLICATION
General purpose fluids,
Pure water,
Sludge and sewage,
Slurry,
High viscosity fluids,
Power generation,
Paper industry,
Petroleum industry,
Chemicals and corrosives,
Fast moving customer goods,
Agriculture
Gravel and solid materials,
High temperature materials, and
Marine applications
MAIN PARTS
Consist of a set of rotating vanes, enclosed within a housing
or casing, used to impart energy to a fluid through
centrifugal force.
Two main parts:
a rotating element which includes an impeller and a shaft, and
a stationary element made up of a casing (volute or solid), stuffing
box, and bearings.
4
Apr-18
5
Apr-18
6
Apr-18
7
Apr-18
8
Apr-18
9
Apr-18
10
Apr-18
11
Apr-18
12
Apr-18
13
Apr-18
14
Apr-18
PERFORMANCE CURVE
Absorbed
Power
Check Points :
Capacity (m3/hr or Usgpm)
Head (m or ft)
Efficiency (%)
Absorb Power (kW or HP)
NPSHr (m or ft)
PERFORMANCE CURVES
Best Efficiency point (BEP) – flow rate at which
highest efficiency is achieved
Shut off head – for parallel operation to be >
110% of rated head.
Rated operating point flow to be 80% to 110% of
BEP (preferred range)
Allowable range 70% to 120% of BEP
Min. continuous stable flow (% of BEP)
Minimum continuous stable flow % increases as
Suction Specific speed increases.
15
Apr-18
CHARACTERISTICS CURVES
Figures are non-dimensional
curves which indicate the
general shape of the Axial
characteristic curves for the
various types of pumps – radial,
mixed and axial flow.
They show the head, brake
horsepower, and efficiency
plotted as a percent of their
values at the design or best
efficiency point of the pump.
Centrifugal Mixed-Flow
SPECIFIC SPEED
∗
= /
∗
16
Apr-18
∗( . ) .
= = 802.9
. ∗( . ) .
17
Apr-18
18
Apr-18
AFFINITY LAWS
The generated pump head depends upon the exit fluid velocity at
impeller periphery, which is V = x D x N, where D = Imp.
diameter, N = RPM.
Change in Diameter :
= =
Affinity Laws
( )
= ( ) 140
100
N1
= =
80
Diff Head
( ) N2
=( )
60
40
D = Diameter, mm or inch
20
N = Speed, rpm
Q = Flowrate, m3/h or gpm 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
H = Head, m or ft Capacity
P = Power, in kW or HP
19
Apr-18
operation.
20
Apr-18
21
Apr-18
22
Apr-18
HEAD
Energy content of liquid per unit weight
23
Apr-18
. ∗ . ∗ . ∗
ℎ= =115.5 ℎ= =115.5 ℎ= =115.5
. . .
24
Apr-18
NPSHA CALCULATIONS
Calculation of system Net Positive Suction Head Available for typical
suction conditions.
NPSHA =
a) PB – (VP + Ls + hf )
b) PB + LH – (VP + hf )
c) P – (VP + Ls + hf )
d) P + LH – (VP + hf )
a b
PB = Barometric Pressure, m or ft
VP = Vapor pressure of the liquid at c d
maximum pumping temperature, m or ft
P = Pressure on surface of liquid
25
Apr-18
CAVITATION
Cutaway view of a pump
volute shows the passage of
flow through the impeller.
Cavitation exists in high
percentage of pumps,
Eye
however acceptable life can
be achieved.
Top curve
System pressure (Ps) > fluid vapor pressure cavitation cannot
occur.
Bottom curve
Ps < the vapor pressure as it enters the impeller eye this will
cause cavitation.
26
Apr-18
SYMPTOMS OF CAVITATION
"Pumping gravel" cavitation noise
Failure history: repeated seal or bearing failures
Rapid decrease in discharge pressure when
attempting to increase rates
"High vibrations
Lower than expected
discharge pressure
Repeated impeller
replacements
CAVITATION TYPE
1. Low NPSHA Fluid vaporizes at impeller inlet
2. Low Flow Suction recirculation and discharge recirculation
3. Air Entrainment Air leaks or entrained gases
4. Turbulence Excessive, due to high velocity, bends, Tee at inlet
27
Apr-18
SUCTION CAVITATION
Suction Cavitation: The pump
suction is under a low pressure
condition where the liquid turns into
a vapor at the eye of the pump
impeller.
This vapor carried to the discharge
side of the pump no longer sees
vacuum and is compressed back into
a liquid by the discharge pressure.
This imploding action occurs
violently and attacks the face of the
impeller which will remove large
chunks of material from its face
causing premature failure of the
pump.
DISCHARGE CAVITATION
When the pump discharge is extremely
high. Normally occurs in a pump that
is running at less than 10% of its BEP.
The high discharge pressure causes the
majority of the fluid to circulate inside
the pump.
Liquid must pass through the small
clearance between the impeller and the
pump cutwater at extremely high
velocity which causes a vacuum to
develop at the cutwater similar to what
occurs in a venturi and turns the liquid
into a vapor.
A pump operating under these
conditions shows premature wear
of the impeller vane tips and the
pump cutwater, also failure of the
pump mechanical seal and
bearings.
28
Apr-18
29
Apr-18
30
Apr-18
31
Apr-18
VISCOSITY CORRECTION
FOR CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
Example:
Pump at 750 GPM,
100 ft diff head,
Viscosity 1000 SSU,
Sp. Gr. 0.90
CQ = 0.95, CH = 0.92 for 1.0
QNW, Ch = 0.635
QW = 750 / 0.95 = 790 GPM
HW= 100 / 0.92 = 109 ft
Select pump for water capacity
790 GPM @ 109 ft head. If
selected pump eff. 81%, than
viscous eff. = 81% x 0.635 = 51.5%
Pump BHP = (750 x 100 x 0.90) /
(3960 x 0.515) = 33.1 HP
32