Getting Involved: How People Make A Difference

DATA. TRENDS. INSIGHTS.
GETTING INVOLVED
How people make a difference
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Published by This publication relies on the input and

NCVO expertise of staff across NCVO, particularly
Society Building Aidan Warner
8 All Saints Street Andy Curtis
London N1 9RL Bethan Hacche
Published November 2017 Chris Walker
© NCVO 2017 Dan Francis
Licensed under the Creative Commons Greg Lamyman
Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 license, Jarina Choudhury
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Joanna Stuart
by-nc/4.0/
Karl Wilding
Registered charity number 225922 Kristen Stephenson
Authors Myles Kunzli
Lisa Hornung Nick Ockenden
Jack Egan Rob Brennan
Véronique Jochum Steph Clark
Will Downs
Design
Lisa Hornung
Jack Egan
CONTENTS
2 Is participation changing? 4 Where do people get involved?
2.1 Volunteering 12 4.1 In organisations and groups 27
2.2 Membership 13 4.2 Across the country 29
2.3 Political engagement 14 4.3 Around the world 31
2.4 Civic engagement 15 4.4 Online 33
2.5 Charitable giving 16
2.6 Ethical consumerism 17
5 What do people do?
5.1 Volunteering 36
5.2 Charity governance 39
3 Who gets involved? 5.3 Membership 41
5.4 Local community action 43
Foreword 4 3.1 Age 19
5.5 Political engagement 45
Preface 5 3.2 Gender 20
5.6 Campaigning and protest 47
Executive summary 6 3.3 Social class and education 21
5.7 Charitable giving 49
3.4 Ethnicity 22
1 Introduction 3.5 Religion 23
5.8 Raising money
5.9 Ethical consumerism
51
53
1.1 How do people get involved? 9 3.6 Disability 24
1.2 Policy timeline 2010-2017 10 3.7 Civic core 25 Appendices 55
FOREWORD
As minister for civil society, I am delighted half of the population who are members of Finally, I would like to thank the NCVO
to write the foreword to this new NCVO clubs, including the 15% who are sports club team for putting in the time and effort to
report, Getting Involved. Encouraging members, that make active participation prepare this excellent report.
participation is one of the key strategic possible for all. The evidence also shows that
priorities for the Department for Digital, community action – people participating
Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). That’s in place – is an important trend, from the
because we know that participation in one-fifth already involved in local social
cultural, sporting and wider civil society action, to the now £100m in community
activity is vital to our long-term goal to drive shares and the growth in community Tracey Crouch
growth, enrich lives and promote Britain to shops and pubs. DCMS will continue to Minister for Sport and Civil Society
the world. support this, from expanding Community
The report evidences the rich tapestry of Organisers, to the Cultural Development
participation across Britain, detailing the Fund and Sport England’s Local Delivery
who, what, where of participation and how Pilots.
trends have changed over time. It should The report highlights where more progress
be celebrated that three in five adults may be needed: improving the diversity of
volunteer at least once a year and that we’ve those who participate, encouraging more
seen a steady increase in young people’s volunteering later in life and making the
volunteering over recent years. Promoting most of emerging digital and technology
social and community action at all ages, trends.
in particular volunteering, is a priority for That’s why this contribution from NCVO is
us. That’s why we’ve invested to grow the so timely. I can see the close connections
National Citizen Service, closely supported across participation in sports, culture and
the #iwill campaign and helped to identify civil society as a whole and there is much
and accelerate more than 215 high-impact to learn from common efforts. Over the
volunteering initiatives through the Centre coming months I look forward to continuing
for Social Action like in health and care. the conversations with everyone involved in
The facts should cause us to give thanks to civil society and beyond.
the 700,000 charity trustees and the fully
PREFACE
This publication aims to give an overview of volunteering. Many are already thinking
the different ways that people get involved about and doing this, and we should all seek
in society. We’ve drawn on a range of to learn from them.
sources to look at questions like who gets We’ll be reflecting more on the data
involved, how and where they get involved contained here over the coming months.
and whether participation has changed over In the meantime, I hope you find Getting
time. It forms part of our Almanac series of Involved as valuable as I have, and I would
publications that aim to inform and shape warmly welcome your thoughts.
contemporary public policy on civil society.
I’m pleased to say that people’s willingness
to get involved in their communities and try
to improve their world is as strong as ever,
and it’s something we should take every
opportunity to celebrate. Karl Wilding
But there are challenges. Among the most Director of Public Policy and Volunteering
striking presented within this compendium NCVO
is the question of diversity in formal
volunteering. A notable divide continues
to exist, with the wealthier and better
educated people more likely to become
engaged in formal volunteering.
NCVO has committed to be bold for
volunteering and among our aims is to show
the benefits of volunteering for our public
services. But with overall volunteering levels
remaining static, it’s clear that organisations
of all kinds will need to innovate in the
sort of volunteering opportunities they
are offering in order to grow their levels of
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
Drawing upon trends, facts and statistics ‘Over one in four people causes are raised through various channels,
from a range of sources, this publication including mass participation and individual
looks at whether participation has changed
formally volunteer once a month fundraising campaigns. People are also
over time, who gets involved and how and and about one-fifth of the UK making statements on the kind of society
where people get involved. population is involved in social they want to live in by consuming in a more
ethical way, purchasing ethical goods,
There is no overall decline of action in their local community.’ recycling or sharing skills.
participation
Whether people’s involvement and People are engaged almost
contribution to society has changed over surveys and metrics with a time series may everywhere
time varies according to activity. While not capture new activities (such as online People get involved in many different ways
levels of volunteering and charitable activities) and potentially miss out on people in their local community but also at national
giving have remained relatively stable, who are engaged. or international levels. Generally, people
membership rates have fallen for many feel that they have more influence at a
types of organisation, including trade People get involved in a huge variety local level than at a national level and one
unions, religious organisations and tenants’ of activities in five people are engaged in local social
associations. Membership to political Around half of the population is a member action. Significant amounts are raised every
parties has experienced a sharp drop since of an organisation with sports clubs being year for causes abroad and international
the 1980s, however the Labour party has the most popular type of membership disasters. Many community groups and
seen a significant increase in numbers organisation. Over one in four people charities, and the services they provide,
since 2015. Political participation more formally volunteer once a month and about are highly dependent on the involvement
generally has been in decline for many one-fifth of the UK population is involved of people who willingly give their time
years, but recently voter turnout has picked in social action in their local community. for free. But people don’t just volunteer
up. One area that has grown significantly People are also engaged in different types in the voluntary sector, the numbers of
is ethical consumerism, which is based of political action, ranging from voting and people involved in public services are
more on individual actions and is perhaps campaigning to signing petitions or taking also significant: over three million people
more embedded in people’s everyday lives part in demonstrations. More than 60% volunteer in the health and care sector,
or driven by lifestyle choices. Looking at of people donate to charity within one about 300,000 are school governors and
trends over time remains difficult because year, and large amounts of money for good about 100,000 help run libraries. Given
Executive summary
that overall levels of volunteering have have called ‘slacktivisim’ is limited. However, ‘Formal activities are more time to volunteer. Additionally, the activities
remained stable for a long period, it may be technology has shown at times that it that men and women get involved in mirror
necessary for public services to innovate if can disrupt some of the mechanisms that
exclusive and predominantly existing gender divides in society.
they are to attract more volunteers. previously prevented people from getting attract people from more well-
involved and help offline participation reach resourced and highly educated
Online opportunities are growing its full potential.
backgrounds.’
Technology has continued to add to an
increasing diversity of activities. Social In terms of people, participation
media and online tools have helped to lacks diversity despite technology removing some of the
mobilise large numbers of people all around While there is great diversity of activities, barriers to getting involved and offering
the globe, sometimes through effectively the picture is quite different when looking opportunities that are less formal.
linking online and offline activities. Virtual at who is involved. Even though overall
volunteering has provided people with numbers of people involved are significant, Context is key to understanding
flexible opportunities, giving them more the levels and types of involvement vary a involvement
scope to volunteer when it suits them. For lot according to demographics. The largest Individual and wider context is key to
now, cash still remains the most common differences concern socio-economic status understanding why, how and when people
way that people give to charity, but and education, with people in higher social get involved. Participation isn’t linear but
technology has led to new ways of giving grades and a higher level of education being changes according to people’s life course,
money, including crowdfunding platforms, more likely to get involved. Additionally, a age, personal situation, motivations and
digital currency, contactless payments and disproportionate amount of time is given interests. Three-quarters of people move
many more. Some critics suggest that the by only a small group of people, the civic in and out of volunteering and do not
impact of online participation or what some core. Formal activities (volunteering volunteer consistently over time. Who
through a group or organisation, gets involved also reflects wider social and
trusteeship, voting or campaigning) are economic trends. For example, patterns
‘Social media and online tools more exclusive and predominantly attract of income distribution impact upon who
have helped to mobilise large people from more well-resourced and gets involved in activities such as charitable
numbers of people all around the highly educated backgrounds. Over the giving and ethical consumerism, and people
last decade there has been minimal change in low-paid jobs or under pressure to care
globe.’ in the demographics of who gets involved, for others might not be able to find the
7
1
INTRODUCTION
This publication draws together trends, facts and statistics relating to participation from a range of different sources. It forms
part of our Almanac series of publications that aim to inform and shape contemporary public policy on civil society.
The publication is divided into four sections.
Is participation changing? Who gets involved?

This section focuses on trends in This sections looks at the
people’s involvement, including people who participate and the
volunteering, charitable giving, differences in demographics,
political engagement and ethical including gender, age, ethnicity,
1 2
consumerism. social class and education,
religion, and disability.
What do people do? Where do people get

This section looks at the different
activities people can get involved
4 3 involved?
People can get involved in
in, ranging from volunteering a wide variety of spaces and
and social action, to political places, including institutions
engagement, campaigning, and buildings. This section also
charitable giving and ethical looks at participation in different
consumerism. sectors, across the country,
around the world and online.
Introduction 1.1
HOW DO PEOPLE GET INVOLVED?
There are many ways of talking about how people get

involved. At NCVO, we have opted for a very broad
understanding of participation that is inclusive of a Public participation
wide range of activities. The engagement of people For example:
with the various structures and • voting
institutions of democracy. Key • responding to a government
to public participation is the consultation
• signing a petition
relationship between people and
• taking part in a protest.
the state.
Individual participation Social participation

For example: The individual choices and The collective activities For example:
• donating money to actions that people make that people may be • being a member of a
charity as part of their daily lives involved in. The associations community group
• boycotting a product and that are statements people form between and for • volunteering at a
• making ethical hospice
of the kind of society they themselves are at the heart
purchases • being trustee of a
• raising money for a want to live in. of social participation. charity.
cause.
9
Introduction 1.2
POLICY TIMELINE 2010-2017

Big Society Localism Act 2011 Small Charitable Donations Act 2012 Centre for Social Action Innovation Fund 2013-2016
New coalition government Devolves greater powers to local councils and Introduces the Gift Aid Small Donations Scheme which To identify and accelerate the development of high-impact social action projects.
sets out their vision of the Big neighbourhoods and gives local communities allows charities to claim Gift Aid on cash donations up
Society. control over housing and planning decisions. to £20 without a Gift Aid declaration. Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013
Amends electoral law and introduces Individual Electoral Registration for voters.
Vetting and Barring Scheme Strategic vision for volunteering Community Life Survey
Review of the Vetting and Barring Sets out the coalition government’s long-term First annual Community Life Survey by the Cabinet The Department of Health’s Health and Social Care Volunteering
Scheme set to create a slimmed- vision for social action and volunteering in Office to look at trends in volunteering, charitable Fund (HSCVF)
down version of the scheme. health and social care. giving, local action and well-being. To increase investment in volunteering in health and social care.
National Citizen Service Health and Social Care Act 2012 #iwill campaign
First National Citizen Service (NCS) launches As part of large-scale reforms to the NHS, Healtwatch Set up by Step Up to Serve in response to the In the Service of Others: A vision
over the summer. is established to strengthen patient voice and encour- for youth social action by 2020 report. The campaign aims to make social action
age greater participation of communities. part of life for as many 10–20 year olds as possible.
2010 2011 2012 2013
Transparency of Lobbying, Non-party Campaigning Lampard review Charities Act 2016 National Citizen Service Act 2017
and Trade Union Administration Act 2014 Recommends that Introduces new powers for the Charity Commission to To secure the future of the NCS and make it more accountable to parliament and
Introduces measures to more closely regulate election NHS trusts need disqualify individuals from acting as trustees. the public.
campaign spending and activity by those not standing for to review their
election or registered as political parties. voluntary services OCS and Nesta launch Second Half Fund Policing and Crime Act 2017
arrangements and Three grant funds totalling £4m to encourage people Enables chief officers to confer a range of powers on staff and volunteers.
NHS England launches the Five Year Forward View ensure that they over 50 to volunteer alongside public services.
Shared vision for the future of the NHS, including new are fit for purpose. House of Lords Select Committee on Charities Report
relationships with patients and communities and encouraging #iwill fund Sets out recommendations on how to improve governance, increase diversity of
community volunteering. £40m of funding from government and Big Lottery in trustees and increase volunteering.
one central investment pot for #iwill campaign.
Final report of Call to Action Progress Group Full Time Social Action Review
Explores the potential need for a regulatory system for VCSE review Set up by DCMS on how to increase participation in full-time social action.
volunteer complaints and calls for organisations to respond to By the Department of Health, Public Health England,
the Hodgson and PASC recommendations. and NHS England on how charities and volunteering can Care Quality Commission (CQC) includes volunteering in key lines
contribute positively to the health and care sector. of inquiry for assessments
2014 2015 2016 2017

10
2
IS PARTICIPATION
CHANGING?
Membership rates have generally and localism, civic activism which relates Ethical consumerism continues to
fallen, with some exceptions to involvement in local decision making grow
and service provision has remained largely
In the case of membership of political While other areas have decreased or
stable since 2005. In addition, engagement
parties and trade unions, there has been a remained stable, there was a significant
in local consultations and other forms of
sharp decrease since the 1970s, although growth in ethical consumerism. This
engagement in democratic processes have
membership of the Labour party has could be driven by actions that are more
gradually decreased over the same period.
increased significantly in recent years. embedded in people’s everyday lives or by
Membership levels for other types of other lifestyle choices like being healthier.
However, levels of volunteering
organisations, such as sports clubs and
religious groups, have also dipped over time, remain consistent … Caution is needed when discussing
although professional organisations have Volunteering rates have remained relatively trends
seen some growth in membership. stable since 2001. Just over one in four
Looking at how people’s level of involvement
people formally volunteer (give unpaid help
has changed over time is particularly
Voter turnout has picked up through a club or organisation) at least
challenging because there are so many
While the downward trend in voter once a month. This is the same proportion
different activities to cover and surveys with
turnout had raised concerns about political of people as in 2001. In contrast, formal
a long enough time series are scarce. Some
disengagement, particularly in the early volunteering in the 16–25 age group
surveys have changed their methodology
2000s, recent turnout figures tell a has been increasing since 2011/12. This
and this makes comparisons year on year
different story. The 2017 general election age group is now the most likely to be
difficult. In addition, most of these surveys
had the highest turnout rate at a general undertaking formal volunteering.
do not fully capture new ways of getting
election since 1997. It’s worth noting involved (eg online activities).
though that the highest recent turnout … and the public continues to
rates were recorded for single-issue votes support charities financially
at the EU and Scottish referendums. Charitable giving appears to have fluctuated
over the last decade but this could be due
Civic engagement proves difficult to to changes in survey methodology. Overall,
cultivate the general public’s willingness to give to
Despite a policy emphasis on devolution charity has remained strong despite difficult
economic circumstances.
Is participation changing? 2.1
VOLUNTEERING
Rates of regular and irregular volunteering have Formal regular volunteering (at least once a month, %) Formal irregular volunteering (at least once a year, %)
80
remained stable since 2001. The same proportion Informal regular volunteering (at least once a month, %) Informal irregular volunteering (at least once a year, %)
of people formally volunteer (giving unpaid help 67

60 60
through a club or organisation) once a month in
2001 and 2015/16 (27%). Informal volunteering 40 39 41
(giving unpaid help to someone who is not a 34
27
34
27
relative) is slightly more volatile, particularly 20
irregular informal volunteering which currently
0
stands at 60%, down from a 2005 peak of 68%.
Citizenship Survey; Community Life Survey
YOUNG PEOPLE VOLUNTEERING Formal volunteering at least once a month (%) Formal volunteering at least once in the last year (%)
60
Rates of formal volunteering among young 49
47
people (16–25) have seen a steady increase in 50 44 45
38
recent years. These increases may have been 40
influenced by a number of factors including the 30
35
establishment of youth-focused volunteering 28
31 32
20
programmes (eg the National Citizen Service), 23
10
the 2012 Olympic Games and a tough
employment market. 0
Citizenship Survey; Community Life Survey

12
MEMBERSHIP BHPS (1997 & 2007); Understanding Society survey (2015)
POLITICAL PARTIES TYPES OF ORGANISATION

Membership of the three main Party membership (000s) Memberships of sports clubs, religious groups
political parties has been in decline and tenants/residents groups have fallen since
Conservative
since the 1970s. However, since 1,200 Labour
1997. However, membership of professional
2014 the Labour party has seen a Liberal Democrat organisations is now higher than it was in both
800 1997 and 2007.
rapid growth in membership,
reaching 554,000 members in 400 Membership by type of organisation (%)
2016 although this also includes 17.9 1997 2007 2015
0
affiliated supporters. 17.4
11.8
Keen & Apostolova (2017) Membership of UK political parties, Briefing
Paper No. SN05125
10.6
TRADE UNIONS 15.3
10.1
In 2015 membership of trade unions Trade union membership as proportion of workforce (%)
stood at 6,949, the lowest level
29 Sports club Religious group
recorded since 1940. This represents 30
a 38% decrease from 1970, when 21
20 9.8 9.3
union membership peaked. Trade 9.1 4.4
union membership as a proportion 10 9.8
8.5
of the workforce has also dropped to 3.3
0
21% in 2016.
Labour Force Survey (2016) & Department of Employment Statistics Professional organisation Tenants/
Division (1892–1974); Certification Office (1974–2015) residents group
13
POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT
VOTING Turnout at general elections 1970-2017 (%)

Voter turnout is seen as a key indicator of political engagement and has decreased in the
72 79 73 76 73 75 78 71 69
UK over the past decades. Although there were slight increases at the last four general 59 61 65 66
elections, turnout remained below that of post-war general elections up to 1992. Turnout
at the June 2016 EU referendum was 72.6%, higher than any UK general election since
1992. Certain groups, including young people, ethnic minorities and DE social grades1, are
less likely to vote than others. However, in the latest general election in 2017, the turnout
among the 18–24 age group saw the largest change, increasing from 38% to 54%.
1 See Appendix I for an explanation Apostolova, V. et al. (2017) General Election 2017: results and
Audickas, L., Hawkins, O., & Cracknell, R. (2017) UK Election Statistics: 1918-2017. House of Commons, Briefing Paper CBP7529.; Apostolova, V. et al. (2017) General Election analysis. House of Commons, Briefing Paper CBP 7979
2017: results and analysis. House of Commons, Briefing Paper CBP 7979; Ipsos MORI (2017) How Britain voted in the 2017 election.
Turnout at major elections and referendums 2014-2017
84.6%
Difference to
previous election as
percentage points Scottish
Independence
66.2% 1.1% 72.2% 8.2%
1975
64.0% 9.8% 68.8% 2.6%
2015
55.6%
2010
54.2%
2016
Referendum 0.5% 5.2% EU General
General
45.2%
2011 2011
4%
Referendum Northern Ireland
Election
35.4% Scottish
2011
0.9% Election Northern Ireland Assembly
2009 Welsh Assembly Parliament
European Assembly
Parliament
May 2014 Sep 2014 May 2015 May 2016 May 2016 May 2016 Jun 2016 Mar 2017 Jun 2017
14
CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
Beyond voting, there are a number of Proportion of people who have taken part in some form of civic engagement within the last year
other types of civic activity that people get
involved in. These can range from signing Civic participation (%) Civic consultation (%) Civic activism (%)
a petition to being a local councillor. Rates
of civic participation have dipped in recent 50
years and civic consultation has also seen a 41
gradual decline since 2005. Civic activism 38 38 38 39 38
40
has remained stable over time. 34 34
34
Community Life Survey definitions 30 30
Civic participation 30
Wider forms of engagement in democratic processes,
such as contacting an elected representative, taking 20 21 20
part in a public demonstration or protest, or signing a 18 17 18 17
petition. 20 16 16
Civic consultation
9 10 10 10 10 10 10
Active engagement in consultation about local 9 8
services or issues through activities such as attending 10
a consultation group or completing a questionnaire
about these services.
Civic activism 0
Involvement in direct decision making about local
services or issues, or in the actual provision of these
services by taking on a role such as a local
councillor or school governor. Citizenship Survey; Community Life Survey
15
CHARITABLE GIVING
Charitable giving is influenced by a range of internal and external factors. People’s motivations Total amounts given to charities
and relationship to a charity, as well as a country’s economic situation, inflation rates and
unemployment rates can impact the level of giving. Despite there being real-term drops in both Income from individuals made up 45% of the
take-home pay and disposable income during the last 10 years, the public’s determination to give total income of UK charities in 2014/15.
to charity has remained strong. Between 2006/07 and 2016, the proportion of people giving in Donations provided the largest share of the
the last year has remained relatively stable (between 54% and 61%), as have the total amounts income that voluntary organisations received
donated by individuals to the voluntary sector. from individuals: they have increased since
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017; CAF (2016) Gross domestic philanthropy: An international analysis of GDP, tax and giving.; NCVO UK Civil Society Almanac 2017 2000/01 and were £7.6bn in 2014/15.
Individual donations to UK voluntary sector (£m)
Proportion of people giving to charity Change in methodology
58% 57% 64% 62% 61%

56% 56% 54% 56% 55%
2003/04
2006/07
2013/14
2000/01
2007/08
2010/11
2008/09
2004/05
2014/15
2009/10
2001/02
2002/03*
2011/12
2012/13
2005/06
2003/04
2006/07
2013/14
2000/01
2007/08
2010/11
2008/09
2004/05
2014/15
2009/10
2001/02
2002/03*
2011/12
2012/13
2005/06
2000/01 2014/15
Donation per donor A survey of individuals’ charitable giving

Mean
behaviour estimates that a total of £9.7bn
£29 £32 £30 £31 £31 £27 £29 £39 £37 £40 was given to charity by individual donors in
2016. Different methodologies and data
sources mean that these estimates differ
Median
£10 £12 £10 £14 £18 from each other.
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017; NCVO UK Civil Society Almanac 2017
2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2014 2015 2016
16
ETHICAL CONSUMERISM
Over the last 15 years, ethical consumer markets have continued to grow and move into new
Organic market Soil Association (2016) Organic market report 2016
product areas, eg ethical jewellery, or new forms of consumerism such as ‘co-consumption’
(people sharing items rather than purchasing them). For three years, there has been a decline in After a dip in sales from 2008, the UK
personal boycotts, while most ethical markets have grown or remained stable. Over the last few organic market started to grow again in 2011.
years, eco-travel and eco-transport have seen a significant growth. Sales of vegetarian products UK sales of organic products
grew by 6.3% in 2015, while the number of vegans in Britain has risen by 360% between 2006 £2,113m £1,954m
and 2016. A recent study found that supermarket shoppers who say they prioritise ethical £802m
considerations are more likely to be middle–aged.
Ethical Consumer Markets report 2016; Ethical Consumer Markets report 2013; www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain (17/07/2017);
Jayawardhena, C., Morrell, K. & Stride, C. (2016) Ethical consumption behaviours in supermarket shoppers: determinants and marketing implications. Journal of Marketing Management,
32(7-8), 777–805. 2000 2008 2015
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Ethical markets in the UK, 1999-2015 Fairtrade market
Ethical Consumer
Markets report 2016
Fairtrade took off as an idea in the 1980s and
£bn
lead to the set up of the Fairtrade Foundation
30,000
Ethical personal products in 1992. Twenty-five years later, the
Eco-travel and
certification scheme is a $2bn-a-year global
20,000
eco-transport operation. www.theguardian.com/
business/2015/feb/23/
80%
fairtrade-sales-fall-first-
of people in the UK recognise time-20-year-existence
Green home the Fairtrade Foundation’s logo (27/06/2017); www.
10,000 theguardian.com/global-
development/2017/
Ethical food and drink 2015 UK sales fall for the first time
since the Fairtrade Foundation
jun/24/fairtrade-crashing-
down-sainsburys-tesco-
tea-growers-nairobi
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
launched (27/06/2017)
17
3
WHO GETS
INVOLVED?
There is a lack of diversity activities present more barriers to getting Participation is embedded in
While there is a huge diversity of activities, involved. everyday life …
the picture is quite different when Individual context is key to understanding
looking at who is involved. Levels and Demographics remain largely participation: it changes over people’s life
types of involvement vary according to unchanged course and people tend to get involved in
demographics. The greatest disparities different ways according to age, life stage
There has been minimal change in the
concern socio-economic status and and personal situations, motivations and
demographics of who gets involved.
education level: people in higher social interests.
Previous research in the last decade and
grades and with a higher level of education
over has found participation to be unequal,
are more likely to get involved in most
activities. Likewise, people contributing a
with people who get involved the most … and reflects wider social trends
being well-resourced and well-educated. But people’s involvement also mirrors
disproportionate amount of time – the ‘civic
core’ – are drawn predominantly from the what happens in society more widely. For
most prosperous, middle-aged and highly Online opportunities: a game instance, participation in activities involving
educated sections of the population. changer? money, such as charitable giving or ethical
consumerism, echo broader patterns in
Many people have argued that new
Formal activities are less inclusive income distribution. Furthermore, the
technologies and social media have the
gendered dimension of participation
Differences in participation rates between potential to remove some of the barriers
reflects existing gender divides in society.
higher and lower levels of education are to getting involved by offering spaces for
Women are found to engage in different
smaller for informal volunteering (that participation that were less formal. There
volunteering activities than men, are more
involves giving unpaid help to someone who has certainly been significant growth in the
involved in informal volunteering and
is not a relative) than formal volunteering many ways people can get involved online.
spend more time volunteering per day.
(that takes place in the context of a Online participation may have made it
Participation in activities involving money,
group or organisation) or trusteeship and easier to access opportunities, however it
involvement in political action, including does not, as yet, seem to have led to greater such as charitable giving or ethical
voting or campaigning. This is also true diversity and equality overall. consumerism, echo broader patterns in
for differences between social grades and income distribution.
ethnic groups, suggesting that more formal
Who gets involved? 3.1
AGE
VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16); ONS (2017) Changes in the

value and division of unpaid volunteering in the UK: 2000 to 2015 . YOUTH SOCIAL ACTION VOTING
Younger people are the most likely age group to formally In 2015, 42% of 10–20 year olds took part in Turnout of 18–25s year olds (54%) in the
2017 general election (GE) was 17% lower
volunteer regularly: 32% of 16–25 year old volunteered some type of social action. Schools and colleges than for over-65 year olds, but the gap
at least once a month versus 27% overall. They also spend are the most important routes to social action, appears to be closing.
more time volunteering: 17 minutes per day compared followed by family, friends and structured 80 Turnout at recent elections (%)
with 13.7 minutes overall. People in the next age group up programmes. One example is the National 60 74 73 71
65+
are the least likely to volunteer regularly (21%). Citizens Service (NCS) which launched in 2011 53
18–25
40 54
and had around 93,000 participants in 2016. 38
Volunteering in later life and barriers for over-75 year olds 20
Participation by activity 2015 General Election 2016 EU Referendum 2017 General Election
GE 2015 EU 2016 GE 2017
Annual volunteering rates for 65–74 year olds are www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted-2017-
Fundraising/
roughly the same as for all volunteers but rates decline sponsored event
43% election?language_content_entity=en-uk
Percentage
(27/07/2017)
sharply among the 75+ age group. Of all over 75-year GIVING CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017
Give time to
olds, 45% cite illness and disability as a barrier to volun- charity/cause
32%
The mean and median amounts given both in-
teering, and 57% say that they are ‘feeling too old’. Support crease with age: 16–24 year olds give a mean
people 28%
amount of £30 compared with £51 for 65+.
Participation in volunteering in the last year by age group (%)
Tutor, coach, Amounts given to charity
Formal volunteering Informal volunteering mentor someone 21% 16–24 65+
69 64
61 56 60 Improve local
49 45 48 16% Mean
39 38 41 area £30 £51
32 donation
Campaign for
10%
something Median
£10 £22
Ipsos MORI (2015) Youth social action in the UK – 2015. A face-to-face survey of 10–20 year donation
01 02 03 04 05 0
16–25 26–34 35–49 50–64 65–74 75+ olds in the UK

19
GENDER
POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16) SOCIAL ACTION

Voting Levels of formal volunteering Nearly twice as many men as women say they
Around two-thirds of men and women were in the last year are almost have not engaged with any charitable or social
estimated to have voted in the 2017 general election. identical for men (41%) and activities, such as donating to a charity or buying
Women women (42%). an ethical product, in the last year.
But women are more likely to
Not engaged in Men Women
62% 64% regularly volunteer informally charitable or social 14% 8%
(38%) than men (30%). activity
Men Volunteering activities CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017
www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-
voted-2017-election?language_content_entity=en- The most popular activity for
uk (27/07/2017)
both genders is organising or CHARITABLE GIVING Community Life Survey (2015/16); CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017
Parliament
helping to run an activity or Likelihood to give Average donation
In 2017 a record number of female MPs were elected
to the House of Commons, although a gender event (32%). However, men Women are more likely to donate on a Men tend to have a higher mean donation
monthly basis (77%) than men (70%). (£45) than women (£35), suggesting that
imbalance still remains. In total there are 208 are more likely to provide They are also less likely to say they rarely men are more likely to give a high-value
female MPs versus 442 male MPs.
transport or driving (17%) than or never give to charity (12%) than men donation. However, the median donation for
https://rightsinfo.org/2017-intake-
representative-parliament-ever/ women (10%) and are twice as (24%). women (£20) is higher than for men (£15).
(30/06/17)
likely to act as a representative
(14% vs 7%). Women tend to
focus more on visiting people
(16%) than men (10%).
Community Life Survey (2015/16)
20
SOCIAL CLASS AND EDUCATION
CHARITABLE GIVING CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017 VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16)
Those in the highest social grades (AB) are more likely % giving monthly People who are highly educated are more likely to volunteer formally
to give on a monthly basis than those in the lowest ABs 32% once a month but levels are fairly similar for informal volunteering rates.
social grades (DE). ABs are more likely to donate to Formal volunteering (once per month)
medical charities (31%) or overseas aid (23%) whereas
DEs 22%
DEs are more likely to give to animal welfare (31%). 36% 30% 29% 22% 21% 13%
ONLINE ACTION Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14

Informal volunteering (once per month)
Social grade and education level affect whether people participate
online, eg through e-petitions or other platforms, such as social media.
36% 35% 34% 34% 37% 26%
45% Degree level or above
40% AB
DE No formal qualifications
Degree level or Higher education A Level or GCSE grades GCSE grades No formal
21% above below degree level equivalent A–C D–E qualifications
18%
10%
3% 5% POLITICAL ACTION Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14
1%
Created or signed an Contributed to a discussion Created or signed an Contributed to a discussion
Those in higher social grades and those with higher qualifications are more likely to take political
e-petition or campaign online e-petition or campaign online action than people in lower social grades and lower qualifications.
BOYCOTTS Boycotted a product in the last year Participation in political action (mean scores)
Social grade Education Social grade Education
Highly educated people are more
likely to take part in boycotts.
ABs 19%
Degree level
or above 23% 5.23 > 2.05 3.03 > 0.69 Degree No formal
No formal
Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14 DEs 4% qualifications
3% ABs DEs or above qualifications
21
ETHNICITY
CHARITABLE GIVING POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

BME White Turnout Parliament Interest Knowledge Satisfaction
Estimated turnout in the 2017 general
52
election was markedly higher for white In 2017
people.
68% 74% BME White
BME MPs were elected
53% 64% to sit in the House of White people are
more likely to say
More white people
claim to know at
Despite lower levels
of interest and
Commons. This is the
White people are slightly more likely highest ever level of BME that they are at least least ‘a fair amount’ knowledge, BME
to have given money over the past representation in the ‘fairly interested’ in about politics (51%) people are more
House of Commons. politics (56%) than than BME people satisfied with
four weeks than black and minority BME people (34%). (37%). parliament (34%)
ethnic (BME) people. www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted-
2017-election?language_content_entity=en-uk
https://rightsinfo.org/2017-intake-
representative-parliament-ever/
than white people
Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14 (27/07/2017) (30/06/17) Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14 (29%).
VOLUNTEERING Volunteering rates by ethnic group

In 2015/16, one in five BME people had formally volun- 80%
BME White
teered at least once in the last month versus just over one 61% 60%
in four white people. There is a similar gap when looking at 60% 42%
35% 36%
formal volunteering rates within the last 12 months. 40% 28% 29%
20%
However, levels of informal volunteering over the past year 20%
between BME people and white people are much closer, 0%
separated by just 1%. Formal volunteering at least Informal volunteering at least Formal volunteering at least Informal volunteering at least
once in the last month once in the last month once in the last year once in the last year
22
RELIGION
VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16)

SCALE AND SCOPE
People who actively practise a religion are more likely to volunteer than In 2016, 20% of all donations from individuals went to religious organ-
those who do not. This is most apparent in formal volunteering. isations. Many religions encourage charitable giving, eg through ‘stew-
Volunteering rates by religion ardship’ for Christians, ‘tzedakah’ for Jews and ‘Zakah’ for Muslims.
CAF UK Giving 2017; www.learningtogive.org/resources/religious-basis-charitable-giving (10/10/2017); Cinnamon Network (2015)
Cinnamon Faith Action Audit
Not practising Actively practising 65%
58% Activities of religious groups
49%
41%
16,068 3.5 million 2,110
38% Groups
35% Total number
31% Beneficiaries in supporting local
24% of projects 2014 communities
9,177 21 million 139,600

Total number Total volunteer Total number
Formal volunteering at least Informal volunteering at least Formal volunteering in the last Informal volunteering in the
of paid staff hours per year of volunteers
once a month once a month 12 months last 12 months
CIVIC PARTICIPATION Civic participation by religion INDIVIDUAL CHARITIES

Those actively practising a religion are Christian Aid Islamic Relief UK Jewish Volunteering
more likely to have been involved in Focuses on the eradication Responds to disasters and Network
some form of civic participation, such 32% 39% of poverty, working in 39
countries with over 700 local
promotes sustainable develop- Has over 7,000 registered
ment. It has raised over £185m volunteers that have been
as signing a petition or taking part in a partner organisations. for victims of the Syrian crisis. linked with 6,000+ charities.
protest, within the last year. Not practising Actively practising www.christianaid.org.uk/programme- www.islamic-relief.org.uk/about-us/ www.jvn.org.uk/ (24/07/17)
Community Life Survey (2015/16) policy-practice/about-us (24/07/17) (24/07/17)
23
DISABILITY
VOLUNTEERING CIVIC PARTICIPATION Community Life Survey (2015/16)
At an overall level, rates of Once a month Once a year Like volunteering, rates of annual civic participation
volunteering for those with Formal Informal Formal Informal for those with a limiting long-term illness or disability
a limiting long-term illness are very similar to those with no
Limiting
or disability are comparable long-term illness 36% 39% 57% disabilty.
25%
with those without and only
slightly lower across most
or disability
33% 34%
Limiting long- No illness or
measures. No illness or 61% disability
27% 34% 42% term illness or
Community Life Survey (2015/16) disability disability
Volunteering activities Raising money/ Barriers

taking part in Organising an
The top three activities
sponsored events activity or event Getting other
for people with a limiting people involved
long-term illness or disability 48% 45%
41%
10%
are the same as for those with
no illness or disability.
Disabled people are more
likely to provide secretarial, Only one in ten of those who have not volunteered in
admin or clerical work (20%) the past year say that having an illness or being disabled
but less likely to provide prevented them from volunteering, ranking behind five
driving/transport (18%). other barriers.
24
CIVIC CORE
WHAT IS THE CIVIC CORE? WHO ARE THE CIVIC CORE?

Research by the Third Sector Research Centre (TSRC) on volunteering Gender
in the UK found that a relatively small proportion of the population –
the ‘civic core’ – is responsible for the bulk of volunteering, charitable People in the civic core are more likely to be
giving and civic participation. women, who account for 53% of those in either the
primary or secondary cores.
Disengaged (13%) Primary core (9%)
This group does not engage Responsible for just over Education
in any form of volunteering, half of all volunteering hours Around a third of people in the civic core (34%)
charitable giving or civic contributed by the population
participation. (51%), 43% of all charitable have a degree (or higher) compared with 17% of
giving and 24% of all non-core engaged and just 11% of disengaged.
participation in different
civic associations.
Employment
Those in the civic core are more likely to earn a
higher salary (51%) than those in the non-core
Makes up the largest engaged (32%) and disengaged (18%) segments.
proportion of the population Contributes 36% of
but contributes just 13% of volunteering hours, 39% of
Religion
volunteering hours, 19% of charitable charitable giving and 53%
giving and 23% of civic participation. of civic participation. The proportion of the civic core actively practising a
Non-core engaged (51%) Secondary core (27%) religion (42%) is higher than among the non-core
Mohan, J., & Bulloch, S. (2012) The idea of a ‘civic core’: what are the overlaps between charitable giving, volunteering, and civic participation in
engaged (27%) and disengaged (25%).
England and Wales? Third Sector Research Centre, Working Paper 73.
25
4
WHERE DO
PEOPLE GET
INVOLVED? People get involved almost
everywhere …
models of volunteering, perhaps more
flexible ones that will allow more people to
are developing new ways to raise money
and a growing number of people now give
get involved. online. Online platforms are also shaping
People don’t just volunteer for charities.
the way people volunteer, providing virtual
They get involved in many different ways
Geography matters and flexible opportunities for people to give
and in all sorts of places that provide plenty
How and how much people get involved their time.
of opportunities for them to choose from,
depending on their interests and concerns. varies depending on where they live. People
in rural areas volunteer more than those Is online disrupting participation?
While much of this activity takes place in
the voluntary sector, in household-name in urban areas. Those in the least deprived Online platforms that connect people in
charities as well as local community groups, areas volunteer more than those in the different locations show how technology
there is also a lot going on in the public most deprived areas. While this is also can help offline participation to reach its
sector (in prisons, libraries, hospitals etc). true of civic participation, the difference full potential and disrupt the importance
between the two is far less marked. of place. Social media has allowed large
… including in public services groups of people across the globe to
People are involved locally and far come together around specific issues,
In some places, the number of people
involved are significant (300,000 school beyond however detractors also point to the rise of
People are active locally, nationally and ‘slacktivism’ – acts of engagement that take
governors and 125,000 volunteers in
internationally. In general, people feel that little effort and have allegedly little effect.
hospices) and show that volunteering is
integral to service delivery. It is hard to they have more influence at a local than a
imagine what service provision would be national level, yet less than one in five are
like without their contribution. Growing involved in local social action. Every year
demand for services, reduced public significant amounts are raised for causes
spending and the ongoing search for quality abroad, particularly international disasters.
services may lead to a recruitment drive
for more volunteers. However, given that Technology helps to mobilise people
overall levels of volunteering have been Whether at local, national or international
static over time, there is a clear challenge levels, new technologies and social media
for organisations looking to grow their are helping to mobilise more people and
volunteer base to innovate and find new more funds. Using technology, charities
Where do people get involved? 4.1
IN ORGANISATIONS AND GROUPS
People get involved almost everywhere, and many organisations depend on their involvement.
Fields people formally volunteered in at least
170,000 166,000 135,900 once a year
Neighbourhood Watch General charities in the Not-for-profit sports
Groups in England UK clubs in the UK Sport/exercise 50%
www.police.uk/volunteering/ 16/06/2017) NCVO/TSRC, Charity Commission Sport Recreation Alliance (2013) Sports Club Survey
2013. Hobbies/recreation/arts/clubs 38%
Religion 34%
61,000 13,055 12,300
Local churches and other Community Interest Parent Teacher Children’s education/schools 33%
faith groups Companies Associations in the UK Youth/children’s activities 22%
Cinnamon Network (2015) Cinnamon Faith Office of the Regulator of Community Interest https://data.ncvo.org.uk/a/almanac17/scope-data/
Action Audit. Companies, Annual Report 2016–17 (16/06/2017) Health/disability/welfare 19%
Local/community groups 19%
10,500 2,000 1,600
Charity shops in the UK Food banks in the UK Museums in England The elderly 17%
Environment/animals 16%
www.charityretail.org.uk/charity-shops/ (16/06/2017) www.theguardian.com/society/2017/may/29/report- Arts Council England (2011) A review of research and
reveals-scale-of-food-bank-use-in-the-uk-ifan literature on museums and libraries Adult education 15%
(22/06/2017)
Safety/first aid 11%
375 300 163
Political parties in the Time banks in the UK Universities in the UK Citizen groups 8%
UK Other 8%
Electoral Commission Register (16/06/2017) www.timebanking.org/what-is-timebanking/ HESA (2015) Finances – balance sheets
(16/06/2017) Trade union activity 7%
145 123 47 Justice and human rights 7%

Trade unions in the UK Prisons in England and Community pubs in the Politics 6%
Wales UK
Certification Officer (2016) Annual Report of the www.gov.uk/government/organisations/hm-prison- www.plunkett.co.uk/co-operative-pubs 09/06/2017) Community Life Survey (2015/16)
Certification Officer 2015–2016 service/about (16/06/2017)
27
IN ORGANISATIONS AND GROUPS
VOLUNTEERING ACROSS SECTORS

Volunteers are delivering services in many Culture and recreation Environment, animals and heritage
different areas, however there is a lack of data
on the exact number of people involved. Data 100,000 70,000 36,000 61,000 50,000 12,000
Volunteers, Volunteers, Olympics Volunteers, Volunteers, Volunteers, British Volunteers,
from specific organisations and sub-sectors Independent museums 2012 Libraries National Trust Trust for Ornithology RSPB
can give some indication of the scale of Hill & Yates/Association of Independent Museums (2013) Success guides: successfully
recruiting and retaining volunteers; www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19201329 (16/06/2017); The 10,000 10,000 2,000
volunteer involvement across sectors. Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy’s (CIPFA) annual library survey www. Volunteers, The Volunteers, Canal & Volunteers,
cipfa.org/about-cipfa/press-office/archived-press-releases/2014-press-releases/cipfa-library-
survey?crdm=0 (16/06/2017)
Conservation River Trust English Heritage
Volunteers
National Trust annual accounts 2015/16; British Trust for Ornithology annual accounts 2015/16;
Health and social care Criminal justice RSPB annual accounts 2015/16; The Conservation Volunteers annual accounts 2015/16; Canal
& River Trust annual accounts 2015/16; English Heritage annual accounts 2015/16
The King’s Fund estimated that there are three 21,000 20,000 6,000 Community
million health and care volunteers in the UK. Magistrates, England Special constables, Police support
and Wales Police UK volunteers, England
and Wales 221,000 140,000 41,000
125,000 78,000 44,000 www.magistrates-association.org.uk/about-us (15/06/2017); https://policespecials.com/
(15/06/2017); www.college.police.uk/What-we-do/Support/Citizens/PSVs/Documents/
Volunteers, charity
shops UK
Volunteers, local Volunteers,
churches & faith groups Age UK
Volunteers, Hospices Volunteers, Acute Volunteers, St John Presentation_to_Conference_less_cars.pdf (15/06/2017)
Cinnamon Network (2015) Cinnamon faith action audit; www.charityretail.org.uk/charity-
in the UK Trusts England Ambulance shops/ (07/07/2017); Age UK annual accounts 2015/16
20,000 15,000 11,000 Emergency services

Volunteers, Volunteers, Sue Ryder Volunteers,
Children and young people
Samaritans Care Alzheimer’s Society 32,000 22,000 2,000
www.kingsfund.org.uk/blog/2016/02/social-movement-for-health (15/06/2017); NHS (2016) Volunteers, Volunteers, British Red Volunteers, 300,000 116,000 100,000
Blood Donation; Galea et al. (2013) Volunteering in acute trusts in England. Understanding RNLI life boats Cross Mountain Rescue Governors, schools UK Volunteers, Scouts Volunteers,
the scale and impact; www.hospiceuk.org/about-hospice-care/volunteering-in-hospice-care Association Girlguiding
(15/06/2017); www.sja.org.uk/sja/system-pages/legal.aspx 15/06/2017); Samaritans annual www.magistrates-association.org.uk/about-us (15/06/2017); https://policespecials.com/
accounts 2015/16; Sue Ryder Care annual accounts 2015/16; Alzheimer’s Society annual (15/06/2017); www.college.police.uk/What-we-do/Support/Citizens/PSVs/Documents/ www.nga.org.uk/About-Us.aspx (16/06/2017); Scouts Association annual accounts 2015/16;
accounts 2015/16; Presentation_to_Conference_less_cars.pdf (15/06/2017) Girlguiding annual accounts 2015/16
28
ACROSS THE COUNTRY
VOLUNTEERING ACROSS THE UK CIVIC ENGAGEMENT

Civic participation in the last year (%)
Rates of volunteering vary according to where Patterns of civic engagement are
people live. In 2015/16, the regions with the similar to volunteering rates, with 38%
40 34% 35% 40
31%
highest rates of regular volunteering (33%) were West Midlands and the south west
the east Midlands, the West Midlands and the being most engaged. People also 20 20
south west. The north west and London had the seem to be more involved in civic
0 0
lowest rates (17%, which is the lowest rate in engagement in rural areas. Most Least
Urban Rural
London since before the 2012 Olympics). Community Life Survey (2015/16) deprived deprived
Inner city areas Activities breakdown

Levels of deprivation
People living in Volunteer activities differ according In general, those in the most deprived areas are less
17% Inner
city inner-city areas report to where people live. The chart below likely to volunteer than those in the least deprived,
28% Non inner lower levels of regular shows the largest differences in regular with smaller differences for informal volunteering.
city volunteering. formal volunteers. However, the data suggests that there is no simple
Rural Urban relationship.
Rural versus urban areas LeadingLeading the
a group/member 35% Informal volunteering at least once a year (%)
of a committee
group/member of a… 25% Formal volunteering at least once a year (%)
50% Rates of volunteering
40% Organisinganoractivity
Organising helpingor 55 56 57 60 63 67 62 66 64
33% are higher in rural than
54% 53
26% to run an activityevent
or… 45%
in urban areas. 30 27 34 40 41 47 48 45 46 55
Getting other
Getting otherpeople
people 32%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Once a year Once a month Rural Urban involvedinvolved 39%
Most deprived Least deprived
29
ACROSS THE COUNTRY
In 2015/16 SOCIAL ACTION IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT
11%
In 2015/16, over a third of people were Activities include:
A survey in 2015 found that people in
aware of social action and around a fifth • setting up a local service
Scotland (63%) were more likely than
were involved in social action in their local • trying to stop the closure of a local
of 25–34 year olds were service those in Wales (59%), Northern Ireland
involved in social action in their community. The numbers are almost • trying to stop something happening (57%) and England (56%) to have ever
local community unchanged from previous years. in the local area participated in one of four political
22%
Awareness of ... Involvement in ... • running a local service on a activities (sign a petition, write to an
voluntary basis (eg community
centres) MP, boycott, demonstrate). Turnout for
social action
the 2015 general election was highest
of 65–74 year olds were 35% 18% in local
community
• organising a community event (eg
street parties) in Scotland but England and Wales had
involved in social action in their
local community
• other issues related to the local higher rates for the EU referendum.
area.
Community Life Survey (2015/16) Voter turnout by nation (%)
INFLUENCING DECISIONS Hansard Society (2017) Audit
of Political Engagement 14
Perceived
influence
Desire for
involvement
General election EU referendum
2015
Despite the EU referendum, the public’s perceived influence UK 66UK 72
and desire for involvement in local and national decision making 46% Scotland Scotland
71 67
has barely changed from last year. People feel they have more 41% NI
Northern Ireland 58 NI 63
influence at local (23%) than at national (16%) level. Those with 23% Wales Wales
66 72
16% England England
66 73
at least degree-level education are almost three times more
likely to feel they can influence national decisions than those Apostolova, V., Uberoi, E., & Johnston, N. (2017) Political disengagement in
the UK: who is disengaged? Commons Briefing papers CBP-7501 ; Paterson et
with no qualifications (23% vs 8%). Locally Nationally Locally Nationally
al (2015) Democratic engagement with the process of constitutional change.
Briefing Paper, University of Edinburgh.
30
AROUND THE WORLD
CAUSES REMITTANCES NGOS IN THE UK Responses to the refugee crisis

In 2016 Worldwide remittance flows exceeded Amnesty International Amnesty International
12% of people gave money
19% $601bn in 2015 with the UK being one of 626,000 supporters UK Annual Report
2015
the top 10 remittance-sending countries 231 10% of people donated goods
of people had given
440 396,000 www.cafonline.org/about-us/media-office/millions-in-the-
($11.5bn). youth local people taking action uk-have-lent-support-to-refugees-in-the-past-month-
to overseas aid and groups groups through Amnesty UK caf-research-shows (20/06/2017)
disaster relief in the Top recipients of UK remittances 2015
past four weeks Oxfam
1 100,000
2 800,000 online actions taken by
10%
took part in a march organised by
$3.9bn $3.7bn
3 Oxfam Annual Report
2015/16
people in support of campaign
or advocacy issues
Solidarity with Refugees in London in
$1.6bn 2015
of all donations went Christian Aid www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/sep/12/london-rally-
India Nigeria Pakistan solidarity-with-refugees (20/06/2017)
to overseas aid and
disaster relief World Bank Group (2016) Migration and remittances factbook 2016; World
Bank Bilateral Remittances Matrices 2015 www.worldbank.org/en/topic/ £11.3m raised during Christian Aid
Week 2015
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017 migrationremittancesdiasporaissues/brief/migration-remittances-data (04/07/2017) Christian Aid Annual Report 2015/16 £27m
donated by people in the UK to DEC
£392m TOP DEC APPEALS 1997-2017 Syria crisis appeal between 2013 and
Tsunami www.dec.org.uk (23/05/2017) 2015
earthquake www.dec.org.uk/appeal/syria-crisis (20/06/2017)
£107m £97m £87m 450,000

£59m £71m Haiti £79m Philippines
£53m earthquake East Africa Typhoon £37m Nepal £55m signed a petition in 2015 to accept
Asia Pakistan
Kosovo crisis Ebola East Africa more asylum seekers and increase
quake floods
crisis crisis crisis support for refugees in the UK
https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions/105991
(20/06/2017)
1999 2004 2005 2010 2010 2011 2013 2014 2015 2017
31
AROUND THE WORLD
INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT Compulsory voting

Volunteering In 2016, 19 out of 167 countries (11.4%) In 26 countries (13%) voting is a
The World Giving Index found that 22% of the world’s were full democracies, ie they scored high on legal requirement.
population (ie people over 15) had volunteered time to five indicators: electoral process, civil liberties, 85% No
compulsory
an organisation in the month prior to interview. functioning government, political participation voting
Rank and volunteering rates (%) CAF (2016) World Giving Index 2016
and political culture. Economist Intelligence Unit (2017) Democracy
Index 2016 2% No elections
5 11 14 61% of MPs in Rwanda are female, the highest

13%
22 26 32 proportion world wide (compared with 32% in the
Compulsory
voting
UK).
46% 40% 38% 33% 31% 29% www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm (22/06/2017); www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jun/09/
record-number-of-female-mps-elected-in-2017-general-election (22/06/2017) www.idea.int/data-tools/data/voter-turnout/compulsory-voting
(22/06/2017)
US Australia Canada UK Norway France
Charitable giving PROTESTS AND STRIKES Days not worked due to industrial action in
Europe per 1,000 employees
The World Giving Index found that 31% of the world’s According to an international study, the total 70
population (ie people over 15) had given to charity in number of protests in the world has increased
45
the month prior to interview. CAF 2016) World Giving Index 2016; CAF between 2006 and 2013. The majority of 35 32
40
(2016) Gross domestic philanthropy. An
protests are linked to issues of economic 23 28
Giving as % of GDP international analysis of GDP tax and giving.
justice or the failure of political systems. The
number of protests is highest in Latin America
1.44% 0.79% 0.77% 0.54% 0.50% and lowest in South and Central Asia, and
Europe.
Ortiz, I., Burke, S., Berrada, M., & Cortes, H. (2013) World Protests 2006–2013. Initiative
US New Zealand Canada UK Korea for Policy Dialogue and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung New York, Working Paper 2013. European Trade Union Institute (2016) Strikes in Europe
32
ONLINE
VIRTUAL VOLUNTEERING ONLINE COMMUNITIES NEW WAYS TO GIVE

There are many ways people can There are many ways communities get together online Crowdfunding
volunteer for an organisation or to support each other and improve their local area, eg Crowdfunding for good causes makes
cause online, including: through support groups, local forums or social media. up 0.5% of UK giving. The JustGiving
help researchers to find a cure (eg
website has raised $4.2bn since 2001.
Mumsnet
Cancer Research UK Citizen Science)
Mumsnet is the UK’s biggest network for Microfinance
parents, with over 12 million unique visitors Through microfinance website Kiva, a
mentor children or small
businesses (eg via School in the Cloud). per month. total of $995.5m was lent.
www.mumsnet.com/info/about-us (10/10/2017)
www.100forparkinsons.com/the-project (16/06/2017); Contactless donations
www.cancerresearchuk.org/support-us/citizen-science (16/06/2017);
www.theschoolinthecloud.org/ (16/06/2017); Fix my street Increasing numbers of charities use
Every month, users send over 12,000 contactless payment technology (eg
MICRO-VOLUNTEERING reports to UK councils that help to make Mary’s Meals, Blue Cross, Sue Ryder).
Volunteering in bite-sized chunks, their own community into a better place.
www.mysociety.org/better-cities/fixmystreet-in-the-uk/ (10/10/2017)
Digital currency
on demand and independently
People can donate to charities using
(often online).
ONLINE GIVING Bitcoin donation schemes (eg RNLI, St
Annual micro-volunteering day on 14
A growing number of people donate online, although Mungo’s).
April
cash remains the main method, with 58% making cash Nesta (2016) Crowdfunding for good causes; https://crowdfunding.justgiving.com/ (19/09/2016);
https://www.kiva.org/ (14/06/2017); www.justgiving.com/about-us (14/06/2017); Kirsty Marrins
17,000 tasks on Skills for Change, a micro-
donations in 2016. (2016) Tap to give is a trend charities can't ignore www.thirdsector.co.uk/kirsty-marrins-tap-give-
26%
volunteering site trend-charities-cant-ignore/digital/article/1399057 (14/06/2017); https://rnli.org/support-us/
give-money/bitcoin-donations (14/06/2017); Kirsty Weakly (2017) St Mungo’s uses blockchain-
www.microvolunteeringday.com/ (14/06/3017); www.sparked.com/find/ of donors gave to charity online CAF (2017) UK powered platform to be transparent about donations www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/st-mungo-s-uses-
(14/06/3017) in 2016 vs16% in 2015 Giving 2017 blockchain-to-be-transparent-about-donations.html (14/06/2017)
33
ONLINE
SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS E-PETITIONS

In recent years there has been a the government launched its e-petition tool in
number of viral social media 2017 #KnowYourLemons
Campaign using images of lemons, each bearing a different
2011, which is hosted on the parliament website.
campaigns to raise awareness A parliamentary committee considers debating
indicator of breast cancer, to teach women what the disease
of social, political or can look like. Shared 45,000 times on Facebook. any petition with over 100,000 signatures.
environmental issues. They
6.4m 32,000
www.facebook.com/photo.
php?fbid=10154886141978894&set=a.118071123893.124938.577163893&type=3 (13/06/2017)
have often been initiated
2016 #match4lara petitions on the site
by individuals rather signatures on the site in its first
Online platform to help find Lara and others a matching cell donor. Got year of running
than charities and over 17,000 Facebook likes and 25 million people registered. 56 debated in parliament
grown organically
through various 2015 #Smearforsmears
www.match4lara.com/; https://www.facebook.com/match4lara/ (13/06/2017)
4.1m 471 government
response
signatures on the largest petition (to
social media Campaign to support women affected by cervical cancer. 26 million saw the trigger a second EU referendum)
https://petition.parliament.uk/petitions
(23/05/2017)
channels. Smear for Smear lipstick selfie campaign hashtag within 24 hours.
www.prweek.com/article/1331217/26-million-people-smear-smear-lipstick-selfie-campaign-24-hours (13/06/2017) ONLINE CAMPAIGNING
2014 #Icebucketchallenge
2.4 million videos on Facebook and 3.7 million on Instagram of people pouring ice-cold Over 39m actions Over 40m members
water over their heads. $130m and £7m were raised for motor neurone disease taken on 38 Degrees on Avaaz
charities. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Bucket_Challenge#Donations; http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29013707 (13/06/2017) https://home.38degrees.org.uk/
(23/05/2017)
https://secure.avaaz.org/en/community.php
(23/05/2017)
2014 #Nomakeupselfie
This campaign supported actress Kim Novak, whose looks were criticised at the Oscars, with
people adding #breastcancerawareness to their selfies. Raised £8m in six days for Cancer 180m members on Change.org www.change.org/
(23/05/2017)
Research UK. and growing by two million a month
www.charitycomms.org.uk/articles/how-cancer-research-uk-raised-8m-from-a-campaign-they-didn-t-start (13/06/2017)
34
5
WHAT DO
PEOPLE DO? Membership and party membership of smaller parties has option and people are most often asked
Although around half of the population picked up. However, people are far less likely on the street. Online giving remains low
is a member of an organisation, they are to believe they can make a difference to compared with other types of giving,
more likely to be older, white and highly how the country is run or are willing to take suggesting that it is used mainly for one-off
educated. Sports clubs are the most political action, and politicians are one of the donations rather than for regular giving.
popular membership organisation followed least trusted groups in society.
by religious groups, trade unions and Raising money
professional organisations. Some charities Campaigning and protest Mass participation events such as sponsored
have very large memberships, eg the Digital technologies have made campaigning runs or individual events like bake sales are
Volunteering National Trust has over 4.5 million members. and protest easier and helped mass particularly popular. The London Marathon
mobilisation, sometimes across borders. has raised almost £1bn since it started
A large chunk of the population volunteers.
Over one in four formally volunteer once Local community action Twice as many people have made or signed in 1981. Fundraising and crowdfunding
There are a great variety of initiatives an online petition than a paper petition. platforms are providing new opportunities to
a month. Organising or helping to run an
involving people who want to improve things While some campaigns and protests are still raise money. The success of these platforms
event/activity is the most popular thing to
in their community. Recent initiatives have driven by traditional organisations (trade is dependent on the intensive use of social
do. To help others or improve things is the
often successfully combined online and unions, political parties or community media.
strongest motivation to volunteer but lack of
offline participation. Community ownership groups), many are now initiated by
time is the biggest barrier. Three-quarters of
has offered an alternative to the closure of individuals. Often these are middle-class Ethical consumerism
people move in and out of volunteering and
services and facilities in some local areas, people of all ages, disillusioned with political Ethical consumerism is spreading to
do not do it consistently over time.
particularly in rural locations. However, processes and parties. a wider range of goods and services,
Charity governance involvement of people is relatively low: 18% and sales continue to grow, but ethical
were involved in local social action in the last Charitable giving consumers are not very diverse and are
Trustee boards lack diversity: they are mostly
year. People give large amounts to charity and mostly middle-aged, employed and from
made up of white, older men, especially in
a majority of people are donating (six higher social classes. Beyond purchasing
the largest charities. Compared with other
forms of participation, being a trustee Political engagement out of 10). What cause people give to ethical goods and services, there are many
Around half of the population say they are often depends on their own background/ different ways people consume alternatively:
represents a relatively big time commitment.
interested in politics and knowledgeable experiences, eg older people giving to veganism and vegetarianism are growing,
Regular formal volunteers spend on average
about it. Turnout in the 2017 general hospitals. Technology has produced new and online platforms make it easy to share
11.6 hours a month volunteering, while a
election was at the highest level since 1997 ways of giving, but cash is still the preferred and exchange goods as well as skills.
trustee typically spends 2.8 days.
What do people do? 5.1
VOLUNTEERING
Formal volunteering is
In 2015/16 WHAT VOLUNTEERS DO
described as giving unpaid
Volunteers help their causes in different ways. In 2016, the most popular activities for
27%
help through a group,
formal volunteers were to raise money or take part in a sponsored event, and organise or
organisation or club.
help to run activities or events. The most popularorganisations to volunteer with are sports/
Formal volunteering rates of adults volunteered exercise organisations, recreation, hobbies, arts and
are similar for men and formally once a month social clubs and religious organisations.
run
nt
women but differ for age
eve
to
41%
nso y;
d
groups. Young people Community Life Survey 2015/16
% Ra /activityhelping
spo one
red
lve
nvo
t in g m
(16–25) show the highest
le i
or
par ndlin
rates in regular (32%) and of adults volunteered
eop
eve ing
a
a
of
an ganis
rp
tak ing/h
irregular (49%) formally at least once a
nt
ber
n/
le
the
hel
eop
tio
rk
ing
r
volunteering1.
g
is
em
%O
year
go
ivin
wo
tica
ma
gp
tee p/m
ttin
/dr
min
for
1 See Appendix I for definitions
rin
47
pra
Community Life Survey 2015/16
% Ge
mit grou
ort
llin e/in
45
nto
/ad
her
le
nsp
nse vic
cal
me
eop
com ng
21.9 million 11.6
Ot
tra
38
d
g
leri
ng/
adi
cou g a
gp
ing
c
31%
% Le
g
ndi
vin
ial/
itin
tin
vid
frie
% Gi
tar
sen
Vis
Pro
ng
27
cre
Be
pre
21%
gni
23
people volunteered average number of hours
Se
19%
Re
18%
pai
r
15%
the
am
formally at least once a a month given by
14%
9% O
9% C
year in 2015/16 regular, formal volun-
teers in 2015/16
Community Life Survey 2015/16 Community Life Survey 2015/16
36
VOLUNTEERING
WHY DO People volunteer for a variety People may not always feel able to volunteer. Whilst
PEOPLE of reasons. The most popular having spare time was the third most common
reason for people to volunteer motivation people gave for volunteering, having other
VOLUNTEER?
is in order to help others and commitments – work, family, studying and doing other
improve things. things with their spare time – were common barriers.
Motivations for volunteering Barriers to volunteering

Wanted to improve things/help people 61% I have work commitments 55%
The cause was really important to me 39% I have to look after children/the home 34%
Had spare time to do it 34%
I do other things with my spare time 25%
I thought it would give me chance to use my existing skills 30%
I haven’t heard about opportunities to help 17%
Wanted to meet people/make friends 30%
26% I don’t know any groups that need help 14%
It was connected with the needs of my family/friends
I felt there was a need in my community 26% I have an illness or disability that prevents me 10%
It’s part of my philosophy of life to help people 24% I have to study 9%
I thought it would give me a chance to learn new skills 19% I’ve never thought about it 8%
My friends/family did it 18%
I have to look after someone elderly or ill 8%
It’s part of my religious belief to help people 17%
I’m new to the area 8%
I felt there was no one else to do it 8%
It helps me get on in my career 7% I’m not the right age 5%
It gave me a chance to get a recognised qualification 3% Other 3%
None of these 2% It’s not my responsibility 0%
37
VOLUNTEERING
THE VALUE OF VOLUNTEERING TIME SPENT ON FORMAL VOLUNTEERING

In 2015 volunteering was worth an estimated NCVO/TSRC, Charity Commission (2017)
In 2015, men spent an average of 11.3 minutes per day volunteering
£22.6bn
The UK Civil Society Almanac 2017
formally and women 15.7 minutes. Women from low-income
to the UK economy. households commit more time to volunteering .
www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/satelliteaccounts/articles/
changesinthevalueanddivisionofunpaidcareworkintheuk/2015 (27/07/2017)
Volunteering was also found to have many benefits 18.7 Female
for volunteers themselves, including increased life 11.6 Male
satisfaction, better self-reported well-being and 7.1 6.9
living longer. Minutes spent
Casiday, R., et al. (2008) Volunteering and health: what impact does it really have? Report to Volunteering volunteering per day
England. Project Report. Volunteering England. Low income High income Low income High income
Employer-supported volunteering (ESV) includes activities such as Over a 10-year period, one study showed that people are Kamerade (2014)
volunteering days provided by an employer during work–time or much more likely to move in and out of volunteering
voluntary activities that are organised through a workplace. than to maintain a constant level of
volunteering over time. Moved in and out
of volunteering
Volunteered every year Never volunteered
ESV is relatively rare compared with other kinds of volunteering, with

76%
just 8% of people saying they had participated in ESV in the last 12 11% 13%
months.
EMPLOYER-SUPPORTED VOLUNTEERING MOVEMENT IN AND OUT OF VOLUNTEERING
38
CHARITY GOVERNANCE
WHO IS A TRUSTEE? 36%

female 92%
of trustees
Top 100 charities
Trustees can come from are white
a range of backgrounds
and from all walks of life. vs 33% of trustees are women
(28% in 2015)
However, on the ground of the whole
86%
there is a clear lack of
diversity. The majority of 64% male UK population
trustees is male (64%), 13.4

The size of the average charity board
white (92%), older and has Number of boards by average age (%)
above average income and
51%
33% 27%
education.
11%
22%
3.5 years
5% Average length of involvement
Lee, S., Harris, B., Stickland, N., & Presenti, S. (2017) 1% retired
Taken on Trust – The awareness and effectiveness of charity
trustees in England and Wales. Report commissioned by
the Charity Commission and the Office for Civil Society. <35 35–44 45–54 55–64 65–74 >75 Grant Thornton (2016) Charity Governance Review 2016
There are around Trustees are the people who serve on the Trustees Set & maintain Maintain
700,000
Ensure
governing body of a charity. They may be NCVO (2015) vision, mission proper fiscal
accountability
known as The good
trustee guide
& values oversight
trustees in the UK Trustees Committee members Ensure com- Act in the best
Develop
Lee, S., Harris, B., Stickland, N., & Presenti, S. (2017)
Directors pliance with interests of
Taken on Trust – The awareness and effectiveness of charity strategy
the law beneficiaries
trustees in England and Wales. Report commissioned by
the Charity Commission and the Office for Civil Society.
Governors Board members
39
CHARITY GOVERNANCE
85%
EXPERTISE MOTIVATION
NFP Synergy (2016)
of people aged under
Other common Top skills of trustees Reasons for becoming a trustee are National Trustee Survey; 35 would consider
skills of trustees varied, however some of the most
alexswallow.wordpress.
com/2013/09/05/young-
becoming a trustee
Management/organisa- gifted-a-charity-trustee-
include knowledge tional development (44%)
common reasons are the motivation results-from-a-survey- alexswallow.wordpress.com/2013/09/05/young-gifted-a-charity-trustee-
results-from-a-survey-about-youth-trusteeship/ (12/06/2017)
about-youth-trusteeship/
of cause (24%), to give back and to learn new skills. (12/06/2017)
1,366
governance (24%), Strategy and evaluation
open vacancies on
and fundraising (27%)
Giving Career Cause Do-it.org
(21%). NFP Synergy (2016) National Trustee Survey. back development specific do-it.org/channels/trustee-finder
(12/06/2017)
Skills gaps
The top three skills that boards need more
SOCIAL MEDIA ACTIVITY 400–500 open vacancies on
average on ReachSkills
Percentage of chairs
4.88 Average time cited by CAF (2015) Young Trustee
expertise in, identified by a trustee survey are: Guide
(trustees who lead the trustees spend
hours/week
board of trustees) using on their duties
39% Web/digital Step on Board
media social media regularly:
The total time value of A board-level volunteering programme that
43% trustees in the UK per connects business leaders with communities by
28% Campaigning year equates to matching corporate sector professionals with
34%
charities.
£3.5bn
27% Marketing 26%
Association of Chairs (2016) 2016 Survey of
Lee, S., Harris, B., Stickland, N., & Presenti, S. (2017)
Taken on Trust – The awareness and effectiveness
of charity trustees in England and Wales. Report
112 trustees
placed at 103 charities
Trustees Unlimited (08/06/2017)
commissioned by the Charity Commission and the
NFP Synergy (2016) National Trustee Survey. Chairs and Vice-Chairs Office for Civil Society.
40
MEMBERSHIP
DEMOGRAPHICS Age Membership levels increase with age, with the

youngest group having the lowest membership rates.
47%
Nearly half of the population are members of some form of
membership organisation. The gender split is relatively equal, 16–24 32%
however older people (45 and over) are around 20% more likely
to be members of an organisation than those aged 16–24. Those are members 25–44 42%
with a degree are most likely to be members, with those having of an
no qualifications being the least likely. Ethnicity is also a dividing organisation
line, with white people more likely to be members than BME
45–64 52%
people.
Understanding Society (2015)
65+ 53%
Education Membership by gender Ethnicity
Those with higher qualifications tend to have higher levels of Men Women
Sports clubs see the largest gap between
membership. However, those with no or other ethnicities with 17% of white people being members
qualifications are most likely to be members of social/ versus 9% of BME people. Religious organisations
working men’s clubs. are the only type of organisation that have more
Membership rates by education level
66%
BME members (12%) than white (10%).
58%
40% 39% 44% Membership rates by ethnicity
30%
No qualification Other
qualification
GCSE or
equivalent
A-level or
equivalent
Other higher
degree
Degree 47% 46% BME
31%
White 50%
41
MEMBERSHIP
TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP ORGANISATION MEMBERSHIP OF CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS

Sports clubs are the most popular type of membership organisation, Membership levels of different charitable organisations vary. The
followed by religious groups, trade unions and professional organisations. National Trust has one of the largest memberships for a charity.
Membership by type of organisation (%) Number of members by organisation
Sports clubs Religion
15% 10% 4.6 million
Trade unions Professional
10% 10% 1.2 million
800,000
?
Other Social/working men
8% 5%
Voluntary services Tenants/residents National Trust RSPB The Wildlife Trust
5% 3%
573,000 500,000
Community Parents/school
3% 2% 123,000 24,000
Environmental Political party
2% 2% Scout
Girlguiding Arts Fund RNIB
Pensioners’ group Scouts/Guides Association
2% 1%
www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/annual-reports (27/07/2017); www.rspb.org.uk/Images/trusteesreportsandaccounts2015_tcm9-382815.pdf
WI/Townswomen’s Women/feminist (27/07/2017); www.wildlifetrusts.org/joinus (27/07/2017); http://scouts.org.uk/media/767633/Annual-report-and-Accounts-2015-16.pdf
(27/07/2017); https://www.girlguiding.org.uk/globalassets/docs-and-resources/branding-and-resources/girlguiding-impact-report-2016.pdf
1% 1% Understanding Society (2015) (07/11/2017); https://www.artfund.org/assets/about-us/annual-report/art-fund-annual-report-16-17.pdf (07/11/2017); www.rnib.org.uk/sites/
default/files/APDF-RES032301_RNIB%20Annual%20Report_2015-16_0.pdf (27/07/2017)
42
LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION
In 2015/16 Community Life Survey (2015/16) OTHER NETWORKS EVENTS
18% 36%
of people were involved of people were aware Casserole Club The Big Lunch
in local social action of local social action Platform to connect people who Annual event to bring together
like to cook for their neighbours people in their neighbourhoods.
CITIZENS UK TRANSITION NETWORK who are unable to cook. 7.3 million people took part at
>7,000 people in England over 90,000 events in 2016.
Organises communities to act A charity set up to support the and Australia signed up.
together for power, social justice spread of Transition. Transition is www.casseroleclub.com.au/about (08/06/2017)
www.edenprojectcommunities.com/thebiglunchhomepage
(30/06/2017)
and the common good. It is made about communities stepping up Jo Cox Great Get Together
North London Cares
up of churches, schools, mosques, to address the big challenges they
Community network of young In 2017, the Jo Cox Foundation
unions and other civil society face by starting local. transitionnetwork.org/
professionals and older neighbours. teamed up with The Big Lunch.
organisations. www.citizensuk.org/ (08/06/2017) (08/06/2017)
254 member institutions 253 initiatives in the UK 4,000 younger and 4,000
older people helping each other.
140,000 events took place in
the UK in 2017.
24.8k people took action with local 25 national hubs https://northlondoncares.org.uk/the-story-so-far (23/06/2017)
www.itv.com/news/calendar/2017-06-18/the-great-get-together-
140-000-events-take-place-in-memory-of-jo-cox/ (30/06/17)
citizens UK alliances in 2016 Rise of social currency
Park Run Campaigns
Refugees welcome Including Brixton Pound,
620 local campaigns, 727 Totnes Pound and Bristol Organises free, weekly, 5km timed Communities also come together to
Pound. runs around the world. campaign around issues, eg through
landlords offering properties.
the Save our Hospitals campaign
Good jobs Million miles Over 16 million runs and group or the Radical Housing
Set up four training pathways Cut car travel by a million 1.4 million runners in the UK. Network.
with six major employers. miles by promoting green http://saveourhospitals.net/ (03/07/2017); http://
http://www.parkrun.org.uk/ (30/06/2017)
alternatives. radicalhousingnetwork.org/about/who-we-are/ (03/07/2017)
43
LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION
COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES

Community assets are land or Community pubs Community Organisers
buildings owned or managed by 1,250 pubs have been registered A government programme where community organisers act as local
community organisations. They as assets of community value leaders and bring people together to take action.
include town halls, community under community rights. >500,000 ~30,000 www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-
2015-government-policy-social-action/2010-
centres, sports facilities, affordable hours spent by mobilised to to-2015-government-policy-social-action
housing and libraries. 47 organisers take action (08/06/2017)
community pubs
~4,000
open and trading Locality
in the UK National network of 600 enterprising,
www.plunkett.co.uk/co-operative-pubs (09/06/2017) community-led organisations, working
assets have been listed as assets together to help neighbourhoods thrive.
Community shops
of community value 11,000 33,5000
With around 400 commercial community volunteers
Sandford (2017) Assets of Community Value. Commons
Briefing papers SN06366 village shops closing each year, groups supported mobilised
community-owned shops respond
Community shares to some of the key challenges
http://locality.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/LOCALITY-IMPACT-REPORT.
pdf (08/06/2017)
Since 2009, almost 120,000 Big Local
facing rural communities.
people have invested over Big Lottery Fund programme that allows communities to develop and
£100m
to support 350
348
enact plans for their local area, running from 2010 to 2027.
community shops
150 94,000 localtrust.org.uk/assets/downloads/documents/Early_
community businesses throughout open and trading
communities residents
Years_Summary_final.pdf (08/06/2017)
the UK. in the UK

communityshares.org.uk/find-out-more/
what-are-community-shares (09/06/2017)
supported reached
www.plunkett.co.uk/community-shops (09/06/2017)
44
INTEREST EFFICACY
53%
Just under a third of people are satisfied with the way the
of people are either ‘fairly’ or ‘very’ system of governing works (31%) and almost two-thirds
interested in politics. (65%) believe the system needs improvement.
People tend to be sceptical as to whether their involvement in politics
can make a difference to how the UK is run: 5% of people strongly
agree that their involvement could really change how the country is run
Around one in five
compared with 11% who strongly disagree. Only 28% of people believe
49%
people say they
that parliament encourages involvement in politics.
are not at all
Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14
interested in politics. of people say they
19% know ‘a fair amount’

or ‘a great deal’
about politics. This
ACTION
Involvement in politics, across a range of activities, is generally low.
ag
e me
nt1
4 drops to 45% when
referring to the UK 3% of people have attended a political meeting in
the last year.
13%
g
En
al parliament
5%
tic
Po
li of people have taken part in a political
dit
of specifically and to campaign.
Au
0 17) of people say they know 43% when referring
5%
(2
iet
y
‘nothing at all’ about politics. to the EU. of people donated money to or paid
oc
dS membership to a political party.
nsar
Ha
KNOWLEDGE Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14
45
TURNOUT SMALLER PARTY MEMBERSHIP A REFERENDUM EFFECT?

Turnout for the 2017 Membership of UKIP and the Green party After the Scottish independence referendum in
general election was the grew dramatically in the run up to the 2015 2014, various measures of political engagement,
highest seen since 1997. general election but has since dipped. such as claimed interest and knowledge of
However, it still fell short 80
Green party UKIP politics, saw uplifts, suggesting that the
of electoral turnout for 60 referendum had helped people to engage with
all elections between the 40 politics. However, after the EU referendum in
1970s and 1990s. 69% 20
0
June 2016, no such uplift occurred, and the
majority of key indicators have remained stable
www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/how-britain-voted-2017-election?language_content_ or decreased.
Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14
entity=en-uk (27/07/2017) Keen & Apostolova (2017) Membership of UK political parties, Briefing Paper No. SN05125
TRUST IN POLITICIANS Pre Post

Politicians EU referendum EU referendum
Politicians are one of the least trusted groups in society.
In 2016 just 21% of the British public said that they trust
politicians to tell the truth.
Interest in
politics 57% -4%
53%
This is not a recent phenomenon: since 1983 no more Doctors
than a quarter of the population has trusted politicians

to tell the truth. In comparison, 89% of the public trust
Knowledge of
politics 55% -6%
49%
doctors to tell the truth and 86% trust teachers. Teachers
Satisfied with
www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/politicians-are-still-trusted-less-estate-agents-journalists-and-bankers
the system of
governing 32% -1%
31%
?language_content_entity=en-uk (20/06/2017)
46
CAMPAIGNING AND PROTEST
In the last 12 months: DRIVERS OF POLITICAL CAMPAIGN EXAMPLES

ACTION The Bank of England was The He for She campaign
23%
A UK survey found that people
Made or signed an e-petition urged to make the new £5 created by UN Women
who had undertaken some form note vegan-friendly with to achieve gender equality
11% of political action in 2016 were 70,000 signing a petition. globally has 60,000
Contacted an elected representative
most likely to be more affluent, www.theguardian.com/business/2016/nov/29/bank-
of-england-urged-to-make-new-5-note-vegan- commitments in the UK.
11% white, older and well-educated. friendly (05/062017) www.heforshe.org/en (03/07/2017)
Made or signed a paper petition A worldwide study found that Specsavers withdrew an advert from the Daily Express after
traditional organisations like trade hundreds, including Stop Funding Hate, said it was funding
10% fear. www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/specsavers-apologises-and-pulls-daily-express-front-page-advert-
Boycotted certain products for political, unions, community coalitions and after-customers-revolt_uk_57da797ce4b0d584f7eff071 (05/06/2017)
ethical or environmental reasons political parties remain
important drivers of political UK PARLIAMENT E-PETITIONS petition.parliament.uk/petitions (31/05/17)
9%
Took part in online discussions or campaigns action, but political movements Since 2011, people can submit
are increasingly shaped by new Top three petitions
online petitions to parliament.
6% agents of change described as >4m A second EU referendum
Took part in a public consultation middle-class people of all ages, 56 petitions (with >100,000
disillusioned with political signatures) have been debated in 1.9m Prevent Donald Trump
5% parliament.
from making a state visit
Played an active part in a campaign processes and political parties. to the UK
20,781 petitions have been
3% 823k Give Meningitis B vaccine
Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14; Ortiz rejected because they do not meet to all children
Took part in a demonstration, picket or et al. (2013) World protests 2006–2013. Initiative for Policy
march Dialogue and Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung New York, Working Paper
2013 .
the petition standards.
47
CAMPAIGNING AND PROTEST
SIZE AND SCOPE OF PROTESTS DIRECT ACTION AND PROTEST ~2

million public sector workers
In 2016, 250,000 ~400 anti-capitalist took part in pension strikes: two-
3%of the UK took part in a protesters camped outside St thirds of state schools were shut and
march or demonstration people took part in the
London March for the Paul’s Cathedral, as part of thousands of hospital operations
17% said they would be Alternative, protesting the Occupy movement, and postponed. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-15953806 (07/11/2017)
prepared to. against government cuts. remained until February 2012.
www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/oct/16/occupy- 45,000
There were 154,000 workers involved www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-12864353 (07/11/2017) london-protest-second-day (07/11/2017)
marched through
in labour disputes during 2016, with Mar 2011 Oct 2011 Nov 2011 Jun London as part of
322,000 working days lost through www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/13/anti- 2013
21,600 junior doctors fracking-protesters-defiant-after-eviction-from-upton- 250,000 the Enough Food
stoppages. camp (07/11/2017)
took part in the first Cleshire: the longest running took part in anti- for Everyone If
Workers involved in UK labour disputes ever NHS all-out strike anti-fracking camp of the UK austerity protests campaign, ahead
1,530k against government is closed after almost across the UK. of the 2013 G8
733k plans to impose a new two years. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-
politics-33210014 (07/11/2017)
Summit.
133k 273k 395k
81k 154k contract. Apr
www.bond.org.uk/data/files/
IF_campaign_evaluation_report.pdf
www.theguardian.com/society/2016/
Jun 2015 Jun 2015
apr/27/junior-doctors-across-england-
2016 (07/11/2017)
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 to-strike-for-second-day (07/11/2017)
100,000 10,000
Most stoppages in 2016 were taking place >100 protesters joined the women’s march in London marched in the Not One Day
in the transport and storage industry, and held a flash mob at and protested against Donald Trump. Moreprotest against government.
the education sector. Heathrow Airport Oct
www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/womens-march-
london-donald-trump-protest-trafalgar-square-inauguration-
www.standard.co.uk/news/london/not-one-day-more-
protest-thousands-gather-in-central-london-for-march-
against its expansion. 2016 washington-dc-a7539636.html (07/11/2017) against-theresa-may-a3577596.html (07/11/2017)
Clegg, R. (20167 Labour disputes in the UK: 2016. Analysis of UK labour disputes
in 2016, including working days lost, stoppages and workers involved. Office for www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-
National Statistics. london-37531015 (07/11/2017) Jan 2017 Jul 2017
48
CHARITABLE GIVING
£9.7bn
overall WAYS OF GIVING HIGH-LEVEL DONORS AND PHILANTHROPISTS
giving Cash remains the most common Individual donors made 355 donations Steve Morgan, boss of FTSE
in 2016
way for people to give to charity. worth over £1m, totalling £1.8bn in 2015. 250-listed housebuilder
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017
Younger people are more likely to Universities and Redrow, donated
£1.8bn
£200m
give cash and at fundraising foundations receive
In 2016
61%
events. People aged 25–44 are the majority of Total worth of gifts
of people gave of £1m+
money to charity most likely to give to charity these donations. to charity in 2016.
in the last year online and via text.
Coutts (2016) United Kingdom
Method used to give in the last 12 2016 Million Dollar Donor It is thought to be one of the
which is equivalent to Report
months largest donations ever made
32.5 million Cash

Buying goods 40%
58%
Largest overall
donation
£137.7m
by a UK business person.
www.cityam.com/259291/boss-ftse-250-listed-
housebuilder-just-made-one-largest
people aged 16+ in the UK Raffle 40%
Direct debit 31%
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017 ; ONS (2016) Population estimates
for UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland:
The number of gifts worth £1m+
mid-2016.
Online 26%
355
51%
Fundraising event 22%
give to charity from Membership 18% 292 298
time to time 201 232 197
Debit card 10% 174
25%
Text 10%
Cheque 8%
give to charity on Credit card 6%
a monthly basis Payroll 3% 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
CAF (2017) UK Giving 2017 Coutts (2016) United Kingdom 2016 Million Dollar Donor Report
49
CHARITABLE GIVING
MOST POPULAR CAUSES WHO SUPPORTS WHAT?

Causes that attracted: Women are most likely to give to: People aged 65+ are most likely to
largest share of total give to:
most donors Animal welfare
donations
30% vs 19% of men Hospitals and hospices
Medical research 26%
Religious
charities 20% 32% vs 22% overall
Overseas aid 10% Children and young people Religious organisations
Animals 25%
Children and
Children and
young people 8% 26% vs 22% of men 22% vs 14% overall
young people 24% Medical research 8%
Hospitals and Hospitals and
hospices 22% hospices 8% Londoners are most likely to give to
Animals
car ntal l and

lth
7% homeless charities.
hea
26% vs 15% overall
me ysica
Being asked to give
Ph
cha mele earch l

res edica
e
People in Ulster most likely to give to
People are asked to give to 28% physical and mental health care.
M
charity in many ways. were asked to give via
28% vs 16% overall
riti ss
es
How people were asked to give in 2016 direct mail
Ho
Those in the north east are the most
38% 27% likely to give to medical research.
were asked to give on were asked to give via
the street television 39% vs 26% overall
50
RAISING MONEY
MASS PARTICIPATION INDIVIDUAL FUNDRAISING Baking CAF (2015) UK Giving 2015
20%
The top 25 mass participation events run by of people who were involved During 2015 approximately
individual charities in 2015 raised over £136m
and had over 3.5 million participants.
Massive (2016) Massive Top 25
Community Life Survey
(2015/16)
in some form of social action
in their community said they £185m
helped fundraise for that activity. was raised by bake sales alone.
Top five events in 2015
London Marathon Macmillan Coffee Mornings
£52.8m Race for Life (Cancer In 2016, runners taking Macmillan ran its first Coffee Morning
£59.4m
Research UK)
part in the London in 1990 with the idea that people would
Marathon raised donate the cost of their drink to Macmillan.
£27.7m £138m
World’s Biggest Coffee This brings the total amount raised since the
Morning (Macmillan)
event launched in 1981 to raised since 1991
£830m.
http://coffee.macmillan.org.uk/about/what/ (20/06/2017)
£6.8m Walk the Walk

(Moonwalk) Race for Life www.cancerresearchuk.org/support-us/find-an-
event/charity-runs/race-for-life (20/06/2017)
In 2017, the race was run

8 million women have taken part
40,000
by
£5.2m Movember (The
Movember Foundation)
in a Race for Life over
the past 20 years
people, a record number.
£4.5m Brave the Shave

(Macmillan)
www.civilsociety.co.uk/news/-59-4m-raised-by-london-marathon-runners-in-2016.html
(20/06/2017); www.standard.co.uk/news/london/london-marthon-2017-record-number-of-
runers-make-marathon-capitals-biggest-ever-a3521576.html (20/06/2017)
raising more than
£547m 51
RAISING MONEY
CROWDFUNDING FUNDRAISING PLATFORMS

Crowdfunding utilises the internet to mobilise people quickly around There are many fundraising platforms that allow people to make
causes, often in large numbers and across wide geographical distances. donations to their chosen cause online. These platforms often handle
Although some way behind income generated for private sector Gift Aid reclamation and sometimes gives advice on fundraising
projects, crowdfunding for good causes is a growing market, with around techniques and strategy.
https://localgiving.org/about/mission/ (20/06/2017)
£81m raised for good causes in 2015.
Common types of crowdfunding in the voluntary sector Localgiving
Donation-based crowdfunding Community shares Localgiving is a website established to help local organisations diversify their income through
Individuals donate small amounts to meet the A form of withdrawable share capital unique online fundraising. Local charities or community groups can sign up to the website for an
larger funding aim of a specific project while to co-operative and community benefit annual membership fee in order to access services and create fundraising pages.
>£15m
receiving no tangible benefits. society legislation. Investors have a
democratic say in the project’s social aims has been raised for local charities or community
How much is it worth? and can be paid interest on their shares but groups through the site since 2009
shares cannot go up in value.
£12m
>5,000
(2015) How much is it worth?
local charities or community groups have created
Average campaign size £61m (2015)
a Localgiving page
£714 Average campaign size
158,000
(2015, dependent on platform)
£309,342
individuals have donated to a local charity or
Average number of backers (2015) community group
41 Average number of backers
20,000
(2015)
Nesta (2016) Crowdfunding for good causes

458 (2015)
monthly Direct Debit donations have been set up
to enable regular donations
52
ETHICAL CONSUMERISM
Ethical consumer markets ETHICAL CONSUMER MARKET ORGANIC MARKET

UK in 2015 The value of all ethical purchases in the UK recorded In 2015, the organic market in the UK grew by 4.5%
Total ethical market
an 8.5% growth during 2015, with the largest sales and the total spending on organic products was £1.95bn.
increases in community (local shopping, charity shops) Supermarkets continue to be the largest sellers of
£78.5bn and transport. Ethical Consumer Markets report 2016 organic products (£1.3bn), but box schemes and online
By sector (% growth 2014 to 2015) sales increased by 9.1%. Soil Association (2016) Organic market report 2016.
FAIRTRADE MARKET +21.6%
£1.6bn
Money (-9.2%)
+16% +15%
£38.7bn Top three sectors
UK Fairtrade sales in
Community (11.7%)
2015* in 2015 by growth
£9.4bn in sales (as %
Transport (17.9%) >400 companies 9,773 change to 2014)
campaign groups Health Textiles Organic
£9.4bn work with Fairtrade and beauty catering
UK in the UK
Food and drinks (5.3%) ETHICAL CONSUMERS
£9.0bn 1,737 53,000
A recent study found that ethical supermarket shoppers
Green homes (0.0%) Fairtrade schools at Fairtrade
are more likely to be middle-aged. Organic consumers
in the UK fortnight
£8.8bn breakfast
were also found more likely to be employed and from a
Personal products (10.3%) 617 higher social class.
£1.3bn Fairtrade towns *Fairtrade is an independent consumer label for products
that meets the international Fairtrade standards.
Jayawardhena, C., Morrell, K. & Stride, C. (2016) Ethical consumption behaviours in supermarket shoppers:
determinants and marketing implications. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(7–8), 777–805; Organic
Ethical Consumer Markets report 2016 in the UK Source: Fairtrade (2016) Impact report 2015/16 http:// Trade Board (2015) A fresh look at the organic consumer, cit. by Soil Association (2016) Organic market Report
ourimpactstory.fairtrade.org.uk/ (07/11/2017) 2016
53
ETHICAL CONSUMERISM
BOYCOTTS ALTERNATIVE WAYS OF CONSUMING

In 2015, 21% chose to boycott a Innovative projects and sharing communities change the way people consume and provide
particular product or service in alternatives for those who want to consume in a sustainable and ethically responsible way.
the food and drink industry. The
most common reason for personal
£1.8bn Food Sharing – exchanging – recycling
Total value of
boycotts are animal welfare, boycotts in
2015
corporate practices and The number of vegans in the UK has risen by People spent £542m in charity shops in 2015.
360% between 2006 and 2016, while sales of There are about 10,500 charity shops in the UK
environmental impact.
vegetarian products grew by 6.3% to £710m in that generate a profit of £270m a year.
2015.
ETHICAL DIET CHOICES
In 2015, 49% of people had changed their More than 150,000 Londoners were involved in FREE
BIES
There are 411 Freegle groups and 612 Freecycle
diet because of environmental/animal welfare food growing spaces in 2013 through the Capital groups in the UK sharing and exchanging items
Growth programme. for free.
concerns.
Other Don’t know
Avoided eating
Vegan red meat
There are about 750 local farmers’ markets in the 48,642 neighbours are sharing things and skills on
UK. In 2014, 3.1% of fresh fruit and vegetables Streetbank. Nextdoor, a localised social network
Vegetarian used in over 100,000 US neighbourhoods
entering homes came from gardens and
allotments. launched in the UK in 2016.
Change Bought free-
in diet range meat
or eggs Ethical Consumer Markets report 2016; www.charityretail.org.uk/about-cra/
www.vegansociety.com/whats-new/news/find-out-how-many-vegans-are-great-britain (07/06/2017); www.ilovefreegle.org/explore (07/06/2017); www.freecycle.org
Tried to eat (07/06/2017); Ethical Consumer Markets report 2016; Sustain (2014) Reaping Rewards. (07/06/2017) ; www.streetbank.com/about?locale=en-GB (07/06/2017); www.theverge.
fish instead Ethical Consumer Markets
Can communities grow a million meals for London; www.bbc.co.uk/news/business- com/2016/6/23/12005456/nextdoor-100000-neighborhood-social-network-app-
of meat report 2016
18522656 (07/06/2017); DEFRA (2015) Family food report changes-business-plan-expansion (07/06/2017)
54
APPENDIX I
GLOSSARY
Local community action • Civic activism: Involvement in either are based on the Community Life Survey.
Local community action is about direct making about local services or • Formal volunteering: Giving unpaid help
communities coming together to take issues, the actual provision of these through a group, club or organisation.
action on issues that they care about services by taking on a role such as a • Informal volunteering: Giving unpaid
and that will help improve local people’s local councillor or school governor. help to individual people who are not
lives. There are various ways that people • Civic consultation: Active engagement relatives, and not through a group, club
can engage in this type of social action. in consultation about local services or organisation.
For example, setting up a local service or or issues through activities such as • Regular volunteering: Volunteering
organising a community event (eg street attending a consultation group or once a month.
parties). completing a questionnaire about these
services. • Irregular volunteering: Volunteering at
least once in the last year.
Political engagement • Civic participation: Wider forms of
Political engagement relates to how engagement in democratic processes, Social action
people feel about and interact with such as contacting an elected
Social action is doing something to make a
politics. It encompasses attitudinal factors representative, taking part in a public
difference. It is about improving society by
such as knowledge and interest in politics demonstration or protest, or signing a
working with others. It could be the giving
and how much people feel they can petition.
of time or the giving of money. It could be
influence political decision making. It also
Volunteering getting involved in campaigns to improve
includes more participatory elements like
where you live or setting up a community
voting, being a member or supporter of a NCVO defines volunteering as any group or charity.
political party and taking political action activity that involves spending time, doing
(eg contacting a local MP or attending a something unpaid that aims to benefit the Social action helps to connect people in
political meeting). environment or someone (individuals or communities. It can reduce loneliness and
groups) other than, or in addition to, close isolation. It can harness the power of many
Civic engagement relatives. Central to this definition is the to improve people’s well-being.
Based on the Community Life Survey fact that volunteering must be a choice
definitions, civic engagement includes freely made by each individual.
civic activism, civic consultations and civic The following definitions for volunteering
participation.
Appendix I
GLOSSARY
Social class and social grade Grade Social Class Chief income earner’s occupation
Social class is usually defined as the grouping A Upper middle class Higher managerial, administrative or professional
of people who have the same social, economic,
B Middle class Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional
cultural, political or educational status in
society into bands, such as upper, middle and C1 Lower middle class Clerical, junior managerial, administrative, professional
lower class. However, there is no consensus C2 Skilled working class Skilled manual workers
on this definition or the bandings that should D Working class Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers
be used, meaning the concept of social class E Non-working Casual or lowest grade workers, pensioners, others who
remains contested. depend on the welfare state for their income
In order to mitigate the definitional issues
surrounding social class, this publication uses
the social grades set out in the table (right) to
distinguish between social classes. The basis
for the classification is the occupation and
employment status of the chief income earner
in a household. These gradings are widely used
in market research and the definitions are
maintained by the Market Research Society
(MRS).
56
APPENDIX II
IMAGE AND ICON
SOURCES Community local action
Pub byFsse8info from Flickr.com
Social class and education
Give money by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Public museum by Scott de Jonge from www.flaticon.
com
Shop local by Gexydaf from Flickr.com Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Sprouts by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Campaigning and protest Big Ben by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project
English 5 pound note by Insomnia Cured Here from Ethnicity Kids couple by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Flickr.com Voting urn by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Binoculars by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Newspaper B&W by Jon S from Flickr.com Political candidate speech by Freepik from www. Home by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
HeforShe logo from www.heforshe.org/en flaticon.com Cyclist by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Ethical Consumerism Open book by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Church by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Lavender by Elminium from Flickr.com Like by Gregor Cresnar from www.flaticon.com Mosque by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Threads by Shamaasa from Flickr.com Religion
Teacher by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Farmers Market violet veg by Napoleon Benito from List by Madebyoliver from www.flaticon.com Empty shopping cart by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Flickr.com Group by Gregor Cresnar from the Noun Project Multiple users by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
2011 Famers market by Gemma Billings from Flickr.com Multiple users by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Images Old fashion briefcase by Bogdan Rosu from www. Lectern with microphone by Freepik from www.flaticon.
Cover
Icons flaticon.com com
Over time Alarm clock by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Alarm clock by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Donations by Amber Avalona from Pixabay.com Mortarboard by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Holding hands from Pixabay.com Charitable giving Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project
Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
WEA (Workers’ Educational Association) Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Disability Elementary school by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Where Who Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Beer jar by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Clipboard by Google from www.flaticon.com
Around the world Age Across the country
Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Ballot paper by alphabunny_photos from Flickr.com Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Rural hotel house by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Construction by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
By activity Alarm clock by Freepik from www.flaticon.com City towers view by OCHA from www.flaticon.com
Agreement by Gregor Cresnar from www.flaticon.com Civic core Eye by Icomoon from www.flaticon.com
Charitable giving Book stack of three by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Megaphone by Daniel Bruce from www.flaticon.com
Gift by Clarissa de Wet from Flickr.com Location pin by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Woman silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Cat by Awee_19 from Flickr.com Around the world
Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Mortarboard by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Child by Awee_19 from Flickr.com Man work on laptop by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project
Memories by Makoto Okuda from Flickr.com Gender
Church by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Gift by SBTS from the Noun Project
Female gender sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com World by Daniel Bruce from www.flaticon.com
Volunteering Mosque by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Male gender symbol by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Charity run by Banathemobile0 from Pixabay.com Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Where Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Charity governance Woman silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Spaces and places Signing contract by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Computer by Goran Ivos from Unsplash.com Online donation by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Hospital sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Appendix II
IMAGE AND ICON SOURCES
Online Membership Local home by Krisada from the Noun Project Cyclist by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Online donation by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Political engagement Bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Reload by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Woman silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Political candidate speech by Freepik from www.flati- Eco-house by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Hand graving smartphone by Freepik from www.flati- Football player by Freepik from www.flaticon.com con.com T-Shirt by Scott de Jonge from www.flaticon.com
con.com Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Open book by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Factory by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Coin stack by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project Management by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Elementary school by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Microscope by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Multiple users by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Protest by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Trade center by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Light bulb by Gregor Cresnar from www.flaticon.com World by Daniel Bruce from www.flaticon.com Voting urn by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Multiple users by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Calendar by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Rocking chair by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Snacks sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Campaigning and protest
Home by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Church- by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Bowl with vegetables by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Mosque- by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Sprouts by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
By activity Signing contract by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Old fashion briefcase by Bogdan Rosu from www. Tractor by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Volunteering Lectern with microphone by Freepik from www.flaticon.
flaticon.com Reload symbol by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Hands inside heart by Freepik from www.flaticon.com com
Beer jar by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Online shopping by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Alarm clock by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Delete cross by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Home by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Local home by Krisada from the Noun Poject
Old fashion briefcase by Bogdan Rosu from www. Teacher by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Charitable giving Armchair by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
flaticon.com Lectern with microphone by Freepik from www.flaticon. Gift by SBTS from the Noun Project
Charity governance com Man silhouette by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Female gender sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Compass by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Male gender symbol by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Female gender sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Charity tin by Justin Maelzer from the Noun Project
Old fashion briefcase by Bogdan Rosu from www. Email by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Community local action
flaticon.com Television with antenna by Freepik from www.flaticon.
Open passport by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Calendar by Freepik from www.flaticon.com com
Old fashion briefcase by Bogdan Rosu from www.
Target by Freepik from www.flaticon.com flaticon.com Raising money
Strategy by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Coin stack by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Man sprinting by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Coin stack by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Cyclist by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Cupcake by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Hammer by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Cooking pot by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Community by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project Community by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Snack sign by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Group by Gregor Cresnar from the Noun Project Man sprinting by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Man and shaver by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Agreement by Gregor Cresnar from www.flaticon.com Garlands by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Moon by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Kids couple by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Balloons by Dot on Paper from www.flaticon.com Mustache by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
LinkedIn by Googled from www.flaticon.com Alarm clock by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Ethical consumerism
Facebook by Icomoon from www.flaticon.com Hand by Fission Stragey from the Noun Project Coin stack by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Twitter by Icomoon from www.flaticon.com Multiple users by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Pounds bag by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
Management by Freepik from www.flaticon.com Group by Gregor Cresnar from the Noun Project Community by Freepik from www.flaticon.com
58

Getting Involved: How People Make A Difference

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DATA. TRENDS. INSIGHTS.

Published by This publication relies on the input and

Is participation changing? Who gets involved?

What do people do? Where do people get

HOW DO PEOPLE GET INVOLVED?

There are many ways of talking about how people get

Individual participation Social participation

POLICY TIMELINE 2010-2017

2010 2011 2012 2013

2014 2015 2016 2017

of people formally volunteer (giving unpaid help 67

Citizenship Survey; Community Life Survey

MEMBERSHIP BHPS (1997 & 2007); Understanding Society survey (2015)

POLITICAL PARTIES TYPES OF ORGANISATION

VOTING Turnout at general elections 1970-2017 (%)

Turnout at major elections and referendums 2014-2017

58% 57% 64% 62% 61%

Donation per donor A survey of individuals’ charitable giving

VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16); ONS (2017) Changes in the

16–25 26–34 35–49 50–64 65–74 75+ olds in the UK

POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16) SOCIAL ACTION

SOCIAL CLASS AND EDUCATION

ONLINE ACTION Hansard Society (2017) Audit of Political Engagement 14

CHARITABLE GIVING POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

VOLUNTEERING Volunteering rates by ethnic group

VOLUNTEERING Community Life Survey (2015/16)

9,177 21 million 139,600

CIVIC PARTICIPATION Civic participation by religion INDIVIDUAL CHARITIES

VOLUNTEERING CIVIC PARTICIPATION Community Life Survey (2015/16)

Volunteering activities Raising money/ Barriers

WHAT IS THE CIVIC CORE? WHO ARE THE CIVIC CORE?

IN ORGANISATIONS AND GROUPS

145 123 47 Justice and human rights 7%

IN ORGANISATIONS AND GROUPS

VOLUNTEERING ACROSS SECTORS

20,000 15,000 11,000 Emergency services

ACROSS THE COUNTRY

VOLUNTEERING ACROSS THE UK CIVIC ENGAGEMENT

Inner city areas Activities breakdown

ACROSS THE COUNTRY

In 2015/16 SOCIAL ACTION IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT

AROUND THE WORLD

CAUSES REMITTANCES NGOS IN THE UK Responses to the refugee crisis

£107m £97m £87m 450,000

AROUND THE WORLD

INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT Compulsory voting

5 11 14 61% of MPs in Rwanda are female, the highest

VIRTUAL VOLUNTEERING ONLINE COMMUNITIES NEW WAYS TO GIVE

SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGNS E-PETITIONS

Motivations for volunteering Barriers to volunteering

THE VALUE OF VOLUNTEERING TIME SPENT ON FORMAL VOLUNTEERING

Community Life Survey 2015/16

ESV is relatively rare compared with other kinds of volunteering, with

WHO IS A TRUSTEE? 36%

trustees is male (64%), 13.4

DEMOGRAPHICS Age Membership levels increase with age, with the

TYPES OF MEMBERSHIP ORGANISATION MEMBERSHIP OF CHARITABLE ORGANISATIONS

LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION

In 2015/16 Community Life Survey (2015/16) OTHER NETWORKS EVENTS

LOCAL COMMUNITY ACTION

COMMUNITY OWNERSHIP COMMUNITY PROGRAMMES

housing and libraries. 47 organisers take action (08/06/2017)

the UK. in the UK