SWAMI VIVEKANADA SUBHARTI UNIVERSITY,MEERUT (DDE)

NAME - AKASH KUMAR ALOK

ENROLLMENT NO- C1720997633768
ROLL NO- A18702289
MASTER OF COMMERCE (1ST YEAR)
Course Code : M.Com
Course Title : Human Resources Management
SLM Code : M-210
Assignment No. : M.Com -1/ M-210 /A-2017-2018

Q.1. Describe scope of HRM and objective of HRM

Scope of human resource management:

1. Manpower planning means determining the number and kind of

personnel required to fill various positions in the organizations.

2. Recruitment, selection, placement of personnel.

3. Training and development of employees.

4. Performance appraisal of the employees.

5. Motivating the employees by providing them proper financial

and non financial incentives.

6. Social and welfare security of the employees.

7. Audit of personnel policies, procedures and practices of the

organization.

Objectives of human resource management

1. To procure right type of persons at right time and at right job

2. To ensure effective utilization of human resources

3. To ensure development of human resources

4. To provide them right kind of training to increase their

productivity

5. To ensure their welfare needs

6. To satisfy them by providing monetary and non monetary

benefits
Q.2. What is the process of HR Planning and also write problem in Human
Resource Planning?

Following are the process of HR Planning

1. Determining net requirement: human resource manager must

check the demand and supply of the manpower before deriving at
any conclusion.

2. Redeployment and redundancy: in redeployment the surplus

employees in one department can be transferred to another
department where deficit of employees estimated and in case of
redundancy where surplus employees can not be redeployed they
can be offered voluntary retirement scheme.

3. Employment programme: here it is required to prepare

programmes of recruitment, selection, transfer and promotion to
achieve organization goal.

4. Training and development: it is very necessary for the

employees to keep them updated in the job they are doing.

Following are the problem of HR Planning

1. There is lack of coordination with other functions of the

organization as the HR manager totally absorbed in their own
world keeping other manger separate.

2. There is lack of coordination with other functions of the

organization as the HR manager totally absorbed in their own
world keeping other manger separate.

3.Due to non cooperation between human resource manager and

other functional managers human resource planning fails.
4. There is insufficient support from the top management due to
which human resource planning fails.

Q.3. What is Training & Development? Purpose of Training & Development? What
is the need of Training?

Training and development is vital part of the human resource

development. It is assuming ever important role in wake of the
advancement of technology which has resulted in ever increasing
competition, rise in customer’s expectation of quality and service and a
subsequent need to lower costs. It is also become more important globally
in order to prepare workers for new jobs. In the current write up, we will
focus more on the emerging need of training and development, its
implications upon individuals and the employers.

Purpose of Training and development

1. Improving quality of work force :–

Training and development help companies to improve the quality of work

done by their employees. Training programs concentrate on specific
areas. There by improving the quality of work in that area.

2. Enhance employee growth :-

Every employee who takes development program becomes better at his

job. Training provides perfection and required practice, therefore
employee’s area able to develop them professionally.

3. Prevents obsolescence :-

Through training and development the employee is up to date with new

technology and the fear of being thrown out of the job is reduced.

Need of Training
1. Employment of inexperienced and new labour requires detailed
instructions for effective performance on the job.

2. People have not to work, but work effectively with the minimum of
supervision, minimum of cost, waste and spoilage, and to produce quality
goods and services.

3. Increasing use of fast changing techniques in production and other

operations requires training into newer methods for the operatives

4. Training is necessary when a person has to move from one job to

another because of transfer, promotion or demotion.
Q.4. What do u means by an Interview and describe the types.

Interview is the widely used (election method. It is a face-to-face

interaction between interviewee and interviewer. If handled carefully, it can
be a powerful technique in having accurate information of the interviewee
otherwise unavailable. At the same time, if the interview is not handled
carefully, it can be a source of bias, restricting or distorting the flow of
communication.

Types of an Interview

1. Personal interviews: Personal interviews include:

 Selection of the employees

 Promotion of the employees
 Retirement and resignation of the employees

2. Persuasive interviews: This type of interview is designed to sell

someone a product or an idea. When a sales representative talk with a
target buyer, persuasion takes the form of convincing the target that
the product or idea meets a need.

3. Structured interviews: Structured interviews tend to follow formal

procedures; the interviewer follows a predetermined agenda or
questions
4. Counseling interviews: This may be held to find out what has been
troubling the workers and why someone has not been working.

5. Standardized or open-ended interview: Here the same open-ended

questions are asked to all interviewees; this approach facilitates faster
interviews faster interviews that can be more easily analyzed and
compared.

Q.5. Meaning of Recruitment? Source of Recruitment?

Whenever there is a vacancy in the organization, generally it is to be filled.

To make the candidate available for filling those vacancies, their selection
procedure and placement on a proper job comes under the purview of
recruitment.
As soon as the available vacancies are known, they are advertised through
different media and accordingly the applications are collected for the
vacant posts. A group of candidates interested in doing the job and are
eligible to do, it is created through recruitment
It is an operative function of human resource management coming under
the managerial function called organizing. In the words of Edwin Flippo,
‘recruitment is the process of searching for prospective employees and
stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation’.

Sources of Recruitment:

Internal Sources of Recruitment:

1. Promotions: The promotion policy is followed as a motivational
technique for the employees who work hard and show good performance.
Promotion results in enhancements in pay, position, responsibility and
authority. The important requirement for implementation of the promotion
policy is that the terms, conditions, rules and regulations should be well-
defined.
2. Retirements:
The retired employees may be given the extension in their service in case
of non-availability of suitable candidates for the post.
3. Former employees:
Former employees who had performed well during their tenure may be
called back, and higher wages and incentives can be paid to them.
External Sources of Recruitment:
1. Press advertisement:
A wide choice for selecting the appropriate candidate for the post is avail-
able through this source. It gives publicity to the vacant posts and the
details about the job in the form of job description and job specification are
made available to public in general.
2. Campus interviews:
It is the best possible method for companies to select students from
various educational institutions. It is easy and economical. The company
officials personally visit various institutes and select students eligible for a
particular post through interviews. Students get a good opportunity to
prove themselves and get selected for a good job.
3. Placement agencies:
A databank of candidates is sent to organizations for their selection
purpose and agencies get commission in return.
4. Employment exchange:
People register themselves with government employment exchanges with
their personal details. According to the needs and request of the
organization, the candidates are sent for interviews.
Course Code : M.Com
Course Title : Accounting and Financial Analysis
SLM Code : M -213
Assignment No. : M.Com -2/ M-213 /A-2017-2018

Q.1. What is the definition of accountancy and describe the two advantage of the

accounting?

Accountancy is the practice of recording, classifying, and reporting

on business transactions for a business. It provides feedback to
management regarding the financial results and status of an
organization. The key accountancy tasks are noted below.

Accountancy is that aspect of business studies which deals with the

technicality of company’s record keeping, analysis of business information,
interpretation of financial information, and communication of accounting
information of a company to people that has interest in the company. That
aspect of business process that involves the; collection, collation,
analysing, interpreting, packaging, and communicating accounting
information is what accounting is all about.

Two advantages of accounting

Information about financial position

Perhaps the most obvious advantage is the fact that accounting keeps a
businessman informed about the financial position of his business. He is
able to know almost every necessary detail of the financial affairs of his
business simply by going through his accounting records.

Ascertainment of profit or loss during a period

Accounting records assist a businessman in accurately calculating his

profit or loss over a particular period. For a person who depends solely on
his business for his daily bread, it is very important that he should know the
exact amount of his profit for a particular month so that his drawings from
the business in that month do no exceed his profit. Profit is the sole motive
of most businessmen and it is imperative that they should be well informed
of how they are doing towards achieving this objective.

Q.3. Describe the fundamental accounting equation. How are the

revenue and expenses account related to it?

The Fundamental Accounting Equation:

Assets = Liabilities + Equity

Businesses usually own assets. Assets are things that can be used to
generate revenue through the sale of goods and services. Assets include
cash, inventory, furniture and equipment, and accounts receivable. A
business may also own intangible assets such as patents, trademarks and
goodwill.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) assumes that all assets
of a business are either owned outright by the business owners or are
subject to the claims of creditors. Creditors include anyone who has loaned
money or extended credit to the business. Loans and other forms of
extended credit are called liabilities. The portion of assets not subject to
claims by creditors is called equity.
Income or Revenue

Income is money the business earns from selling a product or service, or

from interest and dividends on marketable securities. Other names for
income are revenue, gross income, turnover, and the "top line."
Net income is revenue less expenses. Other names for net income are
profit, net profit, and the "bottom line."
Income is "realized" differently depending on the accounting method
used. Accrual basis accounting counts the revenue as soon as an
invoice is entered into the accounting system. Cash basis
accounting does not count the revenue until the invoice is paid.

Expenses

Expenses are expenditures, often monthly, that allow a company to

operate. Examples of expenses are office supplies, utilities, rent,
entertainment, and travel.
Like revenue accounts, expense accounts are temporary accounts that
collect data for one accounting period and are reset to zero at the
beginning of the next accounting period. Most accounting programs
perform this task automatically.

Q.4. What do you mean by final accounts? What are its constituents ?
Name them and briefly explain the purpose of each of them?

Final Accounts
Trading, profit & loss account and balance sheet, all these three together,
are called as final accounts. Final result of trading is known through Profit
and Loss Account. Financial position is reflected by Balance Sheet. These
are, usually, prepared at the close of the year hence known as final
accounts.
Constituents of Final Accounts
1.Trading and profit and loss account or income statement, which is
prepared to know the profit earned or loss suffered by the business during
a specific period.
2. Balance sheet, which is prepared to know the financial position of the
business on a particular date.

Purpose of each of Them

The profit or loss determined by a trading account is the gross result of
the business but not the net result. If so, then a question arises - what is
the use of preparing a trading account? This account is necessary because
of the following advantages.

1. Gross profit of a business is very important data, since all business

expenses are met out of it. So the amount of gross profit should be
adequate to meet the indirect expenses of a business concern.

2. The amount of net sales can be determined through this account.

Gross sales can be ascertained from sales account in the ledger, but
net sales cannot be so obtained. The true sales of a business is net
 sales - not gross sales. Net sales are determined by deducting sales
returns from gross sales in trading account.

3. The success or failure of a business can be ascertained by

comparing net sales of the current year with that of the last year. It
should be noted that an increase in the amount of net sales of the
current year over the last year may not be regarded as a sign of
success, since sales may increase because of rise in price level.

Balance sheet is one of importance financial statement of a business

organization showing the financial condition at a particular date. It provides
relevant information for various interested particles like investors, lenders,
creditors, government, shareholder, banker and general public.
• It assets the financial position of a company showing the true and fair
picture of assets and liabilities.
• If depicts the nature and value of different kinds of assets.
• It also provides relevant information regarding sources of funds and the
application.

Q.5. Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of fixed installment method and
diminishing balance method.

Fixed installment:

Advantages
It is simple and easy method the value of Assets I can be completely return
off. The value of the asset each year in the balance sheet is reasonably fair
there is no change either in rate or amount of depreciation over the useful
life of the asset

Disadvantages:
The assumption that the assets shall be equally useful throughout its life
seems to be illogical it does not take into account the effective utilisation of
the Asset it even though the Asset it is used to uniformly from period to
period the total charge for the use of the Asset it keeps on increasing every
year this is because cost of repairs in each subsequent year rises though
equal amount of the precision is return

Diminishing balance method

Advantages
It is simple and easy method every year there is an equal burden for using
the asset it this is because the depriciation goes on decreasing every year
where is cost of repair increases the the obsolencence problem is given
due care since major part of depreciation is charged in earlier years and
the management may find it easy to replace the asset. Income tax
authorities recognise this method. all items including additions are added
together and appreciated at the same rate.

Disadvantages:
It is difficult to determine and appropriate rate of appreciation
The value of Asset cannot be brought down to 0

Course Code : M.Com

Course Title : Research Methodology
SLM Code : M-217
Assignment No. : M.Com -3-A/ M-217 / A-2017-2018

Q.1. What is the Research and describe the aim of Research?

Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques used to

identify, select, process, and analyze information about a topic. In a
research paper, the methodology section allows the reader to critically
evaluate a study’s overall validity and reliability. The methodology section
answers two main questions: How was the data collected or generated?
How was it analyzed?
The process used to collect information and data for the purpose of making
business decisions. The methodology may include publication
research, interviews, surveys and other research techniques, and
could include both present and historical information.

Aim of Research
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it
(studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative
research studies);

To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,

situation or a group(studies with this object in view are known as
descriptive research studies);

To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it

is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are
known as diagnostic research studies);

To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables (such

studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

Q.2. Describe the Type of Data collection and describe the Basic Principles of Sampling.

Types of Data collection

Primary Data – refers to the data that the investigator collects for the very
first time. This type of data has not been collected either by this or any
other investigator before. A primary data will provide the investigator with
the most reliable first-hand information about the respondents. The
investigator would have a clear idea about the terminologies uses, the
statistical units employed, the research methodology and the size of the
sample. Primary data may either be internal or external to the organization.

Secondary Data – refers to the data that the investigator collects from
another source. Past investigators or agents collect data required for their
study. The investigator is the first researcher or statistician to collect this
data. Moreover, the investigator does not have a clear idea about the
intricacies of the data. There may be ambiguity in terms of the sample size
and sample technique. There may also be unreliability with respect to the
accuracy of the data.

Basic Principles of sampling

1) Principle or Law of statistical regularity:this law is based upon
mathematical theory of probability. It is based upon the following two
conditions.
i) Large sample size: as the sample size increases, the true
characteristics of the population are more likely to reveal.
ii) Random selection: the sample should be selected randomly in which
each and every unit of the universe has an equal chance of being selected.
2) Principle of inertia of large numbers: – it is based upon the concept
that as the sample size increases the better results we will get. For
example if we have to study the weight of the students studying in a
college then fairly adequate sample of the students help us to arrive at
good results.
3) Principle of validity: – if valid tests are derived only then sampling
design is termed as valid.
4) Principle of optimization: – this principle states that with the help of
sample one must be able to get optimum results with maximum efficiency
and minimum cost.

Q.3. What is the Regression Analysis?

Regression analysis is used to study the relationship between two or more

variables. Moreover, the regression technique is used to observe changes
in the dependent variable with changes in the independent variables. The
parameters in the regression equation are obtained by using least square
method.
Independent variable:

In regression analysis, the independent variable represents the inputs

make the changes in the dependent variable.

Dependent variable:
The dependent variable represents the output based on the values of the
independent variable.
Assumptions of regression analysis:

• The error term follows normal distribution with mean 0 and constant
variance.
• There is no correlation between independent variables and error terms.
• The error term is same for all values of independent variable.

There are two types of regression techniques:

• Linear Regression.
• Non-Linear Regression.

Linear Regression Analysis is categorized into two types:

• Simple Linear Regression.

• Multiple Linear Regression.

Simple Linear Regression:

Simple linear regression is used to study the linear relationship between
one independent and one dependent variable.

The regression equation is,

Multiple Linear Regression is used to study the linear relationship between

one dependent variable and more than two independent variables.

The regression equation is,

Non-Linear Regression:

Non-linear regression is used to study the non-linear relationship among

two or more variables.
Non-linear regression can be categorized into following types:

• Polynomial regression.
• Logistic regression.
• Power model regression.
• Weibull growth model regression.
• Exponential regression.
• Poisson regression.

Q.5. What is the meaning and significance of report in research?

The meaning and significance of Research report is considered a major

component of the research study for the research task remains incomplete
till the report has been presented and/or written. As a matter of fact even
the most brilliant hypothesis, highly well designed and conducted research
study, and the most striking generalizations and findings are of little value
unless they are effectively communicated to others. The purpose of
research is not well served unless the findings are made known to others.
Research results must invariably enter the general store of knowledge. All
this explains the significance of writing research report. There are people
who do not consider writing of report as an integral part of the research
process. But the general opinion is in favour of treating the presentation of
research results or the writing of report as part and parcel of the research
project. Writing of report is the last step in a research study and requires a
set of skills somewhat different from those called for in respect of the
earlier stages of research. This task should be accomplished by the
researcher with utmost care; he may seek the assistance and guidance of
experts for the purpose.
Research report is considered a major component of the research study
for the research task remains incomplete till the report has been presented
and/or written. As a matter of fact even the most brilliant hypothesis, highly
well designed and conducted research study, and the most striking
generalizations and findings are of little value unless they are effectively
communicated to others. The purpose of research is not well served unless
the findings are made known to others. Research results must invariably
enter the general store of knowledge. All this explains the significance of
writing research report. There are people who do not consider writing of
report as an integral part of the research process. But the general opinion
is in favour of treating the presentation of research results or the writing of
report as part and parcel of the research project.

Q.4. Write the short notes on:

(a) Chi-Square Test
(b) T-Test

(a) Chi-Square Test

Chi-square test is one of the important nonparametric tests that is

used to compare more than two variables for a randomly selected data.
The expected frequencies are calculated based on the conditions of null
hypothesis. The rejection of null hypothesis is based on the differences of
actual value and expected value.
The data can be examined by using the two types of Chi-square test,
which is given below:
1. Chi-square goodness of fit test
It is used to observe that the closeness of a sample matches a population.
The Chi-square test statistic is,

with k-1 degrees of freedom.

where Oi is the observed count, k is categories, and Ei is the expected
counts.
2. Chi-square test for independence of two variables
It is used to check whether the variables are independent of each other or
not. The Chi-square test statistic is,

with degrees of freedom.

where Oi is the observed count, r is number of rows, c is the number of
columns, and Ei is the expected counts.

(b) T- Test :-

A T-test is an analysis framework used to determine the difference

between two sample means from two normally distributed populations with
unknown variances. A t-test is an analysis of two populations means
through the use of statistical examination; a t-test with two samples is
commonly used with small sample sizes, testing the difference between
the samples when the variances of two normal distributions are not known.

A t-test looks at the t-statistic, the t-distribution and degrees of freedom to

determine the probability of difference between populations; the test
statistic in the test is known as the t-statistic. To conduct a test with three or
more variables, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) must be used.

Course Code : M.Com

Course Title : Production & Operational Management
SLM Code : M-219

Assignment No. : M.Com -4-A/ M-219 / A-2017-2018

Q.1 Define Operation Management? Write importance of production

Management? Describe in the Scope of Production Management

Operation Management

Operations management is chiefly concerned with planning, organizing

and supervising in the contexts of production, manufacturing or the
provision of services. As such, it is delivery-focused, ensuring that an
organization successfully turns inputs to outputs in an efficient manner.
The inputs themselves could represent anything from materials, equipment
and technology to human resources such as staff or workers.
Operations management is the administration of business practices to
create the highest level of efficiency possible within an organization. It is
concerned with converting materials and labor into goods and services as
efficiently as possible to maximize the profit of an organization. Operations
management teams attempt to balance costs with revenue to achieve the
highest net operating profit possible.

Importance of Production Management

Helps to Introduce New Products: Production management helps to

introduce new product within the market. It conducts analysis and
development. This helps the firm to develop newer and higher quality
product. These products are productive within the market as a result of
the offer full satisfaction to the purchasers.
Expansion of the Firm: the production management helps the firm to
get bigger and grow. This is often as a result of it tries to enhance
quality and cut back prices. This helps the firm to earn higher profits.
These profits facilitate the firm to expand and grow.

Scope of Production Management:

The scope of production management is indeed vast. Commencing with
the selection of location, production management covers such activities as
acquisition of land, constructing building, procuring and installing
machinery, purchasing and storing raw materials and converting them into
saleable products. Added to the above are other related topics such as
quality management, maintenance management, production planning and
control, methods improvement and work simplification and other related
areas.
Q.2 Write Techniques of work study? Describe in points the objectives of work
measurement?

Techniques of work study

Work Study is encompassed by two techniques -method study and work

measurement (time study):

Method study is the systematic recording and critical examination of

existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a means of developing
and applying easier and methods and reducing costs.
 Work measurement (or Time study) is the application of techniques
designed to establish the time for a qualified worker to carry out a
specified job at a defined level of performance.

There is a close link between method study and work measurement.

Method study is concerned with the reduction of the work content and
establishing the one best way of doing the job whereas work measurement
is concerned with investigation and reduction of any ineffective time
associated with the job and establishing time standards for an operation
carried out as per the standard method.

Objectives of Work Measurement:

1. To compare the times of performance by alternative methods.

2. To enable realistic schedule of work to be prepared.

3. To arrive at a realistic and fair incentive scheme.

4. To analyse the activities for doing a job with the view to reduce or
eliminate unnecessary jobs.

5. To minimise the human effort.

6. To assist in the organisation of labour by daily comparing the actual time

with that of target time.

Q.3 What is Materials Handling? Describe the advantages of Materials Handling

and the objective of Materials Handling.
Material handling involves short-distance movement within the confines
of a building or between a building and a transportation vehicle.It uses a
wide range of manual, semi-automated, and automated equipment and
includes consideration of the protection, storage, and control of materials
throughout their manufacturing, warehousing, distribution, consumption,
and disposal. Material handling can be used to create time and place
utility through the handling, storage, and control of material, as distinct
from manufacturing, which creates form utility by changing the shape,
form, and makeup of material.
Advantages of Material Handling Equipment
Transportation
Transportation refers to any type of material handling equipment that
moves material from one spot to another. This can be from one facility to
another, from one end of the facility to the other or simply from a docking
platform to a storage area. Industrial trucks, haulers, cranes, conveyer
belts and lifts are types of transportation equipment. Cranes are used to
move material but are limited to certain zones. Lift trucks can move
material just about anywhere, and conveyor belts move material along a
designated path.
Positioning
Positioning equipment is used to ensure that material is passed along
safely. This can entail pivoting, turning or stacking the material. The
equipment that handles positioned material can be transportation or
storage equipment. Positioning equipment is mainly used to cut down on
worker fatigue, ensure safer handling if the equipment is difficult to move
manually, and move equipment that is unsafe for human hands.
Unit Loads
Unit loads are equipment that stabilises or holds equipment to prevent
movement during transportation or storage. Pallets, skids, bags, cartons,
load containers, crates, straps, wrapping, bins, baskets and racks are
some of the various kinds of loading equipment. This equipment also
allows more than one item of the same material to be held by one unit
load.
OBJECTIVES OF MATERIAL HANDLING
The primary objective of a material handling system is to reduce the unit
cost of production. The other subordinate objectives are:

1. Reduce manufacturing cycle time

2. Reduce delays, and damage

3. Promote safety and improve working conditions

4. Maintain or improve product quality

Q.4 What is Production Planning? Explain some function of Production Planning?

Production planning is
the planning of production and manufacturing modules in a company or
industry. It utilizes the resource allocation of activities of
employees, materials and production capacity, in order to serve different
customers.[1]
Different types of production methods, such as single item
manufacturing, batch production, mass production, continuous
production etc. have their own type of production planning. Production
planning can be combined with production control into production planning
and control, or it can be combined enterprise resource planning.
Production planning is used in companies in several different industries,
including agriculture, industry, amusement industry, etc.....

Function of Production Planning

1. Utilizes resources effectively
Production planning and control result in effective utilization of plant
capacity, equipment and resources.

It results in low-cost and high-returns for the organization.

2. Makes flow of production steady
Production planning and control ensure a regular and steady flow of
production.

All machines are put to their optimum use.

This helps in achieving a continuous production of goods.

3. Estimates production resources
Production planning and control help to estimate the resources like men,
materials, machines, etc.

The estimate is made based on sales forecast.So, production is planned to

meet sales requirements.
4. Maintains necessary stock levels
Production planning and control prevent over-stocking and under-stocking
of materials.

Necessary stocks are maintained.

Stock of raw-material is maintained at a proper level in order to meet

production demands.

Q.5 What is Inventory Control? What is Quality Control with Some advantage of
Quality Control?

Inventory Control
Inventory control is something that should be front-of-mind for anyone in
the wholesale distribution business. In the simplest of terms, inventory
control involves having greater oversight over one’s stock. Some refer to it
as “internal control” or even as an accounting system set up to safeguard
assets. Let’s take a look at why inventory control is so important as well as
what’s involved in developing an effective system.

Quality Control
Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure
that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set
of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer. QC is
similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance (QA). QA is defined as a
procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a product or
service under development (before work is complete, as opposed to
afterwards) meets specified requirements.

Advantages of Quality Control

Most effective utilisation of resources:
Quality control ensures maximum utilisation of available resources thereby
minimising wastage and inefficiency of every kind.

Reduction in inspection costs:

Quality control brings about economies in inspection and considerably
reduces cost of inspection.

Increased goodwill:
By producing better quality products and satisfying customer’s needs,
quality control raises the goodwill of the concern in the minds of people. A
reputed concern can easily raise finances from the market.

Higher morale of employees:

An effective system of quality control is greatly helpful in increasing the
morale of employees, and they feel that they are working in the concern
producing better and higher quality products.

Course Code : M.Com

Course Title : Marketing Management
SLM Code : M-218
Assignment No. : M.Com -4-B/ M-218 /A-2017-2018
Q.1 What is MARKETING Mix? Write Some Major factors which influence buying
behavior.

Marketing Mix
The marketing mix refers to the set of actions, or tactics, that a company
uses to promote its brand or product in the market. The 4Ps make up a
typical marketing mix - Price, Product, Promotion and Place. However,
nowadays, the marketing mix increasingly includes several other Ps like
Packaging, Positioning, People and even Politics as vital mix elements.

Price: refers to the value that is put for a product. It depends on costs of
production, segment targeted, ability of the market to pay, supply - demand
and a host of other direct and indirect factors

Product: refers to the item actually being sold. The product must deliver a
minimum level of performance; otherwise even the best work on the other
elements of the marketing mix won't do any good.

Place:In every industry, catching the eye of the consumer and making it
easy for her to buy it is the main aim of a good distribution or 'place'
strategy. Retailers pay a premium for the right location. In fact, the mantra
of a successful retail business is 'location, location, location'.

Promotion: this refers to all the activities undertaken to make the product
or service known to the user and trade. This can include advertising, word
of mouth, press reports, incentives, commissions and awards to the trade.

The factors influencing buying behavior can be categorized into:

a. Personal factors,
b. Psychological factors
c. Social factors.

Personal factors can be related to the persons age, sex , race, religion,
occupation, educational qualifications, level of authority etc.
Psychological factors refer to motives related to the satisfying of needs
and wants which can either arise out of deprivation or for instant social
status.
Social factors refer to the physiological and social level of hierarchy in the
society the consumer belongs to, which determine his motives of
purchasing a product.

Q.2 Describe the product Life Cycle? Describe Pricing also mention levels of Philip
Kotler of Price.

Product life Cycle

A new product progresses through a sequence of stages from introduction
to growth, maturity, and decline. This sequence is known as the product life
cycle and is associated with changes in the marketing situation, thus
impacting the marketing strategy and the marketing mix.
The main stages of the product life cycle are:

Introduction – researching, developing and then launching the product.

Growth – when sales are increasing at their fastest rate
Maturity – sales are near their highest, but the rate of growth is slowing
down, e.g. new competitors in market or saturation.
Decline – final stage of the cycle, when sales begin to fall

Pricing also mention levels of Philip Kotler of Price

Premium Pricing.
Use a high price where there is a uniqueness about the product or service.
This approach is used where a substantial competitive advantage exists.
Such high prices are charge for luxuries such as Cunard Cruises, Savoy
Hotel rooms, and Concorde flights.
Penetration Pricing.
The price charged for products and services is set artificially low in order to
gain market share. Once this is achieved, the price is increased. This
approach was used by France Telecom and Sky TV.
Economy Pricing.
This is a no frills low price. The cost of marketing and manufacture are kept
at a minimum. Supermarkets often have economy brands for soups,
spaghetti, etc.
Psychological Pricing.
This approach is used when the marketer wants the consumer to respond
on an emotional, rather than rational basis. For example 'price point
perspective' 99 cents not one dollar.
Product Line Pricing.
Where there is a range of product or services the pricing reflect the
benefits of parts of the range. For example car washes. Basic wash could
be $2, wash and wax $4, and the whole package $6.

Q.3 What is Supply chain Management? Explain the five stages of Personal Selling
Process.

Supply chain management is the management of the flow of goods and

services and includes all processes that transform raw materials into final
products. It involves the active streamlining of a business's supply-side
activities to maximize customer value and gain a competitive advantage in
the marketplace. SCM represents an effort by suppliers to develop and
implement supply chains that are as efficient and economical as possible.
Supply chains cover everything from production to product development to
the information systems needed to direct these undertakings. Supply chain
management is an expansive, complex undertaking that relies on each
partner -- from suppliers to manufacturers and beyond -- to run well.
Because of this, effective supply chain management also requires change
management, collaboration and risk management to create alignment and
communication between all the entities

A Five Stage Personal Selling Process Marketing

Stage One - Prospecting.

Prospecting is all about finding prospects, or potential new customers.

Prospects should be 'qualified,' which means that they need to be
assessed to see if there is business potential, otherwise you could be
wasting your time. In order to qualify your prospects, one needs to:
(i)Plan a sales approach focused upon the needs of the customer.
(ii)Determine which products or services best meet their needs.
(iii)In order to save time, rank the prospects and leave out those that are
least likely to buy.
Stage Two - Making First Contact.
This is the preparation that a salesperson goes through before they meet
with the client, for example via e-mail, telephone or letter. Preparation will
make a call more focused.

Make sure that you are on time.

Before meeting with the client, set some objectives for the sales call. What
is the purpose of the call? What outcome is desirable before you leave?
Make sure that you've done some homework before meeting your
prospect. This will show that you are committed in the eyes of your
customer.
To save time, send some information before you visit. This will wet the
prospect's appetite.
Keep a set of samples at hand, and make sure that they are in very good
condition.
Within the first minute or two, state the purpose of your call so that time
with the client is maximised, and also to demonstrate to the client that your
are not wasting his or her time.
Humour is fine, but try to be sincere and friendly.
Stage Three - The Sales Call (or Sales Presentation).
It is best to be enthusiastic about your product or service. If you are not
excited about it, don't expect your prospect to be excited.
Focus on the real benefits of the product or service to the specific needs of
your client, rather than listing endless lists of features.
Try to be relaxed during the call, and put your client at ease.
Let the client do at least 80% of the talking. This will give you invaluable
information on your client's needs.
Remember to ask plenty of questions. Use open questions, e.g. TED's,
and closed questions i.e. questions that will only give the answer 'yes' or
the answer 'no.' This way you can dictate the direction of the conversation.
Never be too afraid to ask for the business straight off.

Stage Four - Objection Handling.

Objection handling is the way in which salespeople tackle obstacles put in

their way by clients. Some objections may prove too difficult to handle, and
sometimes the client may just take a dislike to you (aka the hidden
objection). Here are some approaches for overcoming objections:
Firstly, try to anticipate them before they arise.
'Yes but' technique allows you to accept the objection and then to divert it.
For example, a client may say that they do not like a particular colour, to
which the salesperson counters 'Yes but X is also available in many other
colours.'
Ask 'why' the client feels the way that they do.
'Restate' the objection, and put it back into the client's lap. For example,
the client may say, 'I don't like the taste of X,' to which the salesperson
responds, 'You don't like the taste of X,' generating the response 'since I do
not like garlic' from the client. The salesperson could suggest that X is no
longer made with garlic to meet the client's needs.
The sales person could also tactfully and respectfully contradict the client.

Stage Five - Closing the Sale.

This is a very important stage. Often salespeople will leave without ever
successfully closing a deal. Therefore it is vital to learn the skills of closing.
Just ask for the business! - 'Please may I take an order?' This really works
well.

Q.4 Write 4 P’ S OF Marketing with example of each?

Product - This is the product and/or service that you are taking to the
market.

Example: If you’re selling toothpaste, does your product have the

specific qualities that your ideal buyer persona is looking for (decay
prevention, tooth whitening, etc)?

Price - This is what you think the market will pay for your product.

Example: If you’re selling toothpaste, is the price of your product

comparable and/or cheaper to other similar products? If not, does it
have additional features that your target buyer will spend a premium
on it for?

Place - This is where you think your ideal buyer persona spends their
time (online and/or offline).

Example: If you’re selling toothpaste, most people typically remember

to buy this from the supermarket - so this could be one of your
placements for your product.

Promotion - This is how you think about getting your product in front
of new buyers that may want it. Think of it as additional strategies and
tactics that can help place your product in front of people / or increase
sales.

Example: If you’re selling toothpaste, a promotion for this kind of

product could be a discount when you buy multiple products (buy 5,
get 1 free).

Q.5 Explain in Brief M.I.S and its subsystem with the help of diagram?
MIS is the use of information technology, people, and business processes
to record, store and process data to produce information that decision
makers can use to make day to day decisions.
MIS is the acronym for Management Information Systems. In a nutshell,
MIS is a collection of systems, hardware, procedures and people that all
work together to process, store, and produce information that is useful to
the organization.
Subsystem of M.I.S.

Data Repository
This is a subsystem which is at the core of any information system. Mostly
this is a relational database management system that has pre-formatted
and structured tables for storage of data. These structures are arranged in
a way that helps in faster storage and retrieval of such data with adequate
security.
User Interface
This subsystem handles the interaction of the system with the user
(human) and hence it has to take care of issues related to the display of
data on an output medium. This can be either graphical or character-based
depending on the level of ease offered to the user.
Network
This subsystem ensures communication between the different entities of
an information system. It is crucial for functioning of an information system.
Course Code : M.Com
Course Title : Computer Fundamental
SLM Code : C-115
Assignment No. : M.Com -3-B/ C-115 /A-2017-2018

Q.1 Definition of Information? Describe data information? Write the introduction

to Information System?

Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful

values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which
decisions and actions are based.
For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the
following characteristics −
 Timely − Information should be available when required.
 Accuracy − Information should be accurate.
 Completeness − Information should be complete.

Data Information
Data is any collection of numbers, characters or other symbols that has
been coded into a format that can be input into a computer and processed.
Data on its own has no meaning, or context.
It is only after processing by a computer that data takes on a context and
becomes data information.

Introduction to information system

An information system (IS) is an organized system for the collection,
organization, storage and communication of information. More specifically,
it is the study of complementary networks that people and organizations
use to collect, filter, process, create and distribute data. Further, "[a]n
information system (IS) is a group of components that interact to produce
information. It focuses on the internal rather than the external." Information
system can also be described as a combination of hardware, software,
data, business process and functions which can be used to increase
efficiency and management of an organization. Information Systems is the
expression used to describe an Automated System (which may be referred
to as a Computerized Information System), be it manual, which covers
people, machines or organized methods to collect, process, transmit and
disseminate data representing information for the user or client
A computer information system is a system that a branch of Science
composed of people and computers that processes or interprets
information.
Q.2 Define the RAM or ROM, PROM, EPROM & EEPROM

RAM- Random access memory (RAM) is a type of data storage used in

computers that is generally located on the motherboard. This type of
memory is volatile and all information that was stored in RAM is lost when
the computer is turned off. Volatile memory is temporary memory while
ROM (read-only memory) is non-volatile and holds data permanently when
the power is turned off.

ROM: Read Only Memory

ROM is only programmable once. For example, it could be programmed at
the factory where they make the chip. And indeed, it’s usually used in
firmly hardcoded chips made by the company.

Clarification from a reader: “ROM is not "programmed at the factory” in the

same sense that you imply or even “programmed once”. It is programmed
never. The data is hard-coded into the chip itself. Once the chip wafer is
manufactured, that is it, it can never be changed, only tested before it goes
out. The ones and zeros are hard-coded connections to +V and ground.“

PROM: Programmable Read Only Memory

This is similar to ROM except that you, the consumer, can program it. You
can buy a blank chip and have a PROM programmer program it with your
stuff. But, once you program it, you can never change it.

EPROM: Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

So the cool this about this one is that you can rewrite this type of memory.
To erase a previous program though, you need to set it under some form of
UV light for a specified amount of time before being able to rewrite it.

EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory

So this one is the one that most people these days probably use
(especially those working with microcontrollers on a hobby level).
Essentially, it can be written, erased, rewritten electronically. No need for a
fancy UV light thing.

From some of the conversations, it seems that this is done often through
flash memory - a feature of quantum tunneling. And while I won’t go into
the specifics of that, the essential idea is that as "programming” occurs,
electrons jump from one side of a barrier to the other and the action of
holding that configuration becomes memory.
Q.3 What is Network Topologies? Describe the various types of networking.

Network topology refers to the physical or logical layout of a network. It

defines the way different nodes are placed and interconnected with each
other. Alternately, network topology may describe how the data is
transferred between these nodes.
There are two types of network topologies: physical and logical. Physical
topology emphasizes the physical layout of the connected devices and
nodes, while the logical topology focuses on the pattern of data transfer
between network nodes.
Types of Network Topology
 Bus Topology: All the devices/nodes are connected sequentially to
the same backbone or transmission line. This is a simple, low-cost
topology, but its single point of failure presents a risk.

 Star Topology: All the nodes in the network are connected to a

central device like a hub or switch via cables. Failure of individual
nodes or cables does not necessarily create downtime in the
network but the failure of a central device can. This topology is the
most preferred and popular model.

 Ring Topology: All network devices are connected sequentially to a

backbone as in bus topology except that the backbone ends at the
starting node, forming a ring. Ring topology shares many of bus
topology's disadvantages so its use is limited to networks that
demand high throughput.

 Tree Topology: A root node is connected to two or more sub-level

nodes, which themselves are connected hierarchically to sub-level
nodes. Physically, the tree topology is similar to bus and star
topologies; the network backbone may have a bus topology, while
the low-level nodes connect using star topology.

 Mesh Topology: The topology in each node is directly connected to

some or all the other nodes present in the network. This redundancy
makes the network highly fault tolerant but the escalated costs may
limit this topology to highly critical networks.

Q.4 Introduction to CDMA and GSM? What is WWW?

CDMA
CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) refers to any of several protocols
used in second-generation (2G) and third-generation
(3G) wireless communications. As the term implies, CDMA is a form
of multiplexing, which allows numerous signals to occupy a single
transmission channel, optimizing the use of available bandwidth. The
technology is used in ultra-high-frequency (UHF) cellular
telephone systems in the 800-MHz and 1.9-GHz bands.

GSM
GSM stands for Global System for Mobiles. This is a world-wide standard
for digital cellular telephony, or as most people know them Digital Mobile
Telephones. GSM was created by the Europeans, and originally meant
"Groupe Special Mobile", but this didn't translate well, so the now common
more globally appealing name was adopted. GSM is a published standard
by ETSI, and has now enjoys widespread implementation in Europe, Asia,
and increasingly America.
There are many arguments about the relative merits of analogue versus
digital, but for my mind it comes down to this: Analogue sounds better and
goes further, Digital doesn't sound as good, but does a whole lot
more.Check out the links page for sites that have some good discussion
on the Digital v Analogue debate.
Examples of what digital can do that analogue doesn't (or doesn't do very
well) are, Fax send & receive, Data calls, and Messaging.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems
have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications.
This presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially
with the development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is
intended to address these problems.

WWW
The World Wide Web (WWW) is a network of online content that is
formatted in HTML and accessed via HTTP. The term refers to all the
interlinked HTML pages that can be accessed over the Internet. The World
Wide Web was originally designed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee while he
was a contractor at CERN.
The World Wide Web is most often referred to simply as "the Web."

Q.5 What is Scheduling and Memory Management? What is URL?

In computing, scheduling is the method by which work specified by some
means is assigned to resources that complete the work. The work may be
virtual computation elements such as threads, processes or data flows,
which are in turn scheduled onto hardware resources such
as processors, network links or expansion cards.
A scheduler is what carries out the scheduling activity. Schedulers are
often implemented so they keep all computer resources busy (as in load
balancing), allow multiple users to share system resources effectively, or to
achieve a target quality of service. Scheduling is fundamental to
computation itself, and an intrinsic part of the execution model of a
computer system; the concept of scheduling makes it possible to
have computer multitasking with a single central processing unit (CPU).
A scheduler may aim at one or more of many goals, for example:
maximizing throughput (the total amount of work completed per time unit);
minimizing wait time (time from work becoming enabled until the first point
it begins execution on resources); minimizing latency or response
time (time from work becoming enabled until it is finished in case of batch
activity,[1][2][3] or until the system responds and hands the first output to the
user in case of interactive activity);[4] or maximizing fairness (equal CPU
time to each process, or more generally appropriate times according to the
priority and workload of each process). In practice, these goals often
conflict (e.g. throughput versus latency), thus a scheduler will implement a
suitable compromise. Preference is measured by any one of the concerns
mentioned above, depending upon the user's needs and objectives.

MEMORY MANAGEMENT

Memory management is a broad term that incorporates all processes

and methodologies for the effective use, allocation, monitoring and
management of computer memory.
Memory management allows an underlying computer or operating system
(OS) to dynamically distribute memory across all running processes, while
ensuring optimal performance.
Memory management deals with the management of a computer’s
physical memory or random access memory (RAM). Typically, each
computer has preinstalled main memory, which is used for processing
running application and services. No matter how great memory capacity is,
it cannot accommodate all ready/running programs or processes
simultaneously.

URL
A uniform resource locator (URL) is the address of a resource on the
Internet. A URL indicates the location of a resource as well as the protocol
used to access it.
A URL contains the following information:

 The protocol used to a access the resource

 The the location of the server (whether by IP address or domain
name)
 The port number on the server (optional)
 The location of the resource in the directory structure of the server
 A fragment identifier (optional)

Also known as a Universal Resource Locator (URL) or Web address. A

URL is a type of uniform resource identifier (URI). In common practice, the
term URI isn't used, or is used synonymously with URL, even though this is
technically incorrect.