Arda, Samantha Nicole C.

4Bio8

Embryology

Cellular Communication

Apoptosis

1.) Developmental apoptosis in C. elegans: a complex CEDnario

2.) Developmental Cell Biology

3.) Apoptosis, an evolutionarily conserved programme of cellular self-destruction, is essential for

the development and survival of most multicellular animals. It is required to ensure functional
organ architecture and to maintain tissue homeostasis.

4.) During development of the simple nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, apoptosis claims over 10%
of the somatic cells that are generated — these cells were healthy but unnecessary. Exciting
insights into the regulation and execution of apoptosis in C. elegans have recently been made.
These new findings will undoubtedly influence our perception of developmental apoptosis in
more complex species, including humans.
Induction

1.) Vertebrate Cranial Placodes I. Embryonic Induction

2.) Developmental Biology

3.) Multiple tissues and molecules (where known) are involved in placode induction, and each
individual placode is induced at different times by a different combination of these tissues, consistent
with their diverse fates

4.) Despite their origin from a common anlage that can be defined molecularly and, in some
species, morphologically, it is clear from the preceding sections that different placodes are induced by
different mechanisms and at different times (see also Graham and Begbie, 2000). Signals from
endoderm, mesoderm, and neural tissue have all been implicated in placode induction; the precise
combination, however, is often entirely different for each distinct placode. that much remains to be
learned about placode induction. Molecules involved in induction have been identified only for the
hypophyseal, lens, otic, and epibranchial placodes, and even here it is certain that many more such
players remain to be discovered.

Morphogenesis

1.) Morphogenetic factors influencing the shape of the sperm head

2.) Developmental Biology

3.) Morphogenesis is the biological process that causes an organism to develop its shape. There is
abundant evidence based upon study of both protozoa and metazoa that microtubules are involved in
the establishment and maintenance of cell shape. It has also been suggested that microtubules may play
a role in the development of the specific shapes of sperm heads.

4.) The form of the sperm head is probably not a consequence of external modeling by pressures applied
to the condensing spermatid nucleus by microtubules in the surrounding cytoplasm or by filaments in
the ectoplasm of the supporting cell. It is suggested instead that the shape may be largely determined
from within by a specific genetically controlled pattern of aggregation of DNA and protein during
condensation of the chromatin.

Differentiation

1.) Mammary ductal elongation: Differentiation of myoepithelium and basal lamina during branching
morphogenesis

2.) Developmental Biology

3.) Cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell
type. It is part of developmental biology.

4.) Undifferentiated mesenchymal-like cells attach to the surface of the basal lamina in the midportion
of the end buds and become increasingly numerous in the neck region, forming a monolayer over the
myoepithelial basal lamina. These stromal cells progressively differentiated into fibrocytes which
participate in collagen fibrillogenesis and give rise to the fibrous components of the stroma surrounding
the mature duct.