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of Trapezoidal Channels
Amlan Das1
Abstract: Trapezoidal open channels are designed for specified slope, specific lining materials, and for a specified design flow. These
input design parameters are prone to uncertainties. The freeboard is used to confine the flow within the limits of the channel cross section
and to accommodate the uncertainty effects. Because of the size of uncertainty, the flow can overtop the freeboard with a “flooding
probability.” To design an optimum channel cross section for safety against overtopping, the flooding probability constrained optimum
channel design concept is introduced. An optimization model was developed which has two objective functions of minimizing the total
cost of the channel and minimizing the flooding probabilities subject to uniform flow equation as constraint. The constraint method of
multiobjective optimization is used in which the objective of minimizing the flooding probability is converted to a constraint, and the
resulting single objective optimization problem is solved. The flooding probability constraint is developed by using the first order analysis.
The final single objective optimization model is highly nonlinear and requires the use of the projected augmented Lagrangian technique.
The optimization model is applied for two cases, namely, channels having composite roughness and channels having uniform roughness.
The solution results of the analysis established the potential of the model.
DOI: 10.1061/共ASCE兲0733-9437共2007兲133:1共53兲
CE Database subject headings: Open channels; Roughness; Floods; Optimization; Lining.
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mean equivalent roughness; 共3兲 the Manning’s n values, longitu-
dinal slope values, design flow, and flow depths are probabilistic;
共4兲 the Manning’s n values, longitudinal slope values, and design
flow are mutually independent and flow depth is dependent on
these mutually independent variables; 共5兲 all randomly variable
parameters follow normal distribution; and 共6兲 the first order un-
certainty analysis method given in Chow et al. 共1988兲 depicts the
random variations. The objective function seeks to minimize the
total construction cost per unit running length of channel cross
section that is obtained by summing up the cost for the cross-
sectional area, cost for lining the two side faces using two differ-
ent lining materials, and cost for lining the bed. These costs apply
Fig. 1. Definition sketch for trapezoidal cross section having for the total cross section that includes the wetted part and free-
composite roughness board part. The overall objective function is expressed as
F共x兲 = c1A f + c2 P1f + c3 P2f + c4 P3f 共1兲
Manning’s n are random variables and the randomness arises in which A f ⫽total area of the cross section; c1⫽per unit area cost
from uncertainties associated with their values. In the literature, for cross-sectional area; c2⫽per unit length cost for perimeter P1f ;
the probabilistic design of open channels are addressed by Easa c3⫽per unit length cost for perimeter P2f ; c4⫽per unit length cost
共1992兲. The risk analysis for hydraulic design is addressed by for the perimeter P3f ; F共x兲⫽objective function expressed as a
Tung and Mays 共1980兲, Lee and Mays 共1986兲, and Chow et al. function of x; and x⫽vector dependent on b, y, Z1, and Z2. The
共1988兲. The deterministic optimum channels are also prone to first constraint of the model is the Manning’s uniform flow equa-
variation in design parameters. A flooding probability analysis is tion describing the mean channel capacity which may be ex-
performed before formulating a flooding probability constrained pressed as 共Das 2000a兲
optimum design model, and a part of the present study is devoted
A5/3
to this end. Q = 冑S0 共2兲
The traditional risk analysis is used to determine the probabil-
ity of overtopping the freeboard limits when the input parameters
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲
2/3
equal or exceed a specified upper limit of a given probability. The where Q⫽design flow; S0⫽longitudinal bed slope;
chance constrained design seeks to obtain channel dimensions A⫽cross-sectional area of flow; Pi⫽flow wetted perimeters
that have extra allowances for the variation of specified probabili- 共i = 1 , 2 , 3兲; and ni⫽Manning’s n values 共i = 1 , 2 , 3兲. The next con-
ties in design flow, channel roughness, and other parameters over straint is the chance constraint. In real life situation, the actual
the mean design values. The flooding probability constrained op- flow may exceed the design flow because of probable fault in the
timal design seeks to obtain the optimum dimensions of the chan- control of flow at the off take point, and the uncertain lateral
nel cross section along with the specified freeboard in a manner inflow. The actual Manning roughness values may exceed the
that the flow cross section will just convey the design flow and assumed design values because of imperfections in fabrication.
the freeboard will just accommodate with a specified flooding The physical bed slope achieved may differ from the design val-
probability. The present study introduces this concept of flooding ues because of fabrication faults. These variations can cause the
probability constrained optimal design of open channels. occasional flooding of man made open channels. To maintain pro-
The objective of the present study is to develop a model for visions for these possible variations within the designed cross-
flooding probability constrained optimal design of channels hav- sectional dimensions, a flooding probability constraint must be
ing composite roughness that addresses the random variation of incorporated in the optimal design model. In this study, the flood-
design input parameters. To ensure that the channel flow will not ing probability constraint is developed by using the first order
overtop the freeboard with a certain probability, a flooding prob- analysis that essentially uses the calculus based differentiation of
ability constraint is added to the optimization model. The flooding the Manning uniform flow Eq. 共2兲 with respect to the random
probability constraint is developed by considering the random variables. To include the effect of change in design flow, the
variation of the composite Manning’s n values along the channel following derivative of Eq. 共2兲 is required.
冋 册
perimeter for the design flow, flow depths, and longitudinal
slopes. The incorporation of a flooding probability constraint
dQ
=Q
5 1 dA 2
−
1 d
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 共3兲
within the traditional optimization models for channel cross- dy 3 A dy 3 共兺 n3/2
i Pi 兲 dy
sectional design is the main contribution of the present study.
To account for the uncertain chance of variation of bed slopes, the
following derivative is needed:
Mathematical Formulation dQ Q
= 共4兲
Fig. 1 shows a definition sketch of the trapezoidal cross section dS0 2S0
having composite roughness. In this definition sketch: b⫽bed The following derivative is to account for the effects of variation
width; y⫽flow depth; Z1 and Z2⫽side slopes; n1, n2, and of Manning’s roughness:
冋 共兺 册
n3⫽ Manning’s n values for perimeters P1f , P2f , and P3f , respec-
tively; and f⫽freeboard above the free water surface. The present dQ
=−Q
2 1 d
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 共5兲
optimization model is based on the assumptions that: 共1兲 the cost
parameters are deterministic; 共2兲 the Horton 共1933兲 and Einstein
dni 3 n3/2
i Pi 兲 dni
共1934兲 equivalent roughness formula is valid for computation of The following results from application of basic calculus:
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dy
=
dQ dQ
1
共6兲 S2y = 冉 冊 冉 冊 冉 冊 冉 冊
dy
dQ
2
SQ2 +
dy
dn1
2
S2n1 +
dy
dn2
2
S2n2 +
dy
dn3
2
S2n3
dy
+冉 冊 dy
冉 冊
冋
dS0
冉 冊 冉 冊2
S2S0 =
1
dQ 2 SQ2 +
dQ
dn1
2
S2n1 +
dQ
dn2
2
S2n2
dy dy dQ 1 dQ dy
冉 冊 冉 冊 册
= = 共7兲
dni dQ dni dQ dni dQ 2
dQ 2
冋 冉 冊 冉 冊 冉 冊
dy dy dQ 1 dQ
= = 共8兲 dQ 1 2 dQ 2
dQ 2
dQ 2
dS0 dQ dS0 dQ dS0 = SQ + S2n1 + S2n2 + S2n3
dy Sy dn1 dn2 dn3
冉 冊 册
dy
2 1/2
dQ
According to the fourth assumption, the variance of y 共=Sy兲, is + S2S0 共10兲
dS0
dependent on the variance of mutually independent variables
Q 共=SQ兲, n1 共=Sn1兲, n2 共=Sn2兲, n3 共=Sn3兲, and S0 共=SS0兲 and is ex- After substituting dQ / dy from Eq. 共3兲 in Eq. 共10兲 the following is
pressed as 共Chow et al. 1988兲 written:
5 dA
−
A dy 共
兺
2 d
n P 兲 dy
3/2
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 = S3 再再 冋 共兺
SQ2 4
+
Q2 9
1 d
ni Pi dn1
3/2
兲
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 册 冊 冋 共兺
2
S2n1 +
4
9
1 d
ni Pi dn2
3/2
兲
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 册 2
S2n2
冎
i i y
+
4
9 冋 共兺 1
n3/2 兲
d
dn3
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 册 2
S2n3 +
1
4S20
S2S0
1/2
再再
i Pi
=
3
Sy
SQ2
Q2 9
+
共兺 n
4
3/2 2
兲
再冋 d 3/2
dn1
2
共n1 P1兲 S2n1 +
d 3/2
dn2
册 册册 冋
2
共n2 P2兲 S2n2 册
冎
i Pi
+ 冋 d 3/2
dn3
2
1
册
共n3 P3兲 S2n3 + 2 S2S0
4S0
1/2
=
3
Sy 再再 SQ2
Q2
+
共兺 n
1
3/2
i Pi 兲 册
2 关n1 P1Sn1兴 +关n2 P2Sn2 + n3 P3Sn3兴 +
2 2 2 2 2 2
4S0
1 2
2 S S0 冎 1/2
共11兲
Finally, the following compact form of the flooding probability Two specific cases of Eq. 共12兲 are of interest to practical en-
constraint is written: gineering. Case 1 where n1 ⫽ n2 ⫽ n3 represents the ideal case, in
which the chance constraint takes the form as given in Eq. 共12兲.
Case 2 where n1 = n2 = n3 represents channels with all faces having
5 dA
−
2 d
共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲
共兺 兲
identical roughness. For this case terms containing n2 and n3 get
A dy n3/2 dy
再 冎
i Pi dropped, P1 and P1f capture the complete perimeter information,
3 SQ2 1 1 1/2 c2 = c3 = c4, and Eq. 共2兲 is written as
= + 兺 ni P2i Sn2i + 2
2 S S0 共12兲
Sy Q2 共兺 n 3/2
i Pi
2
兲 4S0
冑S0 A5/3
The constraint 共12兲 represents the deterministic equivalent of the Q= 共14兲
n1 P2/3
1
actual probabilistic constraint that is represented as
and Eq. 共12兲 is written as
P共y ⬎ y + f兲 = K1 共13兲
which literally means that the probability of exceedence of flow
depth over the freeboard is a fixed value K1. Because of the con-
straint 共13兲 the overall optimization problem is a probabilistic
5 dA 2 d
−
A dy P1 dy
共P1兲 = +
2
+
2
3 SQ2 Sn1 SS0
Sy Q2 n21 4S20
再 冎 1/2
共15兲
optimization problem. To obtain a solution, the deterministic ver- For the general case of composite roughness, Eqs. 共2兲 and 共12兲
sion of the problem is solved, for which a procedure for obtaining represent the constraints of the optimization model. The complete
the values of variances must be explained and is given optimization problem is expressed as
separately. Minimize
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F共x兲 = c1A f + c2 P1f + c3 P2f + c4 P3f 共16兲 C2共x兲 at the current iterate xi. ⫽scalar penalty parameter. The
subproblems are solved by using the reduced-gradient algorithm
Subject to in conjunction with a quasi-Newton algorithm. MINOS 共Murtagh
1. Uniform flow constraint and Saunders 1993兲, a standard implementation of the aforesaid
Q A5/3 computational algorithm that was used in Das 共2000b兲, was used
C1共x兲 = − =0 共17兲
冑S0 共兺 n 3/2
i Pi
2/3
兲
to solve the present optimization problem.
−
3
Sy 再 SQ2
Q2
+
共兺
1
n3/2
i Pi
2
兲
兺 ni P2i Sn2i +
1
4S0
2
2 S S0 冎 1/2
=0 Z=
X−
where X⫽value of the random variable; ⫽mean value of X;
共22兲
共18兲
2⫽variance of X. In sample statistic, = X̄, and = SX. For a
Here, C1共x兲 and C2共x兲 represent the two constraints as functions given value of Z, the standard normal probability distribution
of x 共i.e., b , y , Z1, and Z2兲. The objective function 共16兲 together function value FZ共Z兲 is obtained from a table of cumulative prob-
with equality type constraints 共17兲 and 共18兲 constitute the deter- ability of the standard normal distribution 共see Chow et al. 1988兲.
ministic version of the actual probabilistic optimization problem. For Z ⬍ 0, one has to use FZ共Z兲 = 1 − FZ共兩Z 兩 兲 where
The non-negativity restrictions are also applied. Note that, drop- FZ共兩Z 兩 兲⫽tabulated value for 兩Z兩 and 兩Z兩⫽absolute value of Z. For
ping out of constraint 共18兲 will convert the optimization problem the present optimization problem, independent values of K1 for
to a deterministic version reported in Das 共2000a兲. Here, the ap- Q , y , n1 , n2 , n3, and S0 are specified which represent the 关1
plication of Lagrange multiplier 共LM兲 technique based methodol- − FZ共Z兲兴 values for the respective random variables. The FZ共Z兲
ogy of Monadjemi 共1994兲, Froehlich 共1994兲, and Das 共2000a兲 will and corresponding Z values are stored in array form. From speci-
give the required governing equations for the desired optimal so- fied values of K1, the Z values are determined by using linear
lutions and was attempted. However, the LM technique was interpolation of array of 关FZ共Z兲 , Z兴. The next step is to obtain the
found to be inadequate to solve this optimization problem be- values of the variances. As an example, for variable y , 兵共y + f兲
cause, by starting from any arbitrary starting point, the arrival to − y其 represents 共X − 兲. Therefore, Sy is obtained by using Eq.
a final optimal solution could not be ensured. A series of explor- 共22兲. The procedure is repeated for other random variables.
atory attempts were made to finally identify that the constraint
共18兲 makes the optimization problem highly nonlinear and the
LM technique based methodology performs unsatisfactorily for Flooding Probability Analysis of Deterministic
the present problem. Therefore, the projected augmented La- Optimum Channel Cross Section
grangian 共PAL兲 technique 共Murtagh and Saunders 1993兲 was
adopted. Starting from an initial guess solution, the PAL tech- The objective of this flooding probability analysis is twofold.
nique performs a sequence of linearly constrained subproblem First, it will reflect the vulnerability of the deterministic optimum
solving major iterations. In each major iteration the following channel cross section against the random variation of design input
optimization problem is solved: parameters and establish the need for a chance constrained de-
Minimize
冋冋 再 冎册
sign. Second, the present flooding probability constrained optimal
冋冋 再 冎册
x=xi
冋冋 再 冎册
x=xi sections are designed as a first step, thereafter, the actual flooding
1
+
2
C1共x兲 − C1共xi兲 +
C1共x兲
x
冏 共x − xi兲
2 probability analysis is performed for the optimal cross section.
冋冋 再 冎册
x=xi
冏
Flooding Probability Analysis of Optimum Channel
1 C2共x兲 2
Cross Section Having Composite Roughness
+ C2共x兲 − C2共xi兲 + 共x − xi兲 共19兲
2 x x=xi An optimal open channel is to be designed for conveying a design
Subject to flow of Q = 100 m3 / s. The values of various costs are c1 = 0.50,
冏 冏
c2 = 0.3, c3 = 0.35, c4 = 0.4; mean values of channel roughness
C1共x兲 along the wetted perimeter are n1 = 0.030, n2 = 0.025, n3 = 0.020,
C1共xi兲 + 共x − xi兲 = 0 共20兲
x x=xi
the freeboard to be provided is f = 0.5 m, the longitudinal bed
slope is S0 = 0.0025. The optimal design is performed by solving
C2共xi兲 + 冏 C2共x兲
x
冏 x=xi
共x − xi兲 = 0 共21兲
the following optimization model 共Das 2000a兲:
Minimize
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Q A5/3 case has a flooding probability of 38.27% which is also consid-
− =0 共24兲
冑S0 共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲 2/3 ered to be very high. In field situations, the channels should be
designed with lesser flooding probabilities. In this context, the
The final optimal solution gives the total cost per unit running methodology developed in the present study should be used.
length⫽22.935 currency units, and the channel dimensions as
y = 4.033 m, b = 6.404 m, Z1 = 0.253共H兲 : 1共V兲, and Z2
= 0.292共H兲 : 1共V兲. The flooding probability analysis is performed Flooding Probability Constrained Optimal Design
for random change in the parameter values to n1 = 0.033, of Channel Cross Section
n2 = 0.028, n3 = 0.023, S0 = 0.0028, and Q = 120 m3 / s, with 30, 25,
20, 30, and 35% exceedence probabilities, respectively. The The flooding probability analysis of deterministic optimum chan-
FZ共Z兲, Z, and SX values for these specified values of exceedence nels established the need for flooding probability constrained op-
probabilities are timal design of channel cross section in order to reduce the flood-
ing probability. A channel cross section designer may think to
FZ共Z兲n1 = 1 − P共n1 ⬎ 0.033兲 = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7; simultaneously minimize both the cost of the channel and the
flooding probability. Therefore, the present optimal design is vi-
Zn1 = 0.5244; Sn1 = 0.00572
sualized as a two objective optimization problem. The first objec-
tive is to design a minimum cost channel cross section. The sec-
FZ共Z兲n2 = 1 − P共n2 ⬎ 0.028兲 = 1 − 0.25 = 0.75; ond objective is to minimize the flooding probability. The
Zn2 = 0.6745; Sn2 = 0.00445 constraint is the uniform flow equation. This two objective opti-
mization model is formally expressed as
Minimize
FZ共Z兲n3 = 1 − P共n3 ⬎ 0.023兲 = 1 − 0.2 = 0.8;
Zn3 = 0.8418; Sn3 = 0.00356 J1 = c1A f + c2 P1f + c3 P2f + c4 P3f 共25兲
Minimize
FZ共Z兲S0 = 1 − P共S0 ⬎ 0.0028兲 = 1 − 0.3 = 0.7;
ZS0 = 0.5244; SS0 = 0.00057 J2 = P共y ⬎ y + f兲 共26兲
Subject to uniform flow constraint
FZ共Z兲Q = 1 − P共Q ⬎ 120兲 = 1 − 0.35 = 0.65;
ZQ = 0.3854; SQ = 51.89414 Q A5/3
C1 = − =0 共27兲
By inserting these values in Eq. 共12兲 and after solving the follow-
冑S0 共兺 n 3/2
i Pi 兲
2/3
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duced to 0.35 the total cost increases to 23.066 and it opposes the
objective of minimizing the total cost. The present results show
that there is a trade off between these two objectives for flooding
probabilities less than 0.3693. The flooding probability of 0.3693
is resulted from deterministic optimum channel design in the
flooding probability analysis presented earlier. At this flooding
probability the total cost of the channel is minimized and repre-
sents an extreme point of the trade off relationship between the
two objectives. Intuitively, this verifies the correctness of the de-
veloped optimization model. In order to use the results of these
Pareto optimal solutions, the user’s utility function, i.e., a math-
ematical function formulated by incorporating the money valued
weightage of the individual objective function, must be made
available by the policy makers.
The general trend of the results in Fig. 2 are that the bed width
required for an optimum cross section increases as the flooding
probability reduces, and the required flow depth decreases as the
flooding probability also reduces. The specified freeboard value is
kept fixed at 0.5 m for the complete range of study. The above
particular trend of the result is attributed to the mathematical
expression of the flooding probability constraint. Also, intuitively,
the flooding probability of a channel will be less when its flow
depths are less and bed widths are large. Another trend is the
Fig. 2. Flooding probability constrained optimal solutions for required side slopes for an optimum channel increase with re-
composite roughness case duced flooding probability to a certain limit and thereafter it re-
duces. This particular trend may be attributed to the mathematical
character of the constraints and the objective functions. However,
the exact value of flooding probability at which the required side
Flooding Probability Constrained Optimal Design of slope values become maximum is not investigated because the
Channel Cross Section Having Composite Roughness particular issue may have academic importance only.
An optimal open channel is to be designed for conveying a design
flow of Q = 100 m3 / s. The mean values of various input param- Flooding Probability Constrained Optimal Design of
eters are c1 = 0.50, c2 = 0.3, c3 = 0.35, c4 = 0.4, n1 = 0.030, Channel Cross Section Having Uniform Roughness
n2 = 0.025, n3 = 0.020, f = 0.5 m, and S0 = 0.0025. Some of the input
parameter values randomly change to n1 = 0.033, n2 = 0.028, Here, an optimal open channel is to be designed for conveying a
n3 = 0.023, S0 = 0.0028, and Q = 120 m3 / s, with 30, 25, 20, 30, and design flow of Q = 100 m3 / s. The mean values of various input
35% exceedence probabilities, respectively. Explore the optimal parameters are c1 = 0.50, c2 = c3 = c4 = 0.3, n1 = n2 = n3 = 0.030,
design of the channel cross sections that minimize both the total f = 0.5m, and S0 = 0.0025. Some of the input parameter values
costs and the flooding probabilities. randomly change to n1 = n2 = n3 = 0.033, S0 = 0.0028, and
For the given input information, Sn1 = 0.00572; Sn2 = 0.00445; Q = 120 m3 / s, with 30, 30 and 35% exceedence probabilities, re-
Sn3 = 0.00356; SS0 = 0.00057; and SQ = 51.89414 are taken from spectively. The optimal design of the channel cross sections that
previous calculations and are used as additional input data for the minimize both the total costs and the flooding probabilities re-
final optimization model. To obtain the set of noninferior solu- quires study.
tions, a value of P共y ⬎ y + f兲 is assumed and corresponding Sy This explorative study is performed by following identical
value is calculated which constitute the final input parameter of procedures to that of the previous case. Here, the appropriate
the optimization model. P共y ⬎ y + f兲 is a continuous parameter, expressions for the uniform roughness case are used in the opti-
but, the noninferior set of solutions are obtained for its discrete mization formulation. The outcome of the study is shown in Fig.
values in the range of 0.025 to 0.475 in steps of 0.025. For each 3 in terms of the plot of Pareto optimal solutions and variation of
value of P共y ⬎ y + f兲 the scalar deterministic version of the biob- required geometric dimensions for given flooding probabilities for
jective optimization problem which is given by Eqs. 共16兲 through uniform roughness case in a single figure. The general trends are
共18兲 is solved to obtain one particular point in the Pareto optimal again observed to remain identical to that of the composite rough-
solutions. ness case except the specific numerical values.
Fig. 2 shows the Pareto optimal solutions for the present opti- The results again show the absence of any conflict between
mization problem. In Fig. 2 the variations of total cost, y, b, Z1, minimization of flooding probabilities and minimization of total
and Z2 are plotted against flooding probability in a single figure. cost for flooding probabilities greater than 0.3827, and the pres-
To minimize the total cost and the flooding probability, one has to ence of conflict between the two objectives for flooding probabili-
move toward the origin along the vertical and horizontal axes, ties less than 0.3827. The flooding probability of 0.3827 that
respectively, following the total cost variation curve. For flooding resulted from deterministic optimum channel design in the flood-
probabilities greater than 0.3693, there is no conflict between the ing probability analysis presented earlier represents one of the
two objectives. However, for flooding probabilities less than extremities of the zone of conflict between the two objectives.
0.3693, the two objectives conflict with each other. For example, The observations and conclusions about the results remain iden-
the total cost of the channel at flooding probability 0.3693 is tical to that of the composite roughness case except the numerical
22.935. In order to minimize the flooding probability if it is re- values.
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and Mays 1980兲. Further, the identification of the best probability
distribution for flooding probability constrained optimal design of
open channels remains unexplored in this study. The use of other
relationships for equivalent Manning roughness expression can
also be a topic for future research. To solve the optimization
model a standard nonlinear optimization solver routine is used
because of the numerical difficulties with other existing methods,
and the presently used optimization routine is easily portable,
used to solve a large variety of nonlinear optimization problems,
robust and stable. The main objective of the present study is to
establish the need for the optimization model and the results of
the present study establish this. In this regard, scope exists to
develop simpler numerical methodologies for solving the devel-
oped optimization model.
Conclusions
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b ⫽ bed width; References
C1共x兲, C2共x兲 ⫽ two constraints as functions of x 共i.e., b, y,
Z1, and Z2兲; ASCE. 共1993兲. “Design and construction of urban stormwater manage-
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