FST 556

EXPERIMENT 1: PREPARATION AND STANDARDIZATION OF BASE AND

ACID SOLUTION

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 21ST SEPTEMBER 2018

Prepared by : ERNIE NAJWA NAJIHAH BINTI FAIDI

Student ID : 2017283562

Group : AS2464C

Prepared for : DR AZIZAH OTHMAN

Date of submission : 28TH SEPTEMBER 2018

 Experiment 1: Preparation and Standardization of Base and Acid Solution

INTRODUCTION

Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution.

Titration is one type of analytical procedure often used in standardization. In a titration, an
exact volume of one substance is reacted with a known amount of another substance. The point
at which the reaction is complete in a titration is referred to as the endpoint. A chemical
substance known as an indicator is used to indicate (signal) the endpoint. The indicator used in
this experiment is phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein, an organic compound, is colourless in
acidic solution and pink in basic solution. This experiment involves two separate acid-base
standardization procedures. In the first standardization the molarity of a sodium hydroxide
solution (NaOH) will be determined by titrating a sample of potassium acid phthalate (KHP;
HKC8H4O4) with the NaOH. In the second procedure the standardized NaOH will be used to
determine the molarity of a hydrochloric solution (HCl).

OBJECTIVES

To calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and the concentration
of unknown acid.

MATERIALS

Sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, phenolphthalein, beaker, volumetric flask, conical flask,
pipette, burette, burette stand and clamp, small funnel and pipette filter

PROCEDURE

1. Preparation of 1 M NaOH stock solution

The amount of NaOH was calculated to use to prepare500 ml of 1 M NaOH.

The appropriate amount of NaOH pellet was weighed and placed into a 250 ml beaker.
 100 ml of distilled water was then added into the beaker and stir until the pellets were
dissolved. The NaOH solution was then transferred into 500 ml volumetric flask and
the volume was diluted with distilled water. The flask was labelled and let cooled at
room temperature,

2. Preparation of 1M HCl stock solution

The concentrated HCl was calculated for the amount to be used to prepare 250
ml of 1 M HCl. About 150 ml of distilled water was then placed in 250 ml volumetric
flask. The amount of HCl needed was pipetted and diluted with distilled water until the
mark. The flask was labelled properly.

3. Dilution of NaOH and HCl from stock solution to 0.1 M

The amount of NaOH and HCl needed from the stock solution was calculated
to prepare 250 ml of 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl.

4. Standardisation of 0.1 M NaOH solution with 0.1 M potassium hydrogen phthalate.

20 ml of KHP was pipette into 250 ml of conical flask. 2 drops of
phenolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Potassium hydrogen phthalate was titrate
with 0.1 M Sodium hydroxide until it turns light pink. Volume of Sodium hydroxide
used was recorded. The titration was repeat 3 times.

5. Standardisation of 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid solution with standardized Sodium

hydroxide solution.
20 ml of sodium hydroxide was pipette into 250 ml of conical flask. 2 drops of
phenolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Then, it was titrated with 0.1 M Sodium
hydroxide until it turns light pink. Volume of Sodium hydroxide used was recorded.
The titration was repeat 3 times.

6. Determination of the concentration of unknown hydrochloric acid solution.

20 ml of unknown hydrochloric acid solution was pipette into 250 ml of conical
flask. 2 drops of phenolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Then, it was titrated with
0.1 M Sodium hydroxide until it turns light pink. Volume of Sodium hydroxide used
was recorded. The titration was repeat 3 times.
RESULT

Table 1.1: titration of known molarity of 0.1 M NaOH

Trial 1 Trial 2

Initial burette reading KHP (ml) 0 0

Final burette reading KHP (ml) 22.70 20.30

Volume of KHP used (ml) (final – 22.70 20.30

initial)

Molarity 0.09 0.10

Mean 0.095

Standard deviation 0.095

Table 1.2: titration of known molarity of 0.1 M HCl

Trial 1 Trial 2

Initial burette reading NaOH (ml) 0 0

Final burette reading NaOH (ml) 16.1 15.2

Volume of NaOH used (ml) (final – initial) 16.1 15.2

Molarity 0.08 0.08

Mean 0.8

Standard deviation 0.8

 Table 1.3: titration of unknown molarity of HCl

Trial 1 Trial 2

Initial burette reading NaOH (ml) 15.2 16.0

Final burette reading NaOH (ml) 39.0 39.6

Volume of NaOH used (ml) (final – initial) 23.8 23.6

Molarity 0.12 0.12

Mean 0.12

Standard deviation 0.12

CALCULATION

A. Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M NaOH

Trial 1
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃)(𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃)
Molarity of NaOH =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(20)(0.1)
= 22.70

= 0.09 M
Trial 2
(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃)(𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐻𝑃)
Molarity of NaOH = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
(20)(0.1)
= 22.30

= 0.10 M

Mean of NaOH
∑ 𝑋𝑖
X = 𝑛
(0.09 +0.10)
= 2

= 0.095
 Standard deviation
∑(𝑋𝑖−𝑋)2
SD =√ 2−1

(0.19−0.095)2
=√ 2−1

= ±0.095

B. Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M HCl

Trial 1
Molarity of NaOH
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
(0.1)(16.1)
= 20

= 0.08 M

Trial 2
Molarity of NaOH
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
(0.1)(15.2)
= 20

= 0.08 M

C. Titration of unknown molarity of HCl

Trial 1
Molarity of NaOH
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
(0.1)(23.8)
= 20

= 0.12 M

Trial 2
Molarity of NaOH
(𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)(𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻)
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐶𝑙
 (0.1)(23.6)
= 20

= 0.12 M

Ppm of NaOH
Ppm = molarity (M) x Atomic mass (g/l)
=0.095 mol/l x 40 g/mol = 3.8 g/l
= 3.8 g/l x 1000
=38000 mg/l
= 3.8 x 10-3 mg/l
= 3.8 x 10-6 mg/ml

DISCUSSION

Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that is usually used to prepare standard alkaline
solutions useful for volumetric analysis of acidic compounds. Many analytical procedures
involve comparison of an unknown with a standard. A standard is usually a solution whose
concentration is known very precisely and accurately. Unfortunately, NaOH is not a suitable
primary standard. Solid NaOH is highly hygroscopic as it absorbs water from the air and thus
cannot be accurately weighed. It also absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, forming sodium
carbonate and thereby reducing the amount of sodium hydroxide present. This means that a
NaOH solution of known molarity cannot be directly prepared without resorting to an air – and
– water – free environment. Thus, acid has to be used as the primary standard to determine the
exact concentration of the NaOH solution, which is in this experiment is potassium hydrogen
phthalate (KHP). It is available as a pure, stable, crystalline solid that can be accurately
weighed. A KHP sample of known mass was then be titrated with the NaOH solution to
determine very precisely the concentration of the NaOH. This procedure is called standardizing
the NaOH solution. Once this concentration is determined, the NaOH solution can serve as a
standard for further work.

Based on the titration of known molarity of sodium hydroxide against potassium

hydrogen phthalate, the average concentration NaOH is 0.095 M. Due to the hygroscopic
property of secondary standard, NaOH readily absorbs moisture and reacts with the carbon
dioxide in the air and reduce from its original molarity of 0.1 M. For the secondary titration,
sodium hydroxide against the hydrochloric acid .The average concentration of NaOH is 0.08
M. This is to determine the concentration of the known hydrochloric acid .The actual
concentration is 0.1 M .There is slightly difference in the value of the HCL due to the sodium
hydroxide used, which is a secondary standard .The third titration was conducted to obtain the
concentration of hydrochloric acid which is 0.12 M .

During conducting this experiment, there might be several error that lead to some
mistakes in the result obtained. The misjudged of the colour of the end point effect the
concentration because there will be higher volume of NaOH used. Among precaution that must
be practice is to being careful towards the end of the titration to avoid over shoot volume of
titrant towards the acid used. Besides that, indicator are used to titrate acid to observe the colour
change at the end point. The changes of the colour of solution indicates the end point of a
titration. An indicator is a weak organic acid or base that has distinctly different colours in its
non – ionized and ionized forms. The indicator used is phenolphthalein indicator that will only
react with acid.

CONCLUSION

The experiment was conducted to calculate the concentration of sodium hydroxide,

hydrochloric acid and the concentration of unknown acid. The concentration of NaOH has
found to be 3.8 x 10-6 ppm. The exact molarity of acid and base solution can be determined by
using titration method. The molarity of NaOH obtained using KHP and HCl is 0.1 M and 0.08
M respectively with the value of unknown molarity of HCl is 0.10 M.

REFERENCES

1. Demeo S, (2001). Titration Techniques, Teaching Chemical Techniques, Journal of

Chemical Education ACS Publications.