INTRODUCTION

Structures such as buildings and bridges consist of some important parts such as beams,
columns, and foundations all of which act together to make sure that the loadings that the structure
carries are safely transmitted to the supporting ground below. Beams are said to be designed on
the basis of strength so that they can resist the internal shear and moment developed along their
length. In other words, a beam is considered to be any member subjected to loads applied
transverse to the long dimension, causing the member to bend. Beams can be made from steel,
timber or reinforced concrete and have a cross-sectional shape that can be rectangular, T or I shape.
The outline of such beams can be complex however is largely meant to ensure that the beam can
safely carry the load it is intended to support. They are various types of beams that are classified
according to their size, way they are supported, and their location. Beams can be a straight beam
and curved beam.

Figure 1 Types of beams: (a) Straight Beam (b) Curved Beam

Beams are frequently labeled consistent with the manner in which they are supports or
reactions. A beam supported with the aid of pins, rollers, or smooth surfaces at the ends is called
a simple beam. If either, or both ends of a beam beyond the supports, it is called a simple beam
with overhang. A beam with more than simple supports is a continuous beam. Besides, a beam
which one end is built into a wall or other support so that the built-in end cannot move transversely
or rotate, it's far known as a cantilever beam. A fixed beam where the built-in end if no rotation
occurs and restrained if a limited amount of rotation occurs.
In order for the beam to safely carry the intended loads, there are other factors that have to
consider including evaluating the deflection of the beam under load. Deflection and slope are the
measure for the displacement of beam under applied load. Deflection is the distance that an object
bends or displaced from its original position while the slope is the angle between the initial position
and the deflected position. The deflections of a beam depend on its length, its cross-sectional shape,
the stiffness of the material, where the deflecting force is applied, and how the beam is supported.
When a straight beam is loaded and the motion is elastic, the deflection curve of the longitudinal
centroidal axis that passes through the centroid of every cross-sectional area of a beam is defined
as "elastic curve". It is necessary to know how the slope or displacement is restricted at various
types of supports.

Figure 2 Various types of beams and their deflected shapes: (a) simple beam,
(b) beam with overhang, (c) continuous beam, (d) cantilever beam, (e) beam
fixed at one end, (f) beam fixed (or restrained) at both ends.

If beams deflect excessively, then this can cause visual distress to the users of the building
and can cause damage of parts of the building along with brittle partition dividers.
PROJECT BACKGROUND

Beams can range substantially in their geometry and composition. As we known, a beam can be
straight or curved. It could be a simple beam or it may be cantilever beam. It can be made of the
same material, or it may be composed of various materials. Some of this stuff make analysis
difficult, but many engineering applications contain cases that are not so complicated.

The purpose of this project is to study the load distribution on the elevator lift base.
Therefore, calculation of slope and deflection are important in order to control the deflection on a
beam and know their durability and robustness to carry a variety of loads. The structural beam
members shall be designed to have adequate stiffness to limit deflections, which may negatively
affect the strength or serviceability of the structure at apply loads. This is because sagging of beam
members is not only unsightly but at times, also renders the floor unsuitable for the intended use.
Large deflections under dynamic effects and affected by factor loads may cause discomfort to the
users. Moreover, excessive deflections are likely to cause damage to finishes, partitions and related
structures. In order to control the deflection of the base beam, a straight beam with fixed ends are
applied so that the beam can support the loads. In this project we consider two situations. The first
one is a single load act on a beam and other one is a single load with distributed load on a beam.

Figure 3 (a) single load on a beam Figure 3(b) single load with distributed load on a beam