Name : M Khidir Baidowi

No/kls : 16 / D4-TKI

UNIT 3
A. SEPARATING BY HEATING

The chemical engineer often needs to separate mixtures of materials. These mixtures sometimes
occur naturally; petroleum, for example, is a mixture of a great many chemicals. often the desired
material is produced with some that are undesirable; the mixture ust be separated so as to recover the
wanted one in as pure a state as possible.

Distillation has been used to separate mixtures of liquid since the earliest days of chemistry. It is
based on the principle that if a mixture of liquid is heated, some of the ingredients will evaparate faster
than others and this property can be used to effect a separation. Has a mixture of two liquid, A and B in
equal parts-the mixture contain 50% of liquid A and 50% of liquid B.

B. Question and answers

1. How to separate two liquid mixture ?

Answer : how it can be by using the separation funnel.

2. Why fluid is separated right ?

Answer : in order to get the desired results.

3. At what time we do distillation ?

Answer : by the time we have two mixed fluids and we only want one of them.

4. What is used destillation ?

Answer : a chemical separation method based on the difference in velocity of volatility of materials.

5. What distillation is inculuded in what method ?

Answer : destillation includes the method of chemical operation unit of massa transfer type

C. Making sentence
1. A commonly = “Chopsticks" are commonly made of wood, bone or ivory, somewhat longer and
slightly thinner than a lead-pencil.
2. A liquids = Liquids is a well-known phenomenon and common to all micro-organisms. A free still
surface with a direct access of air are the necessary conditions.
3. A distillation = Other branches of industry are carpet-weaving, distilling, oil and oil-cake
manufacture, dyeing, cooperage and the manufacture of arms and bullets.
4. A dirty = The city they entered was dirty and rank, the people poorer than any he'd ever seen.
5. A alcohol = Connor finished his second drink and Jackson could see by the softening around his
eyes that the alcohol had started to work its magic.
6. A filtration = Sand filtration, even when working in the best possible manner, falls short of the
perfection necessary to prevent the passage of bacteria which may multiply after the filter is
passed.

1. B recently = His mother was very ill and she recently passed away.
2. B gases = Many of the well-waters contain gases; thus the town of Roma is lighted by natural gas
which escapes from its well.
3. B condensation = Malonic acid, as well as its esters, is characterized by the large number of
condensation products it can form
4. B salty = He shivered at the taste of night-blooming flowers and the salty ocean on the cool
breeze.
5. B oil = Bacteria can process toxic wastes and oil spills into harmless biodegradable materials.
Read more at
6. B oxidation = In practice this oxidation process is continued until the whole of the oxygen is as
nearly as possible equal in weight to the sulphur present as sulphide or as sulphate, i.e.

1. C lastly = Lastly the number of trunk-vertebrae is always nineteen, while there are generally
thirteen pairs of ribs
2. C elements = Initially, we plan to use the Dublin core metadata elements to index the pages on
the superjournal web site.
3. C evaporation = The multiple-effect evaporator, originally invented and constructed by Norberto
Rilleux in New Orleans in 1840, has under gone many changes in design and construction since
Effect that year.
4. C oily = The coat is shaggy and oily, and is preferred with as little white as possible, but the
general black coloration may have rusty shades.
5. C water = Seventy percent of the earth is made up of water.
6. C distillation = They may be prepared by the dry distillation of the ammonium salts.

1. D rarely = Makeup was something she rarely wore, but she did have some.
2. D mixtures = All these mixtures when solidified may fairly be termed alloys.
3. D purification = Probably the widest field is still in the purification of iron and steel.
4. D fishy = At best it has a rank fishy odour, and the darker the colour the more disagreeable the
smell.
5. D powder = They shall get no powder, if I can help it.
 6. D crystallisation = (uncountable) The act or process by which a substance in solidifying assumes
the form and structure of a crystal, or becomes crystallized.

D. Create a text procedure

1. Filtration

How to make water filter clear

Step 1 : Prepare equipment and materials needed.

1 plastic bottle of mineral water, gauze, sand, gravel, ordinary cloth, charcoal, 1 container. Use activated
charcoal from coconut shell.

tep 2 : Cut the plastic mineral water bottle into 2 parts with the ratio of 1/3 bottle bottom and 2/3 of
the bottle top. Then take the top of the bottle. Hole the bottle cap about 1.2 cm.

step 3 : Position the bottle with the lid on the bottom and then input one by one the ingredients.

Step 4 : Put the pieces of gauze into the bottle until it sticks to the bottom of the bottle that is on the
part of the bottle cap that has been drilled. At the top of the layer with charcoal sufficiently then over
the coated layer again with enough sand that will be useful as a filter dirt-dirt present in the water.

After that input the gravel on the sand. Position the pebbles here as the first water filter. The step above
is not patent and can be adjusted with the bottle you use. Finally cover the top of the bottle with a used
cloth.

Step 5 : Simple water filters can be used to filter dirty water. Prepare the container for the water
filtration site. The above method only makes the water cleaner than before but does not guarantee the
quality of the filtered water.

2. Crystallisation

making ginger powder

step 1 : Prepare equipment and materials needed.

IV. Tools:
1. Scales 5. Filter cloth
2. Wok 6. Stirrer
3. Plastic Basin 7. Packing device
4. Stove

V. Material:
1. Ginger tuber = 500 gr 6. Food coloring
 2. Sugar Sand = 1 kg 7. Cloves 5 seeds
3. Red Sugar = 500 gr 8. Cinnamon 0.5 teaspoon
4. Sodium cyclamate 1 gr / liter 9. Water 500 ml
5. Sodium benzoate 1 gr / liter

Step 2 : steps work as follows

1. Wash the ginger tuber to clean the soil, remove the rotten part
2. cut the ginger with 3-4 mm thick then crush it with the blender add a little water, if using the
solvent does not need to cut, directly shredded.
3. Ginger that has been destroyed, then squeezed with filter cloth, the filter results in the form of
ginger extract, let stand 30 minutes, separating the sludge of flour by pouring the clear ginger
juice on another container.
4. From the heated ginger add the sugar and other ingredients, stirring continuously until
crystallize.
5. After the formation of crystals lower and stir firm until ginger crystals become soft.
6. Crystal ginger blended / softened until soft, after it is packed or ready for consumption.

Step 3 : ready for consumption.

Step 4 : Presentation dissolve 1 tablespoon of instant ginger into a cup of warm water or ice water, will
be more delicious if ditmabahkan milk, coffee, and honey.

3. Distillation

Bioethanol making process

Step 1 : Prepare equipment and materials needed.

Tools and materials

· Tools: 1 set of simple distillation device, container, water bath
· Ingredients: Water sticky white tape, cold water.

Step 2 : choose the type of used tin whose size is suitable to be used as condenser (not too big nor too
small). The used cans are then hollowed on the top side (approximately 3 cm down from the lid) and the
bottom side (3-4 cm up from the bottom of the can). An aluminum rod is prepared as a steam cooling
conduit (the length of the aluiminium rod should be adjusted to the height of the tube between the
upper and lower holes).

Step 3 : If the aluminum rod is properly mounted with each end of the top and bottom holes, make sure
that the top and bottom holes are not visible holes (so that the condenser does not leak when filled with
water). The trick is to use glue / glue on the perimeter of the inlet and outer exit holes. The ends of the
inlet and outlet are connected in such a way with an additional tube. An additional hose at the entrance
to connect condenser with sample heating tin, and an additional hose on the exit hole to place /
container of the distillate.

Step 4 : For the glass part of the buffer, only a modification to keep the cold water in the
condenser does not leak (if there is a little leakage then water will go into the glass container). If
a simple distillation device arrangement has been created as shown above, cold water may be
introduced into the condenser tin by opening the top of the can, the samples inserted into the
distillation heater / flask and the sample ready for distilling.

Step 5 : the distillation product is bioethanol ready for use