ARTHROPODA

Department of Parasitology
Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin
University

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Ektoparasite

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 Why arthropoda is parasit?

• True parasites
– Procuring food
– Poisonous
– Annoyance

• Transmits other parasites or other infectious

agents
– Physically (Mechanical vector)
– Biologically (Biological Vector)

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 Classification

• Crustacea: Copepods
• Myriapoda
– Chilopoda: Centipedes
– Diplopoda: Millipedes
• Arachnida: spider, scorpion, mite, tick
• Insecta: Flies, mosquitoes, fleas, lices / louses,
cockroaches, ants, beetles, bees.

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 Class Crustacea
• Aquatic animals
• Head + Thoracic segments
Cephalothorac
• 2 Orders:
– Copepoda (microscopic): Cyclops &
Diaptomus (host of D. latum, D.
medinensis, G. spinigerum)
– Decapoda (macroscopic / 5 pair
legs): shrimps, lobster, crabs,
crayfish are intermediate host of
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 Class Myriapoda
• Terresterial animals
• Segmented and elongated body
• A pair of legs on each segment
• 2 Order:
– Ordo Diplopoda: Millipedes (Kaki seribu, Fontaria
sp.) host of Hymenolepis diminuta
– Ordo Chilopoda: Centipedes (Lipan) are poisonous
(Scolopendra sp.)

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 Class Arachnida
• Terrestrial animals
• Some poisonous and painful biting
• Vector of viral diseases
• 4 order:
– Scorpionida (Kalajengking, Buthus sp.)--
beracun
– Aranea (Laba-laba beracun, Lactrodectus
sp.)--beracun
– Ixodoidea (Tick=sengkenit, Ixodes sp.)--
paralisis motorik
– Sarcoptoidea (Tungau: Tanah, debu, kudis
Sarcoptes scabei)-- asthma (alergi), kudis
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 Class Insecta

• Body: Head, thorax, abdomen

• 3 pair of legs on thorax
• Important order:
– Diptera (Lalat & Nyamuk)
– Siphonaptera (kutu binatang)
– Anoplura (Kutu manusia =Pediculidae)
– Hemiptera (Kutu busuk)
– Orthoptera (Kecoa)
– Lepidoptera (Gol. Kupu-kupu & Moth)
– Coleoptera (Gol. Kumbang)
– Hymenoptera (Gol. Lebah & Rayap)

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Diptera

• Head, Thorax, Abdomen

• 2 pair of wings (fungsional + halter)
• Three pairs of leg

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Diptera-mosquitoes

• Long proboscis
• Specific wing venation
• Male do not suck blood
• Female mostly need blood meal for egg,
except autogenous female, such as
Toxorhynchites spp.

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 Culidae

Anophelinae Culicinae Toxorhynchitinae

Anopheles Culex Aedes Mansonia Toxorhynchites

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 Life-cycle

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 Anopheles Aedes Culex Mansonia
Disease Malaria DHF, Chikunguya Japanese encephalitis Filariasis
(elephantiasis)
Agent Plasmodium spp. Dengue virus, JE virus W. Bancrofti
Chikunguya virus B. malayi
Resting Make angle to Paralel to wall Paralel to wall Paralel to wall
position wall
Palpi:
Male Long, tip enlarge Long as proboscis Longer than proboscis Long as proboscis
Female Long Short Short
Larva No siphon Short, tick siphon Long, slender siphon Short, piercing type
Paralel to surface Angle to surface Angle to surface On water plan
Pupa Short trumpet Medium trumpet Long trumpet Piercing trumpet
Water surface Water surface Water surface On water plan
Egg Water surface Container wall Water surface On water plan
arrangement Soliter Soliter Raft Rosette

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Flies-Simulidae (Black flies)
• Only 3 genera in the world, only one genus in
Southeast Asia: Simulium spp.
• Small stout bodied, humped back, short legs,
conspicuous eyes (holoptic in male and
dichoptic in females)
• Lay eggs at / just below water level in a non
pollutant running water (stream, water falls,
river)
• Vectors of Onchocerca spp. in man and animal

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 Siphonaptera
(kutu binatang, flea, pinjal)
Host Disease Vector of Comb : Thickening line
Prothoracix (sisir) (penebalan) on
Genal (gigi) mesopleuron
Pulex irritans Human Pes (Sampar) No No
Helminthiasis D. caninum No
Xenopsylla Rat Pes (Sampar) No Yes
cheopsis Helminthiasis H. diminuta No
Nosopsyllus Rat, Pes (Sampar) No Yes
fasciatus rodent Helminthiasis H. diminuta Genal comb +
Ctenocephalides Cat Helminthiasis D. caninum Prothoracic comb + Yes
felis Genal comb +
(gigi I & II sama)
Ctenocephalides Dog Helminthiasis D. Caninum Prothoracic comb + Yes
canis H. nana Genal comb +
(gigi I & II tdk sama)

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 Anoplura
(Kutu Manusia, Louse=Lice)
Thorax + Abdomen fused --- thoracoabdominal

Pediculus Pediculus Phtirus pubis

humanus humanus
capitis corporis
Synonyms Head louse Body louse Crab louse
Site Head Body Pubis

Body Large Medium Small

Ovale & plat Ovale & plat Crab-like
dorsoventral dorsoventral

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Hemiptera
(Kutu busuk, Bugs)

Cimex Reduvius Triatoma Rhodnius

lectularis personatus infestans prolixus
(Bed bug) (Kissing bug)
Disease No Chagas’ Chagas’ Chagas’
disease disease disease

Vector of Trypanosoma Trypanosoma Trypanosoma

cruzi cruzi cruzi

Biting Pruritus No pain, but No pain, but Painful and

urticaria Swelling Swelling swelling

Wing No Present Present Present

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 Arthropods and transmitted agent

• Flies
• House fly (Musca domestica), cockroach (Blatta orientalis):
Thypoid (bakteri), Diare (bacteria & protozoan)
• Sand fly Phlebotomus spp. : Kala azar, oriental sore
(Leishmania spp.)
• Sand fly Simulium spp.: Nematod O. volvulus
• Biting midge Culicoides spp.: Nematod A. perstans, M.
ozardi
• Horse fly Tabanidae: Leshmaniasis and Loa-loa
• Tsetse fly (Glossina spp.): Sleeping sickness (T. gambiense)
• Fly larvae: myasis

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• Mosquitoes
Anopheles: Malaria (Plasmodium)
Aedes: DHF (Dengue virus)
Mansonia: Kaki gajah (W. bancrofti & B. malayi)
Culex: japanese encephalitis (virus)
• Triatoma spp.: Chaga’s disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
• Copepods (Cyclops & Diaptomus): Tape worm D. latum and
Nematoda D. medinenensis
• Fleas: Tape worm H. diminuta
• Crab, crayfish, lobster: Fluke P. westermani

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