Interkoneksi Metabolisme

Karbohidrat, Lipid, dan Protein

The major pathways of fuel metabolism in mammals
 Fuel for Your Body
When your body uses the nutrients in foods, a
series of chemical reactions occurs inside your
cells. As a result, energy is released.
Metabolism is the chemical process by which your
body breaks down food to release as energy.
Metabolism also involves the use of this energy for
growth and repair of body tissue.
The metabolic interrelationships among brain, adipose tissue, muscle, liver, and kidney
 Liver Is the Body’s Central Metabolic Clearinghouse

• The liver maintains the proper levels of circulating fuels for use by
the brain, muscles, and other tissues.
• It is uniquely situated to carry out this task because all the nutrients
absorbed by the intestines except fatty acids are released into the
portal vein, which drains directly into the liver.
• Glucokinase Converts Blood Glucose to Glucose-6-Phosphate (One
of the liver’s major functions is to act as a blood glucose “buffer”).
• Glucose-6-Phosphate has several alternative fates in the liver,
depending on the glucose demand.
• The Liver Can Synthesize or Degrade Triacylglycerols.
• The liver degrades amino acids to a variety of metabolic
intermediates that can be completely oxidized to CO2 and H2O or
converted to glucose or ketone bodies
 Metabolic fate of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) in liver.

G6P can be converted (1) to glucose for export or (2) to glycogen for storage. Acetyl-CoA
derived from G6P degradation (3) is the starting material for lipid biosynthesis. It is also
consumed in generating ATP by respiration. Degradation of G6P via the pentose
phosphate pathway (4) yields NADPH.
Metabolism of amino acids in the liver
Metabolism of fatty acids in the liver
 Blood Transports Metabolites in Interorgan
Metabolic Pathways

• The ability of the liver to supply other tissues with glucose or

ketone bodies, or the ability of adipocytes to make fatty acids
available to other tissues, depends, of course, on the
circulatory system, which transports metabolic fuels,
intermediates, and waste products among tissues.
• In addition, several important metabolic pathways are
composed of reactions occurring in multiple tissues.
• Two well-known interorgan pathways:
 Glucose and Lactate Are Transported in the Cori Cycle.
 The Glucose–Alanine Cycle Transfers Alanine to the Liver.
 The Cori cycle

Lactate produced by muscle glycolysis is transported by the bloodstream to the liver,

where it is converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis. The bloodstream carries the
glucose back to the muscle, where it may be stored as glycogen.
 The glucose–alanine cycle

Pyruvate produced by muscle glycolysis is the amino-group acceptor for muscle aminotransferases. The
resulting alanine is transported by the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted back to pyruvate (its
amino group is disposed of via urea synthesis). The pyruvate is a substrate for gluconeogenesis, and the
bloodstream carries the resulting glucose back to the muscles.
 Hormonal Control of Fuel Metabolism

The major metabolic effects of insulin are summarized in Table:

Overview of hormonal control of fuel metabolism
 Problem
1. During a “fight or flight” situation, the release of epinephrine promotes glycogen
breakdown in the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. The end product of glycogen
breakdown in the liver is glucose; the end product in skeletal muscle is pyruvate.
a. What is the reason for the different products of glycogen breakdown in the
two tissues?
b. What is the advantage to an organism that must fight or flee of these
specific glycogen breakdown routes?
2. The typical human adult uses about 160 g of glucose per day, 120 g of which is
used by the brain. The available reserve of glucose (20 g of circulating glucose
and  190 g of glycogen) is adequate for about one day. After the reserve has
been depleted during starvation, how would the body obtain more glucose?
3. Glycerol 3-phosphate is required for the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols.
Adipocytes, specialized for the synthesis and degradation of triacylglycerols,
cannot use glycerol directly, because they lack glycerol kinase, which catalyzes the
reaction:
Glycerol + ATP  glycerol 3-phosphate + ADP
How does adipose tissue obtain the glycerol 3-phosphate necessary for
triacylglycerol synthesis?