Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies

Volume 3 Issue 1

Treatment of Wastewater by Effluent Treatment Plant

Mr. Aditya Agrawal1, Mr. Jayesh Shrivastav2
1
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department
Prestige Institute of Engineering Management & Research, Indore (M.P.)
2
P.G. Student, Civil Engineering Department
SGSITS, Indore (M.P.)

Abstract
Several rivers basins are closed due to the excessive growth in the agricultural area, semi
urbanization as well as in the industrialization. The performance of wastewater treatment
plants for the treatment of small waste also does not meet the required standards. For
example, wastewater from wastewater treatment plants, which are often unsuitable for
domestic use and reuse of wastewater, are mostly limited to agricultural and industrial uses.
The development of innovative technologies for the treatment of wastewater from various
industries is a worrying problem for us. Although numerous research papers on wastewater
pollution studies have been published, little research is being done in the iron and steel
industry on wastewater treatment, especially with regard to the development of treatment
systems. Another aspect of this research will be the reuse of water, sludge from various
industries, etc.

Keyword: Wastewater, Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP), Environmental Impact Assessment

and Physical Treatment.

INTRODUCTION household water, such as drinking,

Water Availability and its uses: preparing food, washing, washing clothes
One of the most important natural resource and dishes, pulling toilets, and covering
which is present on the earth surface is turf and toilets.
WATER. The country's total available
water resources were estimated at about
1123 BCM (433 BCM from the ground
and 690 BCM from the surface), which
represents only 28% of the rainfall. About
85% (688 BCM) of water consumption is
diverted to irrigation (Figure 1), which
could reach 1072 BCM by 2050. The main
source of irrigation is groundwater.

The Uses of Water for the different Ways
are as follows:
For commercial purposes, fresh water
available various hotels, restaurants, office
buildings and other commercial facilities.
Domestic use of water is probably the
most important daily water consumption
for most people.
Domestic use includes water that is
consumed daily in the home, including
Fig 1: Water used by different sources
As per the industrial point of view it is
being uses for the following purposes like
processing, cleaning, transportation,
dilution and cooling in manufacturing
facilities. The most important water-
consuming industries are steel, chemicals,
paper and oil refining. Industries use the
same water again and again for more than
one purpose.

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 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
Irrigation water is used artificially for
crops, orchards, pastures and horticultural
crops, as well as for willow irrigation, to
protect against frost and frost, for chemical
use, for cooling crops and leaching of
salts. Root zone. The use of mining water
includes water for the extraction of natural
minerals; Solids such as coal and ores;
Liquids such as crude oil; and gases like
natural gas. This category includes
extraction, grinding (screening, screening,
washing and flotation) and other activities
related to mining activities. A significant
portion of the water used for mining, about
32 percent, is salt.
Wastewater can come from the
following sources such as:
 Human excreta (feces and urine) often
mixed with used toilet paper or wipe, if
it is collected with flush toilets.
Washing water (personal, clothes,
floors, dishes, cars, etc.), also known
as greywater or sullage.
 Surplus manufactured liquids from
domestic sources (drinks, cooking oil,
pesticides, lubricating oil, paint, etc.
 Urban Rainfall runoff from roads, car
parks, roofs, sidewalks/pavements
(Contains Oils, Animals feces, litter,
gasoline/petrol, diesel, metals
exhausted from the vehicles, etc.
 Highway drainage (oil, de-icing
agents, rubber residues, particularly
from tires)
 Storm drains (may include trash)
Manmade liquids (illegal disposal of
pesticides, used oils, etc.)
 Industrial waste Industrial site drainage
(silt, sand, alkali, oil, chemical
residues)
Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA)-
Environmental Assessment (EA) - An
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
is a means of assessing various factors,
such as the impact of environmental health
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Volume 3 Issue 1
of human, ecological health and related
risks, and the presence of changes in the
services of nature in certain projects. This
is the term used to assess the
environmental impact (positive and
negative) of a particular plan, policy,
program or project before deciding to
proceed with the proposed action. In this
context, the term "Environmental Impact
Assessment" (EIA) is generally used when
applied to specific projects either by
individuals or any companies, and the term
"Strategic Environmental Assessment"
(SEA) is more commonly applied to
policies, plans and programs proposed by
public authorities. Environmental audits
may be governed by administrative
procedural rules relating to public
participation and documentation of
decision-making and subject to judicial
review.
Purpose of EIA-
 The main purpose of an environmental
impact assessment (EIA) is to identify
and evaluate potential impacts
(positive and negative) of development
and the various projects in the
environmental system. It provides a
useful aid for decisions based on the
understanding of environmental
implications, including social impacts,
are cultural and aesthetic issues that
can be incorporated into the analysis of
the costs and benefits of the project.
This task must be carried out early
enough in the planning phase of the
project for the selection of
environmentally friendly sites, process
technologies and other environmental
protection measures.
 Although all industrial projects may
have an environmental impact, they
may not be significant enough to
warrant costly assessment procedures.
The need for such exercises should be
decided after an initial assessment of
the potential impact of a particular
project and its location. Projects that
 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
can be subject to a detailed
environmental impact assessment
include the following:
The treatment of industrial wastewater
includes the mechanisms and processes for
wastewater treatment, which is a by-
product of industrial or commercial
activities. After the treatment, it can be
reused or may be discharged into the
nearby water bodies or streams. However,
many industries continue to depend on the
processes that produce wastewater.
The Various types of Wastewater
Treatment Process are: ETP, STP and
CETP
Some of the major important types of
wastewater treatment process are as
follows:
1. Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP)
2. Sewage Treatment Plants (STP)
3. Common and Combined Effluent
Treatment Plants (CETP).
It is estimated that 1.8 million people die
each year from waterborne diseases. A
large part of these deaths can be indirectly
attributed to inadequate sanitation.
Wastewater treatment is an important
initiative that should be taken more
seriously to improve society and our
future. Wastewater treatment is a process
in which pollutants are removed from
domestic wastewater and wastewater to
produce solid waste or solid waste for
discharge or reuse.
Effluent Treatment Plants (ETP):
The main aim of the pharmaceutical and
chemical industries is to purify water and
remove toxic and non-toxic materials and
chemicals from it. These plants are used
by all companies for environmental
protection.
An ETP is a plant in which the treatment
of industrial and wastewater effluents is
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Volume 3 Issue 1
carried out. ETP plants are widely used in
the industrial sector, for example in the
pharmaceutical industry, to eliminate bulk
drug effluents.
Need for ETP -
 To clean the effluent from the industry
and recycle it for later use.
 Reduce the use of drinking / fresh
water in industries.
 To reduce the expense of acquiring
water.
 To acquire the standards for the
emission or discharge of
environmental contaminants from
various industries established by the
government and avoid hefty penalties.
 Protect the environment from pollution
and contribute to sustainable
development.
Treatment Levels & Mechanisms of
ETP –
1. Treatment levels: Preliminary Primary
2. Secondary Treatment
3. Tertiary Treatment (or advanced)
Preliminary Treatment: The separation
of large impurities such as leaves, cloth,
plastic, wood, branches of tree, etc. The
operations are: Screening: It is a screen
which can be manually operated or
mechanically operated of uniform size
provided to prevent the entry of large
impurities. Generally its having a size of
10 mm. Sedimentation: In this process
the particles are settled down due to
gravity of the suspended particles.
Clarification: They are used for the
separation of solids from fluids.
Primary treatment level Purpose:
Removal of floating and settleable
materials such as suspended solids and
organic matter.
Example: pH control, coagulation,
chemical precipitation and oxidation. pH
control to adjust the pH in the treatment
process so that the pH of the wastewater is
 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
neutral.
For acidic waste (low pH): NaOH,
Na2CO3, CaCO3 or Ca(OH)2, etc.
For alkaline residues (high pH): H2SO4,
HCl, etc.
Chemical coagulation and flocculation:
 Coagulation refers to the accumulation
of tiny solid particles dispersed in a
liquid in a larger mass.
 Chemical coagulants such as Al2(SO4)3
{also called alum} or Fe2(SO4)3 are
added to the wastewater to enhance the
attraction between the fine particles so
that they join together and form larger
particles called flocs.
 A chemical flocculant (usually a
polyelectrolyte) improves the
flocculation process by collecting the
particles to form larger flakes, which
settle more quickly.
 Flocculation is aided by a gentle
mixture that causes the particles to
collide.
Aerobic processes: An aerobic process is
defined as the process which takes place in
the presence of oxygen. It uses those
microorganisms (aerobic), which use
molecular / free oxygen to assimilate
organic impurities that is converting them
into CO2, H2O and biomass.
Fig 2: Flow chart for ETP
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Volume 3 Issue 1
Anaerobic processes: An Anaerobic
process is defined as the process which
takes place in the absence of oxygen. It
uses microorganisms (anaerobes) that do
not require air (molecular / free oxygen) to
assimilate organic impurities. The final
products are methane and biomass.
Tertiary / advanced treatment Purpose:
Final cleaning process that improves the
quality of wastewater before being reused
recycled or discharged into the
environment.
Mechanism: Removes the remaining
inorganic compounds and substances, such
as nitrogen and phosphorus. In this it
removes the remaining inorganic
compounds such as nitrogen and
phosphorus. Bacteria, viruses and parasites
that are harmful to public health are also
eliminated at this stage.
Methods: Alum is used to help eliminate
phosphorus particles and remaining solids
to facilitate their extraction in the filters.
The chlorine contact tank also disinfects
the tertiary treated wastewater by
removing microorganisms in treated
wastewater, including bacteria, viruses and
parasites. The remaining chlorine is
removed by adding sodium bisulphate just
before it is discharged.
 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
ETP Plant Operation:
1. Screen chamber: Eliminate relatively
large solids to avoid abrasion of
mechanical equipment and
obstruction of the hydraulic system.
2. Collection tank: The collecting tank
collects the effluent water from the
screening chamber, stores it and the
pump then to the equalization tank.
3. Equalization tank: Effluents from
the collection tank are stored from 8
to 12 hours (approximately) in the
equalization tank which results in a
homogenous mixing and helping in
neutralization. It eliminates shock
loading on the subsequent treatment
system. Continuous mixing also
eliminates settling of solids within the
equalization tank. Reduces SS, TSS.
4. Flash mixer: coagulants have been
added to the effluents:
 Lima: (800-1000 ppm) To correct pH
up to 8-9
 Alum: (200-300 ppm) To remove the
color
 Polyvinyl electrolyte: (0.2 ppm) to
solve suspended problems and reduce
SS, TSS. The addition of the
abovementioned chemicals by fast and
efficient mixing facilitates the
homogeneous combination of floc to
produce microflocules.
5. Clarriflocculator: In the
Clarriflocculator the water
continuously circulates through the
stirrer. The overflowing water is again
brought into the aeration basin. The
solid particles are then deposited,
collected separately and dried; this
reduces SS, TSS. But on the other
hand the Flocculator provides a slow
mixing which result in the formation
of macro flocs and thus they are
deposited in the clarification zone.
The remaining solids are pumped into
sludge drying beds.
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Volume 3 Issue 1
6. Aeration basin: The water has passed
like a thin film on the different
facilities, like the shape of a staircase.
Water comes into direct contact with
the air to dissolve oxygen in the
water. The BOD and COD values of
the water are reduced by up to 90%.
7. Clarifier: The clarifier collects
biological sludge. The overflowing
water is called treated and removed as
effluent. The quality of the outgoing
water is controlled to within the limit
allowed by the Indian Standards
Office. Through pipelines, treated
water is dispersed in river water, in
dry soils, etc.
8. Sludge thickener: The inlet water
consists of 60% water + 40% solids.
The wastewater is passed through the
centrifuge. Due to the centrifugal
action, solids and liquids are
separated. The sludge thickener
reduces the water content in the
wastewater to 40% water + 60%
solids. The wastewater is then
reprocessed and the sludge is
collected at the bottom.
9. Dryer: Primary and secondary sludge
is dried on drying beds. Flow Chart of
ETP Screening Equalisation (Lime +
Alum) pH = 8.5 SS, TSS Elimination
Dispersion Unit RECYCLE TANK
Sedimentation Basin (pH = 7.5)
Sludge Thickening Unit Biological
Treatment and Aeration {Assay =
(Urea + DAP) for removal O2} BOD
~ 90% COD Waste ~ 90% Sludge
discharge Wastewater discharge
Wastewater discharge 60% water +
40% solids 40% water + 60% solids.
10. Screening: Screening is the filtration
process for the separation of coarse
particles from influent. Stainless steel
net with varying pore size can be
utilized. Screens are cleaned regularly
to avoid clogging.
 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
Fig 3: Flow Chart of ETP
Equalization Tank:
The main purpose of the equalization tank
makes the waste water homogenous.
Retention time depends upon the capacity
of treatment plant. (Generally 8-16 hours)
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Methodology: In this research paper the
treatment technologies adopted for treating
sewage are as follows:
 Activated Sludge Process
 Chlorination
 Filtration
Wastewater treatment is the process of
eliminating pollutants from wastewater
and domestic wastewater, both runoffs
(wastewater), domestic, commercial and
institutional. It includes physical, chemical
and biological processes to eliminate
physical, chemical and biological
contaminants. Its purpose is to provide a
wastewater (or treated effluent)
environment stream and a solid waste (or
treated sludge), which is suitable for
disposal or reuse. Wastewater treatment is
not only important for our health, but also
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Volume 3 Issue 1
for our environment, clean and healthy.
In an activated sludge process, the
wastewater treatment plant is a biological
process that can be used for one or more
purposes, such as the oxidation of
carbonaceous organic material that
comprises a material containing oxidizing
nitrogen, mainly ammonium and nitrogen
in materials biological, the elimination of
phosphate and the dispossession of
entrained gases such as carbon dioxide,
ammonia, nitrogen, which produce a
biological flake that easily settles which
produces a fluid, which contains little
dissolved or suspended material. In the
process air or oxygen in a mixture of
sewage or treated industrial and purified
primary wastewater is introduced in
combination with organisms to develop a
biological flake that reduces the organic
content in the wastewater. The
combination of wastewater and biological
mass is commonly known as mixed liquor.
In all activated sludge systems, the excess
mixed liquor is after the water from the
wastewater or waste has been treated
 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
sufficiently in the sedimentation tank is
discharged and is supplied to the treated
supernatant before extraction to further
treatment. A part of the sedimented
material, the sludge is recycled to the head
of the ventilation system, in order to return
the seed of the new wastewater that enters
the tank. This portion of the flakes is
called return activated sludge.
The excess sludge will remove the excess
sludge from the said treatment process in
order to balance the relationship between
the biomass and the food in the wastewater
and is processed by digestion, both under
anaerobic conditions and aerobic before
disposal. The activated sludge refers to
biological treatment processes that use
suspended growth of organisms to remove
the BOD and suspended solids. The
process requires a ventilation tank and a
sedimentation tank. The settling tanks are
decanting tanks equipped with mechanical
means for the continuous removal of
sediment deposits. The disinfection of
wastewater is necessary for healthy rivers
and streams.
Microorganisms are present in large
numbers in sewage and waterborne disease
outbreaks have been associated with
sewage-contaminated water supplies.
CONCLUSION
The problems associated with the reuse of
wastewater are due to a lack of treatment.
So the challenge is to avoid low-cost, low-
tech and easy-to-use methods that, on the
one hand, are designed to significantly
reduce the existence of wastewater and,
secondly, threaten to protect our valuable
natural resources. The use of constructed
wetlands is now recognized as an efficient
technology for wastewater treatment.
Compared to traditional treatment systems,
Constructed Wetlands requires less
material and energy, is easy to use, has no
problem disposing of the sludge, and can
be serviced by untrained personnel. In
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Volume 3 Issue 1
addition, these systems have the cost of
construction, maintenance and lower
operation because they are powered by
natural energy from the sun, wind, earth,
microorganisms, plants and animals.
Therefore, for a planned deployment,
strategic, safe and sustainable sewage
appears to be a need for coherent policies
and programs decisions that should include
the decentralized effluent at lower cost
treatment technologies, bio filters, strains
efficient microbial and organic / inorganic
modifications suitable cultures /
Cultivation systems, cultivation.
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 Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies
Volume 3 Issue 1

Sci. Bull. Series D, 74(1), 2102, pp.

229-236.
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