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1, JANUARY 2008
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KOLLER et al.: HEATING EFFECTS OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IMPULSES ON CONTACTS AND CONDUCTORS—PART II 229
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230 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008
3) The largest differences, namely the highest values of impulse. If the impulse is sinusoidal and , or
and , occur by infinite half-space conductor the impulse has a dc component and ,
model, which means total wave absorption. The values the approximation
of are smaller in infinite plate conductor, and
even smaller in flat bus bars. However, if by (6)
infinite plate or in case of bus bars close is acceptable. In the solely dc case if ,
together, the values of are practically equal with the losses can be calculated with the dc resistance without
the same values for infinite half-space [1, Fig. 5(a)–(c)]. major error
At small impulse widths (e.g. ), considering
a short circuit time constant, the (7)
and ratios can be significant (5 or 13). As is 6) As it was mentioned in the introduction of [1], there is
increased by ac short-circuits (solely sinusoidal, sinusoidal a tendency in today’s switch gear development to the
with dc component or sinusoidal with current limitation) possible smallest sizes, which means conductors with
these ratios converge, perhaps with fluctuations, to the large cross sectional areas close together in a small space.
and limits [1, Fig. 5 The Joule integral reflecting the loading capability of
(a)–(c)] and Figs. 3–5). These limits by the dc impulse these switchgears is still given by the manufacturers as an
are , and . At short impulses important parameter. From our results it can be seen that in
(e.g. ) the ratio is even higher, which many cases this parameter does not have any significance,
monotonously decreases with increasing , and reaches as the loading capability is influenced also by the shape of
the limit by ac short-circuit, or by the short-circuit impulse. That is why we recommend the
dc short-circuit [1, Fig. 8]. outcome of our calculations first of all to the switch gear
4) During both ac and dc short-circuits the thermal stress of designers dealing with rated currents . The re-
the conductors can be determined by an equivalent sults can be used for optimizing the contact arrangements
and calculating the conductor sizes and the current paths
(2)
within the contacts. The results help to decide when to use
a more complex finite-element method (considering also
and the interaction between the electromagnetic and tempera-
(3) ture field) or a simplified calculation.
(4) (8)
(5)
without any major error.
5) The nonuniform heating among the current passages in
contacts can be approximately determined by the
ratio depending on the shape and length of the current
impulse. Reference [1, Fig. 8] shows diagrams of this ratio
Introducing
for the infinite half-space conductor model. If the cross sec-
tion of the conductor is less, the real values are smaller than
in the diagram. E.g. in case of flat bus-bars the closer the
bars are to each other and the larger is , the smaller the
difference is from the values in the diagrams. If
the difference of , as well as the difference of
can be neglected for flat bus-bars. Practically this means
that a harmonic current’s power-density distribution, cal- notations
culated by finite-element method, at an equivalent fre-
quency represents the energy-density distribution of the (9)
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KOLLER et al.: HEATING EFFECTS OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT IMPULSES ON CONTACTS AND CONDUCTORS—PART II 231
(10)
In case of infinite half-space [1, Fig. 4(a)], where is given The energy loss per surface unit calculated with the mains fre-
by [1, (11)] quency resistance
(11)
where
(13)
C. Current Density Distribution in Case of Solely Sinusoidal
The ratio of the total energy loss to the energy loss considering Impulse
only the mains frequency resistance Using (9) formula and according to [1, (18)], the integrand of
[1, (19)]
(19)
(14)
For infinite conductor plate, the energy loss per unit surface cal- where . Introducing the notation,
culated with the dc resistance, using [1, (14)] , and from [1, (19)]
(15)
According to [1, (13)] and (10)
Since
(16) and
where
therefore
(17)
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232 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 23, NO. 1, JANUARY 2008
Authorized licensed use limited to: USTL. Downloaded on February 21,2010 at 07:42:19 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.