OPEN ENDED QUESTIONS

TEST 1: SHEAR AT CUT SECTION

Proof the equation in lab sheet are correct.

W(1.962N)

a(3)

RA L(4) RB

Shear force at left of the section,Sc = [ W(L – a) ]/ L

Shear force at the right of the cut section, = Sc = (-Wa) / L

CALCULATION THEORY

Sc = [ W(L – a) ]/ L

= [1.962(4-3) / 4

= 0.4905 N

Sc = (-Wa) / L

= ( -1.962 X 3) / 4

= 1.4715 N
CALCULATION

∑M = 0

1.962(3) – 4RB = 0

5.886 – 4RB = 0

4RB = 5.886

RB = 1.4715 N

∑FY = 0

RA – 1.962 + RB = 0

RA – 1.962 + 1.4715 = 0

RA = 0.4905 N...................(PROVED)
TEST 2: BENDING MOMENT AT CUT SECTION
Proof the equation in lab sheet are correct.

The bending moment at any point along the beam is equal to the area under the shear force
diagram up to that point. (Note: For a simply-supported beam, the bending moment at the
ends will always be equal to zero.)

To calculate the bending moment the beam must be broken up into two sections:

(a) one from x = 0 to x = L/2 and

(b) the other from x = L/2 to x = L.

The bending moment M(x) at any point x along the beam can be found by using the
following equations:
 W(N)

a(m) C ‘cut’

RA L(m) RB

Moment at the cut section, Mc = Wa (L-a)/L

Where, W = Load

a = Cut section from Ra

L = Length from Ra to Rb

CALCULATION THEORY

∑Ma = 0

W(a) – LRb = 0

Rb = Wa/ L

∑FY = 0

Ra + Rb –W = 0

Ra + Wa/L – W = 0

∑Mc = v

W(1-a/L)*a - M = 0
M = Wa* (1-a/L)

M = Wa (L-a)/L ( Has been proved )

TEST 3: SPAN DEFLECTION
If the material of the specimen is timber, estimated what the maximum
deflection with the span length is 300 mm. the cross-section of the timber
specimen is similar with the specimen in the laboratory.

𝑃𝐿3
𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
48𝐸𝐼
𝑃 = 0.981 𝑁 𝐸 = 12 × 103 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

𝑏𝑑3
𝐼=
12

= 67.17 𝑚𝑚2

0.981(3003 )
∴ 𝑌𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
48(12 × 103 )(67.17)

= 0.0684 𝑚

The most factor that influence the result is the Modulus Young, E, of the material which is
the value of its own is difference than other material.
TEST 4: DETERMINATE TRUSS
If the member 6 is connected, explain the procedure how to do the indeterminate
truss test. Please include all the formula if needed.

1. The thumbwheel on the ‘redundant’ member up to the boss was wind and
hand–tighten it. Any tools to tighten the thumb wheel are not used.

2. The pre-load of 100N downward was applied, re-zero the load cell and
carefully zero the digital indicator.

3. A load of 250N was carefully applied and checked whether the frame was
stable and secure.

4. The load to zero (leaving the 100N preload) was returning. Rechecked
and re-zero the digital indicator been done. Loads greater than those
specified on the equipment never apply.

5. A load in the increment shown in table 1 was applied, the strain readings
and the digital indicator readings was recorded.

6. Subtracted the initial (zero) strain reading (be careful with your signs) and
completed table 2.

7. Calculated the equipment member force at 250 N and entered them into
table 3.

8. A graph of Load vs Deflection was plotted from Table 1 on the same axis
as Load vs deflection when the redundant ‘removed’.

9. The calculation for redundant truss is made much simpler and easier if the
tabular method is used to sum up all of the“Fnl” and “n2l” terms.
TEST 5: BUCKLING

Why the specimens sometimes buckling to left or right from the axis?Please
explain in details including the formula if needed.

Buckling is characterized by a sudden sideways failure of a structural member

subjected to high compressive stress, where the compressive stress at the point of
failure is less than the ultimate compressive stress that the material is capable of
withstanding. That is why the specimen sometimes buckling to left or right from the
axis.

Mathematical analysis of buckling often makes use of an "artificial" axial load

eccentricity that introduces a secondary bending moment that is not a part of the
primary applied forces being studied. As an applied load is increased on a member,
such as a column, it will ultimately become large enough to cause the member to
become unstable and is said to have buckled. Further load will cause significant and
somewhat unpredictable deformations, possibly leading to complete loss of the
member's load-carrying capacity. If the deformations that follow buckling are not
catastrophic the member will continue to carry the load that caused it to buckle. If the
buckled member is part of a larger assemblage of components such as a building, any
load applied to the structure beyond that which caused the member to buckle will be
redistributed within the structure.