UNIT 3 properties reveal.
Their work involves analyzing materials, developing
Physical Chemistry
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/careers/college-to-career/areas-of-
chemistry/physical-chemistry.html
What Is Physical Chemistry?
Physical chemistry is the study of how matter behaves on a molecular and
atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. Based on their analyses,
physical chemists may develop new theories, such as how complex
structures are formed. Physical chemists often work closely with materials
scientists to research and develop potential uses for new materials.
Physical chemistry has traditionally given students broad training, and
positioned them to work in a variety of scientific careers. Many people
trained as physical chemists ultimately work as analytical chemists, where
they work to understand the fundamental process involved in analytical
techniques, allowing them to enhance and expand those techniques.
For example, Matt Lynch, senior scientist in the Beauty Care Division of
Procter & Gamble, works in physical/analytical chemistry, conducting
applied and basic surfactant research for product development
applications. His work involves looking at the assembly of molecules and
determining how to measure and quantify it. Lynch says, “We assemble
molecules in crystals and solutions and look at how to measure that in
terms of arrangements of atoms and molecules; how they grow to form
bigger aggregates in solutions as well as in crystals; and how these
aggregates of surfactants impart various properties to a product.” Lynch
notes that he uses diffraction, infrared, and microscopy methods in his
work. By developing better ways to measure and quantitate aspects of the
ingredients, he helps his company develop better products.
What Do Physical Chemists Do?
Physical chemists are focused on understanding the physical properties of
atoms and molecules, the way chemical reactions work, and what these
methods to test and characterize the properties of materials, developing
theories about these properties, and discovering the potential use of the
materials. Using sophisticated instrumentation and equipment has always
been an important aspect of physical chemistry. Most physical chemistry
labs are full of analytical instruments, which can include lasers, mass
spectrometers, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron microscopes.
Physical chemists’ discoveries are based on understanding chemical
properties and describing their behavior using theories of physics and
mathematical computations. Physical chemists predict properties and
reactions of chemicals, then test and refine those predications. They use
mathematical analysis and statistics on huge datasets, sometimes with
millions of data points, to reveal hidden information about compounds,
materials, and processes. They may also conduct simulations, developing
mathematical equations that predict how compounds will react over time.
Recently, more and more physical chemists have found homes in the
emerging fields of materials science and molecular modeling where their
skills in analyzing and predicting the behavior of physical properties have
exciting new applications. By combining the mathematical rigidity of
physical chemistry with the practicality of new materials and new
applications, the field of physical chemistry is expanding in new and
exciting ways.
Where Is Physical Chemistry Used?
Physical chemists work in a variety of different areas, but their common
goal is to discover, test, and understand the fundamental physical
characteristics of a material — be it solid, liquid, or gas. Precision and
attention to detail make their work somewhat similar to analytical
chemistry, though physical chemists also stress the importance of applying
knowledge of math and physics to develop a thorough understanding of
the material.
Physical chemists generally have a strong curiosity about how things work
at the atomic level and enjoy working with lab instrumentation and
machines. Many are drawn to the fact that physical chemistry processes
are similar to those of engineering, and many chemists enjoy using their
knowledge and love of chemistry to make discoveries.
A physical chemistry lab is characterized by the large machines and
sophisticated instrumentation these scientists use to test and analyze
materials. Many who work in the lab say their time is divided between
working at the bench and working at their desks doing calculations and
reviewing data. Physical chemists who go into management also spend
time supervising other scientists, reviewing department needs and goals,
and meeting with business managers in their companies.
Examples of Chemistry in the Real World
There are many examples of chemistry in daily life, showing how prevalent
and important it is.
 Digestion relies on chemical reactions between food and acids and
enzymes to break down molecules into nutrients the body can absorb
and use.
 Soaps and detergents act as emulsifiers to surround dirt and grime so it
can be washed away from clothing, dishes, and our bodies.
 Drugs work because of chemistry. The chemical compounds may fit into
the binding site for natural chemicals in our body (e.g., block pain
receptors) or may attack chemicals found in pathogens, but not human
cells (e.g., antibiotics).
 Cooking is a chemical change that alters food to make it more
palatable, kill dangerous microorganisms, and make it more digestible.
The heat of cooking may denature proteins, promote chemical
reactions between ingredients, carmelize sugars, etc.
The key concepts of physical chemistry are the ways in which pure physics
is applied to chemical problems.
One of the key concepts in classical chemistry is that all chemical
compounds can be described as groups of atoms bonded together and
chemical reactions can be described as the making and breaking of those
bonds. Predicting the properties of chemical compounds from a description
of atoms and how they bond is one of the major goals of physical
chemistry. To describe the atoms and bonds precisely, it is necessary to
know both where the nuclei of the atoms are, and how electrons are
distributed around them. [2]
Quantum chemistry, a subfield of physical chemistry especially concerned
with the application of quantum mechanics to chemical problems, provides
tools to determine how strong and what shape bonds are, [2] how nuclei
move, and how light can be absorbed or emitted by a chemical compound.
[3] Spectroscopy is the related sub-discipline of physical chemistry which is
specifically concerned with the interaction of electromagnetic radiation
with matter.
Another set of important questions in chemistry concerns what kind of
reactions can happen spontaneously and which properties are possible for
a given chemical mixture. This is studied in chemical thermodynamics,
which sets limits on quantities like how far a reaction can proceed, or how
much energy can be converted into work in an internal combustion engine,
and which provides links between properties like the thermal expansion
coefficient and rate of change of entropy with pressure for a gas or a liquid.
[4] It can frequently be used to assess whether a reactor or engine design is
feasible, or to check the validity of experimental data. To a limited extent,
quasi-equilibrium and non-equilibrium thermodynamics can describe
irreversible changes. [5] However, classical thermodynamics is mostly
concerned with systems in equilibrium and reversible changes and not
what actually does happen, or how fast, away from equilibrium.
Which reactions do occur and how fast is the subject of chemical kinetics,
another branch of physical chemistry. A key idea in chemical kinetics is that
for reactants to react and form products, most chemical species must go
through transition states which are higher in energy than either the
reactants or the products and serve as a barrier to reaction. [6] In general,
the higher the barrier, the slower the reaction. A second is that most
chemical reactions occur as a sequence of elementary reactions, [7] each
with its own transition state. Key questions in kinetics include how the rate
of reaction depends on temperature and on the concentrations of
reactants and catalysts in the reaction mixture, as well as how catalysts and
reaction conditions can be engineered to optimize the reaction rate.
The fact that how fast reactions occur can often be specified with just a few
concentrations and a temperature, instead of needing to know all the
positions and speeds of every molecule in a mixture, is a special case of
another key concept in physical chemistry, which is that to the extent an
engineer needs to know, everything going on in a mixture of very large
numbers (perhaps of the order of the Avogadro constant, 6 x 1023) of
particles can often be described by just a few variables like pressure,
temperature, and concentration. The precise reasons for this are described
in statistical mechanics, [8] a specialty within physical chemistry which is
also shared with physics. Statistical mechanics also provides ways to predict
the properties we see in everyday life from molecular properties without
relying on empirical correlations based on chemical similarities. [5]
A. Translate those paragraphs above into Bahasa Indonesia.
BAB 3
Kimia Fisika
Apa itu Kimia Fisika?
Kimia fisika adalah ilmu yang mempelajari tentang bagaimana materi
menunjukkan sifatnya pada tingkat molekuler dan atom dan bagaimana
reaksi kimia terjadi. Berdasarkan analisis mereka, ahli kimia fisika dapat
mengembangkan teori baru, seperti bagaimana struktur kompleks
terbentuk. Ahli kimia fisika sering bekerja sama dengan ilmuwan bahan
untuk meneliti dan mengembangkan potensi penggunaan bahan-bahan
baru. Kimia fisika secara tradisional telah memberikan para siswa pelatihan
yang luas, dan menempatkan mereka untuk bekerja dalam berbagai karir
ilmiah. Banyak orang yang dilatih sebagai ahli kimia fisika akhirnya bekerja
sebagai ahli kimia analitik, dimana mereka bekerja untuk memahami proses
dasar yang terlibat dalam teknik analisis, yang memungkinkan mereka
untuk meningkatkan dan memperluas teknik-teknik tersebut.
Misalnya, Matt Lynch, ilmuwan senior di Divisi Perawatan Kecantikan
Procter & Gamble, bekerja dalam bidang kimia fisika / analitik, melakukan
riset surfaktan terapan dan dasar untuk aplikasi pengembangan produk.
Karyanya menyangkut perakitan molekul dan menentukan bagaimana cara
mengukur dan menghitungnya. Lynch mengatakan, “Kami menyusun
molekul dalam kristal dan larutan dan melihat bagaimana mengukurnya
dalam hal penyusunan atom dan molekul; bagaimana mereka tumbuh
untuk membentuk agregat yang lebih besar dalam larutan maupun dalam
kristal; dan bagaimana agregat surfaktan ini memberikan berbagai sifat
pada suatu produk”. Lynch mencatat bahwa ia menggunakan metode
difraksi, inframerah, dan mikroskopi dalam karyanya. Dengan
mengembangkan cara yang lebih baik untuk mengukur dan mennghitung
aspek-aspek dari penyusunnya, dia membantu perusahaannya
mengembangkan produk yang lebih baik.
Apa yang Dilakukan Ahli Kimia Fisika?
Ahli Kimia Fisika difokuskan pada pemahaman sifat fisik atom dan molekul,
cara kerja reaksi kimia, dan apa saja sifat–sifat yang diperlihatkan.
Pekerjaan mereka melibatkan analisis materi, mengembangkan metode
untuk menguji dan mengkarakterisasi sifat-sifat bahan, mengembangkan
teori tentang sifat-sifat ini, dan menemukan potensi penggunaan bahan.
Menggunakan instrumen dan peralatan yang canggih selalu menjadi aspek
penting dari kimia fisika. Kebanyakan laboratorium kimia fisika penuh
dengan instrumen analitis, yang dapat mencakup laser, spektrometer
massa, resonansi magnetik nuklir, dan mikroskop elektron.
Penemuan ahli kimia fisika didasarkan pada pemahaman sifat kimia dan
menggambarkan perilakunya menggunakan teori fisika dan perhitungan
matematis. Ahli kimia fisika memprediksi sifat dan reaksi bahan kimia,
kemudian menguji dan memilah predikasi tersebut. Mereka menggunakan
analisis matematis dan statistik pada dataset besar, terkadang dengan
jutaan titik data, untuk mengungkapkan informasi tersembunyi tentang
senyawa, bahan, dan proses-proses. Mereka juga dapat melakukan
simulasi, mengembangkan persamaan matematika yang memprediksi
bagaimana senyawa akan bereaksi dari waktu ke waktu.
Baru-baru ini, semakin banyak ahli kimia fisika menemukan “rumah” di
bidang ilmu pengetahuan bahan dan pemodelan molekuler, dimana
keterampilan mereka dalam menganalisis dan memprediksi perilaku dari
sifat fisika memiliki aplikasi baru yang menarik. Dengan menggabungkan
matematika kimia fisika yang kaku dengan kepraktisan bahan baru dan
aplikasi baru, bidang kimia fisika berkembang dengan cara yang baru dan
menarik.
Dimana Kimia Fisika Digunakan?
Ahli kimia fisika bekerja di berbagai bidang yang berbeda, tetapi tujuan
bersama mereka adalah untuk menemukan, menguji, dan memahami
karakteristik fisik mendasar dari suatu bahan — baik itu padat, cair, atau
gas. Ketelitian dan perhatian terhadap detil membuat karya mereka agak
mirip dengan kimia analitik, meskipun ahli kimia fisika juga menekankan
pentingnya menerapkan pengetahuan matematika dan fisika untuk
mengembangkan pemahaman yang menyeluruh tentang bahan.
Ahli Kimia Fisika umumnya memiliki keingintahuan yang kuat tentang
bagaimana hal-hal bekerja pada tingkat atom dan menikmati bekerja
dengan instrumentasi dan mesin laboratorium. Banyak yang tertarik pada
fakta bahwa proses kimia fisika mirip dengan teknik, dan banyak ahli kimia
menikmati menggunakan pengetahuan dan kecintaan mereka terhadap
kimia untuk membuat penemuan.
Sebuah laboratorium kimia fisika dicirikan oleh mesin-mesin besar dan
instrumentasi canggih yang digunakan para ilmuwan untuk menguji dan
menganalisis bahan-bahan. Banyak yang bekerja di lab mengatakan waktu
mereka terbagi antara bekerja di bangku dan bekerja di meja mereka
melakukan perhitungan dan meninjau data. Ahli kimia fisika yang masuk ke
manajemen juga menghabiskan waktu mengawasi ilmuwan lain, meninjau
kebutuhan dan sasaran departemen, dan bertemu dengan manajer bisnis
di perusahaan mereka.
Contoh-contoh Kimia di Dunia Nyata
Ada banyak contoh kimia dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang menunjukkan
betapa umumnya dan pentingnya hal itu.
 Pencernaan bergantung pada reaksi kimia antara makanan dan asam
dan enzim untuk memecah molekul menjadi nutrisi yang dapat diserap
dan digunakan tubuh.
 Sabun dan deterjen bertindak sebagai pengemulsi untuk
memperangkap kotoran dan debu sehingga dapat dibersihkan dari
pakaian, piring, dan tubuh kita.
 Obat-obatan berfungsi karena kimia. Senyawa kimia dapat masuk ke
jaringan pengikat untuk bahan kimia alami dalam tubuh kita (misalnya,
memblokir reseptor nyeri) atau dapat menyerang bahan kimia yang
ditemukan pada patogen, tetapi bukan sel manusia (misalnya,
antibiotik).
 Memasak adalah perubahan kimia yang mengubah makanan agar lebih
enak, membunuh mikroorganisme berbahaya, dan membuatnya lebih
mudah dicerna. Panas memasak dapat mengubah sifat protein,
meningkatkan reaksi kimia antara bahan-bahan, karamel gula, dan
lainnya.
Konsep-konsep kunci kimia fisika adalah cara-cara dimana fisika murni
diterapkan untuk masalah kimia.
Salah satu konsep kunci dalam kimia klasik adalah bahwa semua senyawa
kimia dapat digambarkan sebagai kelompok atom yang terikat bersama dan
reaksi kimia dapat digambarkan sebagai pembentukkan dan pemutusan
ikatan tersebut. Memprediksi sifat-sifat senyawa kimia dari deskripsi atom
dan bagaimana ikatannya adalah salah satu tujuan utama kimia fisika.
Untuk menggambarkan atom dan ikatan secara tepat, perlu diketahui baik
dimana inti atom berada, dan bagaimana elektron didistribusikan di sekitar
mereka. [2]
Kimia kuantum, sebuah bagian bidang kimia fisika terutama yang berkaitan
dengan penerapan mekanika kuantum untuk masalah kimia, menyediakan
alat untuk menentukan seberapa kuat dan bentuk-bentuk ikatan, [2]
bagaimana inti bergerak, dan bagaimana cahaya dapat diserap atau
dipancarkan oleh senyawa kimia. [3] Spektroskopi adalah bagian disiplin
ilmu kimia fisika yang terkait dengan interaksi radiasi elektromagnetik
dengan materi.
Serangkaian pertanyaan penting lainnya dalam kimia berkaitan dengan
reaksi jenis apa yang dapat terjadi secara spontan dan sifat mana yang
mungkin untuk campuran kimia tertentu. Ini dipelajari dalam
termodinamika kimia, yang menetapkan batasan jumlah seperti seberapa
jauh reaksi dapat dilanjutkan, atau berapa banyak energi yang dapat diubah
menjadi kerja dalam mesin pembakaran internal, dan yang menyediakan
hubungan antara sifat seperti koefisien ekspansi panas dan laju perubahan
entropi dengan tekanan untuk gas atau cairan. [4] Ini sering dapat
digunakan untuk menilai apakah desain reaktor atau mesin layak, atau
untuk memeriksa validitas data eksperimen. Secara terbatas, quasi-
equilibrium dan non-equilibrium termodinamika dapat menggambarkan
perubahan yang tidak dapat diubah. [5] Namun, Termodinamika klasik
sebagian besar berkaitan dengan sistem dalam keseimbangan dan
perubahan reversibel (yang dapat kembali) dan bukan apa yang sebenarnya
terjadi, atau seberapa cepat, jauh dari keseimbangan.
Reaksi mana yang terjadi dan seberapa cepat subjek kinetika kimia, cabang
kimia fisika lain. Sebuah ide kunci dalam kinetika kimia adalah bahwa untuk
reaktan bereaksi dan membentuk produk, sebagian besar jenis kimia harus
melalui keadaan transisi yang lebih tinggi dalam energi daripada reaktan
atau produk dan berfungsi sebagai penghalang untuk bereaksi. [6] Secara
umum, semakin tinggi penghalang, semakin lambat reaksinya. Yang kedua
adalah bahwa sebagian besar reaksi kimia terjadi sebagai urutan reaksi
elementer, [7] masing-masing memiliki keadaan transisi sendiri. Pertanyaan
kunci dalam kinetika meliputi bagaimana laju reaksi tergantung pada suhu
dan konsentrasi reaktan dan katalis dalam campuran reaksi, serta
bagaimana katalis dan kondisi reaksi dapat direkayasa untuk
mengoptimalkan laju reaksi.
Fakta bahwa seberapa cepat reaksi terjadi sering dapat ditentukan hanya
dengan beberapa konsentrasi dan suhu, daripada perlu mengetahui semua
posisi dan kecepatan setiap molekul dalam campuran, adalah hal istimewa
dari konsep kunci lain dalam kimia fisika, dimana bahwa sejauh seorang
insinyur perlu tahu, segala sesuatu yang terjadi dalam campuran angka
yang sangat besar (mungkin dari urutan konstanta Avogadro, 6 x 1023)
partikel sering dapat digambarkan hanya dengan beberapa variabel seperti
tekanan, suhu, dan konsentrasi. Alasan yang tepat untuk ini dijelaskan
dalam mekanika statistik, [8] spesialisasi dalam kimia fisika yang juga dibagi
dengan fisika. Mekanika statistik juga menyediakan cara untuk
memprediksi sifat yang kita lihat dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dari sifat
molekuler tanpa bergantung pada korelasi empiris berdasarkan persamaan
kimia. [5]
B. Answer the following questions and discuss them :  Soaps and detergents act as emulsifiers to surround dirt and
grime so it can be washed away from clothing, dishes, and our
1. Would you like to explain what is physical chemistry? bodies.
Physical chemistry is the study of how matter behaves on a  Drugs work because of chemistry. The chemical compounds
molecular and atomic level and how chemical reactions occur. may fit into the binding site for natural chemicals in our body
(e.g., block pain receptors) or may attack chemicals found in
2. What do physical chemistry do? pathogens, but not human cells (e.g., antibiotics).
 Cooking is a chemical change that alters food to make it more
Physical chemists are focused on understanding the physical palatable, kill dangerous microorganisms, and make it more
properties of atoms and molecules, the way chemical reactions digestible. The heat of cooking may denature proteins, promote
work, and what these properties reveal. Their work involves : chemical reactions between ingredients, carmelize sugars, etc.
 Analyzing materials, developing methods to test and
characterize the properties of materials, developing theories
about these properties, and discovering the potential use of the
materials.
 Using analytical instruments, which can include lasers, mass
spectrometers, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron
microscopes.
 Predict properties and reactions of chemicals, then test and
refine those predications.
 Conduct simulations, developing mathematical equations that
predict how compounds will react over time.

3. Where is physical chemistry used?

Physical chemists work in a variety of different areas, but their
common goal is to discover, test, and understand the fundamental
physical characteristics of a material — be it solid, liquid, or gas.

4. Give some examples of physical chemistry in daily life !

 Digestion relies on chemical reactions between food and acids
and enzymes to break down molecules into nutrients the body
can absorb and use.
C. Focus on Grammar
Lesson 5
Prepositional Phrases
A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a
noun or a pronoun called the object of the preposition. Some
common prepositions are against, at, for, in, to, on, by, and with.
A prepositional phrase can function as an adjective, modifying a noun
or a pronoun.
Darcy chose the bedroom above the garage. (Above the garage
modifies the noun bedroom.)
6. Mesopotamians used clay bricks in ziggurats at Uruk.
7. Ancient Greeks built magnificent palaces and the huge complex of
Knossos.
8. Greeks used masonry and decorated the walls of their structures with
frescoes.
9. Columns and beams were also among the Grecian trademarks.
10. Marble was widely used as a construction material during this classical
period.
11. The Acropolis and the Parthenon are examples of the fine techniques of

It may also function as an adverb when it modifies a verb, an adverb, the Greeks.
or an adjective. 12. The Romans later added their expertise to the Greek technology.
That poem is meaningful to me. (To me modifies the adjective
meaningful.) 13. During the second century, Romans built structures made from
concrete, terra cotta, and bricks.
Exercise 1 : Underline the prepositional phrase or phrases in each 14. Architectural refinements by the Romans included the arch, the vault,
sentence.
Architects design buildings and other structures for their clients. and the dome.
15. Aqueducts, the Colosseum, and the Pantheon are examples of Roman
1. Architecture is considered a form of art.
structures.
2. It is one of the oldest of the fine arts.
16. Gothic architecture originated in Northern Europe.
3. More is known about the structures of ancient times than about the
17. The use of buttresses, arches, and vaults characterizes this style.
builders.
18. Gothic architecture is seen in many cathedrals in Paris.
4. Before the invention of construction equipment, architects relied on
19. Examples of Gothic architecture are found throughout Europe.
huge labor forces.
20. Many of the traditions of the past are reflected in modern architecture.
5. Examples of early architecture include the Egyptian pyramids and
tombs of stone.
Exercise 2 : Draw one line under each prepositional phrase and two 14. It is a series of structures with roofs of canvas and wood resting on
lines under the object of each preposition. walls of boulders.
The name Frank Lloyd Wright is well known among architects. 15. The Guggenheim Museum in New York is another of Wright’s creations.

1. American architect Frank Lloyd Wright was a key figure in modern 16. It has a spiral design similar to the structure of seashells.

architecture. 17. His designs are marked by the use of forms from nature.

2. Wright produced designs for residences and commercial buildings. 18. One of his most famous buildings, Falling water, is located in a small

3. His designs are known for their originality. town in Pennsylvania.

4. With a style based on natural forms, Wright’s work is unique. 19. Cantilevers, or beams supported at one end, suspend the living room

5. Though he studied civil engineering for a time, Wright worked in a and terrace over a waterfall.

design department. 20. Falling water is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in

6. On the side, Wright designed houses for clients of the firm. Pennsylvania.

7. The homes have low roofs and walls of windows.

8. Huge stone fireplaces are a central part of his home designs.
9. His commercial buildings have heavy walls with skylights for the
primary light source.
10. At Robie House in Chicago, Wright blended the architecture with the
surrounding landscape.
11. After 1893, Wright went out on his own.
12. He would become one of the most famous architects in the United
States.
13. Taliesin West is a complex near Phoenix that became Wright’s home,
workshop, and school.

Lesson 6
Appositives and Appositive Phrases
An appositive is a noun or a pronoun that further identifies another
noun or pronoun.
My music teacher, Mr. Price, studied with famous musicians.
An appositive phrase is the appositive along with any modifiers. If
not essential to the meaning of the sentence, it is set off by commas.
We rented bicycles to ride through that area, the most charming
part of town.
Exercise 1 : Underline the appositive or appositive phrase in each
sentence.
Mr. Thompson, Dan’s father, works at a chemical plant.
1. Venus, the second planet from the sun, resembles Earth.
2. Some people prefer soft pretzels, large pretzels that are warmed, to
ordinary pretzels.
3. My sister Pam marches in the band.
4. The rattlesnake, one of the most poisonous types of snake, is feared by
many people.
5. My favorite comedians, Abbott and Costello, are in that movie.
6. The winner, the first runner to cross the finish line, will win a trophy.
7. My best friend Roberto is the treasurer of the Drama Club.
8. Asthma, a disease of the respiratory system, is sometimes controllable
with medication.
9. The new boy in school, Derek Peterson, is from Montana.
10. My father, a former trumpet player, encouraged me to take lessons.
11. The chorus, a group made up of choir members, will perform tonight.
12. Beowulf, our assignment for English class, is about a hero of the middle
ages.
13. That recliner, a lumpy old chair, is my uncle’s favorite.
14. Our house, the two-story on the corner, is more than one hundred
years old.
15. Her intelligence, a powerful asset, led her to a career in medicine.
16. Cindy and I always order the same dinner, a burrito and refried beans.
17. My neighbor Diane gives me a ride to school every morning.
18. In chemistry we worked on a chemical solution, a combination of two
acids.
19. Only Mother, a very patient person, can tolerate Tommy’s tantrums.
20. Davy Crockett, an American folk hero, was a pioneer who became a
U.S. representative.
21. The teacher assigned a final project, a term paper.
22. Moussaka, a Greek dish, is my favorite food.
23. Every Friday after school we meet at the same place, the restaurant on
the corner.
24. The test, a mixture of essay and multiple-choice questions, was easy.
25. Cairo, the capital of Egypt, has a hot, dry climate. 45. The band concert, a series of songs by Gershwin, is scheduled for
26. Janet’s uncle Jake is a teacher at the middle school. Tuesday.
27. That book, a mystery novel, is suspenseful. 46. Prince Edward Island, a popular vacation spot in Canada, is the setting
28. Edison’s experiments led to an important discovery, the first central for the TV series Anne of Green Gables.
electric-light power station. 47. Phoenix, the capital city of Arizona, lies in the Salt River Valley.
29. Samuel de Champlain, a French explorer, was the founder of Quebec. 48. My friend Robert, the car expert, helped me choose new tires for my
30. The poet Robert Browning had an innovative style. car.
31. My cousin Tim came to watch me in the play.
32. Mr. Dixon, the new mayor, has been a politician for many years.
33. Daniel, our relief pitcher, finished the game.
34. Sarah is from Springfield, the capital of Illinois.
35. Mr. Ortega, our soccer coach, encourages us in our academic work.
36. Our favorite spot is Camp Lightfoot, a peaceful retreat.
37. Pegasus, a winged horse, is a mythical creature.
38. Lake Ontario, the smallest of the five Great Lakes, borders both Canada
and New York.
39. The boy over there is Luis, the fullback of the football team.
40. Your breakfast, eggs and bacon, was easy to make.
41. Fans of baseball pitcher Orel Hershiser admire his longevity.
42. The artifact, an ornate bowl, was found in the desert.
43. Nathan became an Eagle Scout, the highest honor in scouting.
44. Our dog, a golden retriever, does many tricks.