1.

Describe the distinguishing characteristics of carbohydrates

A carbohydrate is a simple sugar. Its basic structure is composed of the elements
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, with generally twice the hydrogen as carbon and oxygen. In
its simplest form, a carbohydrate is a chain of sugar molecules called monosaccharides.
2. Describe the important biological functions of polysaccharides.
Polysaccharides generally perform one of two functions: energy storage or
structural support. Starch and glycogen are highly compact polymers that are used for
energy storage. Cellulose and chitin are linear polymers that are used for structural
support in plants and animals​​.
3. Explain what distinguishes lipids from other classes of biological macromolecules.
Lipids don't have polymers yet share the same little to no affinity for water, which
groups them together.
4. Describe the unique properties, building blocks and biological roles of fats, phospholipids and
steroids.
Fats: Made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Can form saturated or unsaturated fats.
Serve as energy storage.
Phospholipids: Made of glycerol and 2 fatty acids. Form bilayers and are found in cell
membranes.
Steroids: Made of a carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings. Make many hormones.
5. Distinguish proteins from the other classes of macromolecules
Composed of 20 amino acids; the most structurally diverse functions: Structural
supports (collagen), transport of other substances (hemoglobin), signaling (insulin),
movement ( myosin and actin) , defense (antibodies), catalyst (enzymes)
6. List the biological functions which proteins perform
7. Explain what determines protein conformation and why it is important
Protein conformation is determined by the proteins ability to recognize and bond
with another molecule. ... The primary structure of a protein is determined by inherited
genetic information and its unique sequence of amino acids​​.
8. Define denaturation and explain how proteins may be denatured
Denaturation occurs when a protein becomes biologically inactive due to changes in
pH, salt concentration, temperature, and other environmental factors.
9. Describe the characteristics that distinguish nucleic acids from the other classes of
macromolecules
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store information relating to amino acid sequences of
other proteins. Made of nucleotides, which consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar,
and a phosphate group.
10. Summarize the functions of nucleic acids. What is more important DNA or Protein?
Nucleic acids contain information for all other cell functions and for their own
replication.
11. Briefly describe the three-dimensional structure of DNA
DNA forms a double helix between 2 strands of a sugar-phosphate backbone and
attracted Nitrogenous bases. In DNA, T and A, and G and C are attracted to each other.
While in RNA, T is replaced by U.
12.Evaluate the importance of energy to living things
13.Relate energy and chemical reactions
14.Describe the role of enzymes in chemical reactions
A fundamental task of proteins is to act as enzymes—catalysts that increase the rate
of virtually all the chemical reactions within cells. Although RNAs are capable of catalyzing
some reactions, most biological reactions are catalyzed by proteins.
15.Identify the effect of enzymes on food molecules
enzymes break down the things we eat in order for our bodies to absorb the nutrients from
them. we need enzymes in order to maintain homeostasis because they speed up the
reaction by reducing the activation energy needed