1

Arch Bridge
 Has great natural strength.

• Arch is squeezed

• No piers needed

Ancient Roman
Segovia, Spain
 Beam Bridge

More span means

-
 Apart its piers, the weaker beam becomes.
Continuous Span Beam Bridge

 several beam bridges linked together

Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel

 Truss Bridge
 Cantilever bridges can span farther than beam bridge

Complex Truss Bridge -

Cantilever bridge - Firth of Forth
Bridge, Scotland
 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE

Stitch Segment
3 Mtr Long Segment End Span

Pier Pier
Head Head

Pier 1 P2 P3 P4
Suspension Br.

tower Suspension cables

Vertical suspenders

End Cable

8
Suspension Bridge
 Can span 600 to 2100m

 Most suspension bridges have truss system beneath roadway

 to resist bending and twisting

Golden Gate Bridge -

San Francisco
Structural Components - Cable Stay Br.
Tension cables- structural strands –supports wt of beam
Pylons ( metal/ RCC)

Load transmission slab

10
Cable stayed Bridge Suspension Bridge

• Cables are diagonal • Cable are parallel

• Short Cables • Large cables

• Short span, greater stiffness • Longer span, deformation –more

• Heavy Traffic • Low traffic

• More resistance to wind • Less resistance to wind damage

11
Comparasion --- Box Girder and cable vstayed
Saving on tandom---
Box Girder = 60 m span Cable Stayed = 250 m span
Tendon Weight Tendon Weight
60 kg /cum 60 kg/cum
saving of 60-25 = 35 kg/cum
when span same

12
Quantity of Concrete/Depth of Concrete at 250 m

Box Girder = 2 m
Cable Stayed = 0.75 m

13
Advantages of Cable Stayed Bridges

 Less consumption of material

 less No. of foundations
 Increased traffic Capacity and Safety
 Wind damage is less

14
 First Suspension Bridges in India

Punalur Kerala ( 1877)

To avoid crossing wild animals

Tested by movements of elephants (Wt= 5 persons)

15
Suspension Br. - Contd
 Laxman Jhula- Rishikesh
 Span 135m,
 Reconstructed 1929 UP PWD
 earlier it was Jute bridge when God Laxman
Crosses.

16
FIRST CABLE STAYED BRIDGE IN INDIA- Vidya Sagar Setu Howrah Kolkata
23 years old
1992
Hooghly River,

Cable Stayed
457.2 m span
Pylon height 128 m,

L = 823 m,
Longest span in Asia
at that time

Expansion Joints repaired only 17

 First Extra Dosed Bridge:

Vivekanand/Nivedita Sister Extradosed Cable Stayed Bridge

2007

 L = 880m Span = 110 m

 Height = 128 m

 Completed- 39 months

 Cost 6500 million

18
 Construction Methodology

1. Erection of Piers and support span

 Cofferdam

 Sheet Pile

 Pile (Smaller dia piles

IRC:SP: 109
200 mm dia )

 Pile Cap

 Erecting Piers/

 Support span
19
20
Erection

Derrick

tower
21
3. Erection cables to erect pylon/balance pylon
-

22
- Temporary - Temporary
-
- Back Stay - Fore Stay

- Cable - Cable
- connectors connectors

23
-

Central Span 24
-

25
 4. Extension Central Span
-

26
-

27
 -

cables Anchorage

28
 Extra-dosed bridge

1. Substantial bridge deck,

2. Allows the cables to be omitted

 Extra-dosed bridge- Mathivat-
 Optimum girder height 1/30 to 1/35 of main span

 Pylon height - ½ height of cable-stayed br.

 Tower height ~ 1/15th of span length

 GEBERAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTION

• Large span under severe geological, environmental, and local problems.

• Prone to heavy rain & wind instability

• Risk of corrosion,

• loosening of anchors

• vibration increases

• Short cable stay bridges < 80 m--- dampers is not proposed.

• Long cable stays, dampers be installed to resist high vibration.

31
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Disaster

 On the morning of November 7, 1940,

 Tacoma Narrows Bridge twisted violently in 42-mile/hr winds

 Collapsed into cold waters and strong Sound.

 Tacoma Narrows tore itself apart only four months later.

 Truss Support is Important
 Solid girders actually blocked wind

 Caused the slender bridge to twist.

Chambal Cable Stayed Bridge2008
Carries 4 lanes of roadway

Locale Kota, Rajasthan

Length 1.5 km
Width 30 meters
Height Pylon 125 metres
Longest span 350.5 m
Vertical clearance 46 meters

34
 News » States
Jaipur, December 31, 2009
Updated: January 1, 2010
00:26 IST
MOUNTING TOLL: National Disaster Bridge collapse toll rises to
Response Force personnel search for missing
bodies trapped in the debris of the collapsed 37
bridge at Chambal River in Kota, Rajasthan
on Wednesday. Photo: PTI
 Agg SizeCover Cover
Coupler Dia > 30 mm

AVOID HONEY COMBING _ Vibrate –Concrete, Bar, shuttering

1% Air Void reduces 6% Compressive strength

Reject or pressure grouting/ Jacketing rich mortar/concrete –stitch seg.

After wetting with water old concrete 48 hours or bonding agent

CORROSION TEST EQUIPMENT
DATA PROCESSING FACILITY In-situ Water and Gas
Permeability Test

Maturity Meter for Estimating

WHEEL TYPE ELECTRODE Strength Gain in Concrete
CORROSION TEST
Removal of welds avoid Tyre Bursting

Sharp edges to be rounded

Weld properly grind
 IRC 112-2010: COP for Concrete Road Bridges

 QC and Workmanship (P-200)

 18.8.8 Inspection and Testing of Structures.
 Check within 15 days cracks, temperature, undue deflection
and deformation
 NDT, UPV and rebound hammer IS -13311,
 pullout, ASTM C-900

 Maturity meter ASTM C -1074

 probe penetration ASTM C -803

Chemical Admixtures: IS: 9103-1979
Concrete may Weathered
 Chunks of concrete may fall

 Cold weather chewes away bridge

 Replace cracking concrete with a new material.

 Steel is strong in compression,

 Steel can also be arranged into a lightweight

truss pattern,
Hurricane Winds
Hurricane may blow through town?

It could cause the bridge to move too much

Even twist so violently, would snap in half

 Deck Vibration:

• Low stiffness, light weight, and long spans

• Lateral and torsional stiffness low

• Built in vast areas such as rivers/coasts/valleys.

• Exposed to wind loads/more vibrations.

• Speed of the wind – decreases-increases.

If follow a regular pattern,

long period of the wind loads.

43
 Deck Vibration:

• A lot of bridges are facing with wind-fluttering problems

 wind impact loads becomes close to deck
vibration,

 Begin to oscillate, point of collapse.

• (b) (c) (d)

Earlier Failure of Cable stayed bridges 44

 Solutions of Deck Vibration
(a) Modification of Deck:

• Shape /configuration of deck - modified to create a more

stiff deck

• more aerodynamic shape - less wind load on deck.

(b) Use of Dampers/Lateral Dampers

using silica gel highly viscous liquid in place of spring to

avoid corrosion

• Induced energy to deck/cables can be damped.

• Dampers limit deformation of the deck

45
 Open Truss
 By adding an open truss beneath deck of bridge,

 Less likely to move up/down a lot on a gusty day,

 Major suspension bridges have been built with

a stiffening truss.
Strengthen bridge to resist strong winds

Stiffen the
deck with a
solid steel
girder
Stiffen the
deck with an
open truss Make the bridge
narrower
 Similar to Height gauge

Speed breaker in case road

over dosed Bridges

Failure 1980-1987 Florida

48
Ship Collision with Pylon:

Solution:
• Barriers/short columns, may
be installed around the pylon.

• To have long spans.

Pylon Protection against Collision

49
Solution of Tendon System Problems:

(a) Special surface shape of cables:

• Roughened surface of cables ducts increases aerodynamic stability

b) Use of Dampers:

• Movement of the cables become limited

• Vibration energy are damped.
• Dampers are installed between deck and cables
• Perpendicular to the cables direction

c) Cross Tie of the cables together:

Transverse stiffness of the cables increases.

50
Cable and Anchorage Failure:

• Transfer and distribution of concentrated load

fatigue
Rain
wind

• Solution:
• IRC Draft Guidelines, proven treatments, helical fillets running
• along the cable

• Surface treatment to the outer HDPE tube.

• Regular inspection to avoid fracture in the anchorages.

• BEST SYSTEM GPS/INSTRUMENTATION /GPR 51

 Signature Cable Staed Bridge Under Construction

Un-symmetrical -

Main Span 251 m

Total length 675m

35 m wide, H= 150 m
52
 FAILURE DURING CONSTRUCTION

Mistake in evaluation of load of construction:

Mistake in selection of construction machinery / workers:

Natural disasters during construction:

Solution: Design - enough factor of safety of reserved resistance,

coordination.

Cross stitching girders

53
Suggested measures for compatible design

1. More stiff and aerodynamic shape of deck

2. Use of dampers to resist wind speed effect

3. Sound pylon

4. Bottom of piers exposed

5. Rough surface of cables increases aerodynamic

stability

6. Tie of cables together

54
may be exposed and
rface of cables increa
Tie of cables

dDampers

or in stability
ogether
ded 55
Crack Depth Measurement using SURFER
 Conclusion
 Dampers - reduce acceleration 30%

 UHPC (M 180) reduces cost and size by about 20%

 Regular inspection, good cooperation all

 Amplitude of cable-stay vibration – minimum preferably

less than 100 mm

 Structural Health Monitoring of Cable and anchoranges

through Instrumentation

 GPR Ground inspection 57

 worlds Longest Worlds Tallest Suspension Br
Suspension Akasi Kaikyo Bridge Japan
 Bridge Japan 1998 H = 298 m
 Span= 1.9 km L -= 3.9 km

 (The longest since 1998

58
 Worlds Longest Cable Stayed Bridge
Worlds Tallest Cable Stayed -2004
China –Russky bridge, 10km
France – Millau Span = 342 m Span = 1.01 km
L = 2.46 km 2008
W= 32 m
L = 10.1km
H = 343 m H 227 m

59
60
 Jadukata Bridge Meghalya
Signature Bridge Vazirabad river Delhi
Most beutiful in the World
Under Construction

61
3. Karnataka Gokak
(1850)

4 4 Tehri Dam
62
Bandra-Worli Site
Batching Plant
Cable Stayed Bridge- Bandra-Worli -4 lanes of traffic in each direction
 Length of Sea Link: 5600 M
 Length of Cable Stay Portion: 600 M
 Height Pylon : 123 M
 Longest Span : 2x250 M
 Cost : Rs 1600 Crore ( 16 Billion)
 Start/Completion: May, 1999 & May, 2009
 Support Structures : Cofferdam & Sheet Piling
 Concrete M60, HPC

64
65
Naini Cable-Stayed

four lane road bridge on

Yamuna river Allahabad
+ pedestrians+bicycles

2004
Span = 260 m
H = ~ 120-130 m
L = 1.51 km
66
67
NAI

68
 Hanging Bridge over Krishnarajapuram Railway
station

69
5. Ram Jhula Rishikesh

6 New Mandi-
Purani Mandi

70
7. Through Ganga

8. Chattru

9 Ranaghat

10 Panakkad Bridge

71
11 N-E India

12 Arunachal Pradesh

13 Dabaleshwar Cuttak

72
 International Spec.
1. Proposal of UHPC Standards and Structure Design
Code (KICT, 2009); (JSCE, 2004); (SETRA-AFGC,
2002);
2. Design Guidelines for Cable-Supported Steel Bridges
(KSCE, 2006);
3. AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specification (USA,
2004);
4. PTI Recommendation for Stay Cable Design (USA,)
5. IRC Spec ….

73
Construction of Cable stay bridge at Basohli ,
India2.flv J& K Pylon Construction upto 80m completed at
592m long Bisoli Cable Stay Bridge
 Cable stay J&K.mp4 - Dunera

74
75