Human Digestive System

A. Understanding Human Digestive System

Digestion is the process of converting food of large size into smaller size and smooth, as well as foods
that break down complex molecules into simpler molecules by using enzymes and digestive organs

The process of digestion in the human body can be divided into two kinds, namely:

1. The process of mechanical digestion

That is the process of changing the form of food into small shapes or rough and smooth. mechanical
digestion is done by using teeth

2. The process of chemical digestion (enzymatic)

That is the change of the substance of complex food substances into simpler by using enzymes.

The process of digestion in humans involves digestion tools

The tool can be distinguished on the digestive tract and digestive glands.

* These glands produce digestive enzymes that help the digestive process chemistry. Human
digestive glands consist of salivary glands, lymph stomach, liver (hepatic), and pancreas.
* Human Digestive
Digestive tract in humans consists of several organs in a row starting from the mouth (cavum oris), gullet
(esophagus), stomach (ventrikulus), small intestine (intestinum), large intestine (colon) and rectum

Figure. alimentary canal

1. mouth

The digestive process begins from the food into the mouth. In the mouth there are tools that help in the
digestion process, the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands (saliva). In the oral cavity, the food suffered
mechanical and chemical digestion. Some organs in the mouth, they are:
A. gear
Dental work to chew food so that food becomes smooth. This situation allows the digestive enzymes to
digest food more quickly and efficiently.

b. tongue
The tongue serves to stir the food in the oral cavity and help push food (swallowing). In addition, the tongue
also serves as a taster to taste sweet, salty, bitter, and sour.
Each flavoring substance into the oral cavity will be responded to the tongue in different places. The location
of each flavor is different, namely:
1. Saltiness -> front edge of the tongue
2. Sweet taste -> tongue the tip
3. Sour taste -> tongue side
4. Bitter taste -> tongue the back / base of tongue

The tongue has a receptor specifically related to chemical stimuli. The tongue is an organ made up of
muscle. The surface of the tongue is coated with a layer of epithelium that contains mucous glands and taste
receptors such as taste buds. Consists of a group of taste bud sensory cells that have hairlike protrusions
called papillae
c. salivary gland
The salivary glands produce saliva or saliva (saliva). Salivary glands in the oral cavity are three pairs,
namely:
1. Parotid gland, located below the ear.
2. Submandibularis gland, located in the lower jaw.
3. Sublingualis gland, located under the tongue.
Parotid glands produce saliva which is a liquid.
Sublingualismenghasilkan submandibularis gland and lymph node containing water and mucus. Saliva
serves to facilitate the ingestion of food.
There is an enzyme in the saliva ptialin (amylase). Enzymes function ptialin change the food in the mouth
that contain carbohydrates (starch) into simple sugars (maltose). Maltose is easily digested by the digestive
organ next

2. esophagus
Gullet (esophagus) is the conduit between the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus serves as a way for the
food that has been chewed from the mouth to the stomach. Throat muscles that contract to produce
movement in waves that push food into the stomach.

Movement of the esophagus is called peristalsis movement. This motion occurs because the muscles are
stretched and wrapped around the walls of the esophagus contract alternately

3. side
Gastric (ventrikulus) is a large sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity as the site of a
number of digestive processes. Hull consists of three parts, the upper (cardiac), the center of the rounded
(fundus) and the bottom (pylorus).

Cardiac adjacent to the liver and is associated with the esophagus.

Pylorus directly related to the duodenum. At the end of the cardiac and pyloric sphincter there is a valve or
regulating the entry and exit of food into and out of the stomach.

Gastric wall serves as a digestive gland that produces sap stomach. The sap contains water gastric mucus
(mucin), gastric acid, the enzyme renin, and enzyme pepsinogen. The sap is acidic stomach as much
stomach acid.
Function of stomach acid kills germs or bacteria that enter with food and also serves to activate pepsinogen into
pepsin. Pepsin functions to break down proteins into peptone and proteosa. Enzymes function renin crumple milk
protein (casein) contained in milk. The existence of the enzyme renin and pepsin showed that enzymes occur in the
stomach chemical digestion.

4. small intestine

Intestine (intestinum) is the absorption of nutrients and the occurrence of the long digestive process. The
small intestine is a meandering channel
about 6-8 meters in length, 25 mm wide with many folds called villi or flakes-flakes bowel. Vili is working to
expand the surface of the small intestine that affects
the absorption of food.
The small intestine consists of:
1. Duodenum (duodenal)
2. Intestinal empty (jejenum)
3. Intestinal absorption (ileum)

Digestion of food occurs in the small intestine more chemical nature. A wide range of enzymes required for
This chemical helps the digestive process. Liver, pancreas, and glands contained in intestinal wall can
produce digestive juices. The sap is mixed with kimus in the small intestine. Sap digestion in the small
intestine's role in the form of liquid bile, pancreatic sap, and sap intestine.

Gland in the small intestine :

 Enterokinase, activate proteolytic enzymes.

 Eripsin, enhance digestion of proteins into amino acids.
 Lactase Lactase transform into monosaccharides.
 Convert maltose into monosaccharides maitosa.
 Sucrose convert sucrose into monosaccharides.
At the duodenum empties lymph pancreatic and bile ducts.
In addition to enzymes from the pancreas, the intestinal wall intestine also produces sap containing enzymes
as follows:
1. Maltase, functions convert maltose into glucose.
2. Lactase, functions convert lactose into glucose and galactose.
3. Sucrase, functions convert sucrose into glucose and fructose.
4. Trypsin, functions convert peptone into amino acids.
5. Enterokinase, activating trypsinogen into trypsin.
The pancreas produces pancreatic lymph containing enzymes as follows:
1. Amilopsin (pancreatic amylase)
That is the enzyme that converts starch (starch) into simpler sugars (maltose).
2. Steapsin (pancreatic lipase)
That is the enzyme that converts fat into fatty acids and glycerol.
3. trypsinogen
If not active, it will be turned into trypsin, an enzyme that converts protein into peptone and amino acid
dipeptide that is readily absorbed by the small intestine.

Bile is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder. Furthermore, bile flows through the bile duct into
the duodenum. Bile contains bile salts and dyes bile (bilirubin). The dye bile gives the stool characteristic
brown color.

7. colon
In the colon are bacteria Escherichia coli. These bacteria help in the decay process food waste into feces. In
addition to rotting food waste, bacteria E. coli also produce vitamin K. Vitamin K plays an important role in
the blood clotting process.
6. anus
It is a hole where feces disposal of the body. Prior to discharge through the anus, the feces collected first in
the rectum.

Disorders of the digestive system is quite diverse. Factor-also vary, of which the food is not good in terms of
cleanliness and health, balance nutrition, lack of proper diet, an infection, and abnormalities of the digestive
organs.
There are some disorders or abnormalities that may occur in our digestive system, including:
1. Gastritis
It is an acute or chronic inflammation of the mucosal lining (mucus) stomach wall.
2. Hepatitis
Hepatitis is a disease caused by a viral infection of the liver. The virus can enter the body through food or
water.
3. Diarrhea
Diarrhea occurs because of irritation of the lining of the large intestine or colon wall. Fases shaped watery
diarrhea.
4. Constipation
Constipation or what we often refer to as "constipation" is a condition with symptoms experienced
seseoang fases harden so hard issued. Constipation is caused by the absorption of water at sisia food.
5. Appendicitis
Appendicitis is a disorder that occurs due to inflammation of the appendix. The cause is a bacterial
infection of the appendix. The result is pain and pain.
6. Hemeroid / Hemorrhoids / Ambeyen
 Hemeroid / Hemorrhoids / Ambeyen a disorder swelling of the veins around the anus.
7. Ulcer
People who have an ulcer has characteristics sores in the wall of the stomach, nausea, vomiting, and
flatulence. This disorder is caused by increased levels of stomach acid that is triggered because the mind is
tense, irregular eating patterns, and so forth.
8. Poisoned
Food poisoning can occur due to the influence of some bacteria such as Salmonella bacteria that causes
typhoid fever and paratyphoid.
9. Gastric Ulcers
Peptic ulcers are one of the disorders of the digestive system that damages the mucous membranes.
Peptic ulcers can be caused by factors germs, toxins, or psychosomatic. Anxiety, fear, stress, and fatigue are
psychosomatic factors which can ultimately stimulate spending HCL in the stomach.
10. Malnutrition (malnutrition)
That is a disease caused by a disturbance in the formation of digestive enzymes. The disorder is caused
by atrophy of the pancreatic cells that lose a lot of the endoplasmic reticulum. An example is kwashiorkor, a
protein deficiency diseases that are severe and usually affects children.