Analysis on Trends of Sheep and Goats Exported From 2010

to 2017 at Berbera Port in Somaliland.

Osman Abdullahi Farah

Reg: MVSE 608-2017

A thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment for the

Award of the requirements of the degree of Masters of Veterinary Epidemiology of Gollis

University.

September, 2018
DECLARATION

I, Osman Abdullahi Farah, hereby declare that the thesis entitled “Analysis on trends of sheep

Goats Exported at Berbera port from 2010 to 2017 Somaliland” submitted for the award of

the of Masters of Veterinary Epidemiology in Science from Gollis University, I assure that the

thesis is my original work and it has not been summated before for the award of any other

Degree, Diploma, Fellowship or other similar titles of any other University or institution.

Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: ------------------------------------------

Dr. Osman Abdullahi Farah

Approval by the Supervisor

This thesis is prepared under my supervision and has been submitted to the school of

postgraduate studies and research, Gollis University, for examination by my approval as

candidate’s supervision.

Signature: ----------------------------------- Date: -----------------------------------

Dr. Abdirahman Abdikadir Salah

School of Postgraduate studies and Research,

Gollis University, Somaliland

i
DEDICATION

Effort, dedication, and commitment were fundamental elements for the completion of my

research dissertation, but even more important was the support of my family and friends. To my

wife, today I dedicate this important professional achievement to them because without their

presence, support, love, and understanding I would have never have been able to achieve my

goal.

ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This work comes in to end not only by the effort of the researcher but also the support of many

individuals. To begin with, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Abdirahman Abdikadir

Salah, for his constructive suggestions throughout my work and Adan Omar for his tireless

support. Without their support, this work would not have been come in to reality. Secondly, my

heartfelt thank goes to Ministry of Livestock and Fishery development, Chamber of Commerce

and Berbera port Authority for devoting their time in providing necessary information for this

research work.

Last but not least, I want to express my great thanks to my families for their support while

conducting the research.

iii
Contents
DECLARATION ................................................................................................................................................ i
Approval by the Supervisor............................................................................................................................ i
DEDICATION .................................................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iii
Contents ....................................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES: ............................................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS: ........................................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Background of the study ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Problem statement ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.4. Objectives............................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4.1 Specific Objectives ........................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 Scope of the study .................................................................................................................................. 7
1.6. Justification ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1.7 Significance of the study ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.8 Research questions ................................................................................................................................. 9
1.9 Limitation of the study ............................................................................................................................ 9
1.10 Conceptual framework ....................................................................................................................... 10
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................................................................... 11
2.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Somaliland livestock trade at a glance .................................................................................................. 11
2.2 Sheep and goat population in Africa..................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Sheep and goat production in Africa .................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Role of sheep and goats in Somalia ...................................................................................................... 17
2.5 Variation of animal price due to seasonality ........................................................................................ 23
2.6 Marketing and Trade............................................................................................................................. 24
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 29

iv
3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Research Area ................................................................................................................................. 30
3.3 Research Design .............................................................................................................................. 30
3.4 Study Population............................................................................................................................. 31
3.4.1 Target Population ........................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.2 Accessible Population..................................................................................................................... 31
3.5.1 Sample Size...................................................................................................................................... 31
3.5.2 Sampling Techniques ...................................................................................................................... 31
3.6 Data Collection ................................................................................................................................ 32
3.6.1 Data Collection Methods................................................................................................................. 32
3.6.2 Data Collection Instruments ......................................................................................................... 32
3.6.3 Research Procedures .................................................................................................................... 33
3.7.1 Piloting .......................................................................................................................................... 33
3.7.2 Validity of Instruments................................................................................................................ 33
3.7.3 Reliability of Instruments ............................................................................................................ 34
3.8 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................... 34
3.9 Ethical Considerations..................................................................................................................... 34
CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA......................................................................... 35
4.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 35
4.1 Destination of exported sheep and goats from Berbera port. ............................................................. 36
4.2 The market seasonality of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017 ........................................... 38
4.3 Different livestock markets that exists in Somaliland........................................................................... 40
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARIES, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................ 44
5.1 introductions ......................................................................................................................................... 44
5.2 Summary of findings ............................................................................................................................. 44
5.3 Discussion.............................................................................................................................................. 45
5.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 47
5.5 Recommendation.................................................................................................................................. 48
REFERENCE .................................................................................................................................................. 49

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LIST OF TABLES:
Table 1. Livestock population in Somaliland ............................................................................................. 12
Table 2. Seasonal Calendars in Somaliland ................................................................................................ 24
Table 3. Sheep and Goats exported at Berbera Port in 2010 – 2017........................................................... 38
Table 4. The different numbers of sheep and goats marketed in Hargeisa and Buroa markets. ................. 41

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Conceptual framework ................................................................................................. 10
Figure 2. Number of sheep and goats exported Berbera to the gulf countries............................ 36
Figure 3. Number of sheep and goats exported from Berbera Port .............................................. 39
Figure 4. Number of animals Marketed to exported in Berbera Port in 2010 – 2017 .................. 42
Figure 5. Different Livestock Markets.......................................................................................... 43

vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS:
HLG Hargeisa Local Government

HOA Horn of Africa

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

GDP Gross Domestic Product

ICPAL IGAD Centre for Pastoral Areas and Livestock Development

KSA Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

MEDC Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation,

MNPD Ministry of National Planning and Development

MOLFD Ministry of Livestock and Fishery Development

SLSH Somaliland shilling

SoRPARI Somali Regional Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Institute

UAE United Arab Emirates

UNDP United nation development programme

USAID United States Agency for International Development

USD US Dollar

viii
ABSTRACT
In the Arid and Semi-Arid lands of Africa, livestock are vital as a source of livelihoods
Livestock sector is the backbone of the economy of Somaliland contributing an estimated 60-
65% of the national economy as reported (Ministry of livestock, 2017). The country has an
estimated livestock population of 6.8 million Goats, 6.2 million Sheep, 1.4 million Camels and
0.3million Cattle (FAO 2001). Livestock exports are sheep and goats, accounting for 91% of all
animal exports destined to Suadi Arabia during Hajj.

The economy is largely dependent on livestock export to major markets in Gulf countries such as
kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Oman among others. The country
exports an excess of one million goats and sheep annually compared to 3.5 million prior to 1998
when a livestock ban was imposed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The livestock products not
only contribute to the livelihood of the pastoralists, but also a substantial portion of the daily
food intake of the population both in rural and in urban (MNPD, 1999) the sheep and goats
trends exported for last year’s can be affected either livestock ban imposed by KSA and
catastrophic diseases including droughts which caused sheep and goats exports reduced.

The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to
2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland. This study was cross-sectional study conducted July to
August 2018. The sample size of this study is data available at the Ministry of Livestock &
fisheries development, chamber of Commerce. After the data has been collected,
It used Chi-square (χ2) goodness of to analyze the data, using simple statistical techniques (tables
and percentages) on trends of sheep and goats exported indicated the highest country that is
exported sheep and goat is Saudi Arabia (73%) due to Hajj and second is Yemen (26%) during
last eight years. this study found that shows that the highest number of sheep and goats (16%)
exported for the year of 2015, because that year the demand market of sheep and goats of gulf
countries were very high.on the other hand 2017(only 6%.) exported the minimum number
compared 2015 for last 8 years due to the ban imposed in KSA and droughts hit in Somaliland.
Difference of livestock markets that exist in the country Burao has highest livestock catchments
compared to Hargeisa. Burao is central hub of all animals coming from eastern regions, central,
south Somalia and Ethiopia. Therefore, recommendations were forwarded to existing and
government bodies.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1introduction

In the Arid and Semi-Arid lands of Africa, livestock are vital as a source of

livelihoods.Predictions of future global demand for livestock products indicate considerable

opportunities for African producers particularly Somalia. In Somaliland, livestock production

accounts for 60- 65% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).FAO estimates of livestock numbers

is increasing, the Sool, Sanaag and Toghdeer regions account for about 75% of all livestock,

Somaliland’s major livestock exports are sheep and goats, accounting for 91% of all animal

exports, Were Exported between September and November for the Hajj festivities (FAO 1998).

The government obtains its revenue mainly on livestock exports and livestock related products.

The country exports every year more than one million heads of livestock mostly to Saudi Arabia

and other Gulf countries. Livestock exports have been in practice by Somalians for many years

back to 1940s.

However, due to sanitary measures livestock export sector that was leading sources of foreign

currency have experienced repeated bans by importing countries in the years 1998, 1999 and

2000 which has left loss of government revenue that negatively affected the administration and

economic stability of the region (ICPAL 2015).

The types of livestock herded in Somaliland are the result of adaptation to environmental

conditions, and nomads typically keep mixed herds in order to utilize different livestock products

and recover from animal diseases. Pastoralists are involved in one of the following way of

animal husbandry which include selling, food and transportation, hide and skin production.

1
Sheep, goats, camels and cattle are the main four domestic species of livestock reared by Somali

people. Sheep, goats and camels are herded in the largest numbers, but the level of productivity

of all those animals is generally low due to diseases and poor veterinary services.

1.2 Background of the study

Livestock sector is the backbone of the economy of Somaliland contributing an estimated 60-

65% of the national economy as reported (Ministry of livestock, 2017). The country has an

estimated livestock population of 6.8 million Goats, 6.2 million Sheep, 1.4 million Camels and

0.3million Cattle (FAO 2001).

The year 2010 marked a milestone in Somalia’s livestock history as the country exported 4.3

million livestock, the highest figure ever recorded. Though this figure includes animals from

southern Ethiopia and Djibouti, this makes Somalia’s livestock sector the largest contributor to

most of the citizens' livelihoods.

The economy is largely dependent on livestock export to major markets in Gulf countries such as

kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen and Oman among others. The country

exports an excess of one million goats and sheep annually compared to 3.5 million prior to 1998

when a livestock ban was imposed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The livestock products not

only contribute to the livelihood of the pastoralists, but also a substantial portion of the daily

food intake of the population both in rural and in urban (MNPD, 1999) the sheep and goats

trends exported for last year’s can be affected either livestock ban imposed by KSA and

catastrophic diseases including droughts which caused sheep and goats exports reduced.

Due to diseases prevalence and epizootics obviously affect the supply of health animals for the

export market. However, the perceptions of diseases amongst importing countries it needs to

2
control Zoonosis to pose risk to human and animals. This evidenced by Somaliland’s limited

access to foreign livestock market and the current ban imposed by Suadi Arabia. On the other

side, perceptions of risk are often more important than actual risks which it is important to

develop a transparent framework for monitoring and controlling diseases surveillance that will

help build confidence in Somaliland livestock (Stockbridge ,2004)

Livestock markets in Somaliland are places where the rural producer, the urban consumer and

the exporter come together to make exchanges. But livestock markets have broad sense rather

than economic significance (FAO, 1995). The economic and cultural importance of livestock

sector in Somaliland researched and documented (FAO at el, 2004). The biggest market for

Somali livestock is Saudi Arabia, which imports more than two-thirds of the goats, sheep and

camels. Most of this importation takes place during the Hajj when millions of Muslims travel to

Mecca. During the Eid ul-Adha, or Feast of Sacrifice festival, Muslims are expected to sacrifice

an animal as part of the Hajj rituals.

Livestock must be imported alive so they can be blessed and slaughtered according to Islamic

law prior to consumption.

3
There is no other foreign market as ideally suited for Somaliland’s livestock as Saudi Arabia.

The unique annual pilgrimage to Mecca in Saudi Arabia guarantees annual peak demand for live

animals; additionally, the Saudi port of Jizan is close to Berbera, making it an ideal destination

for the export of sheep and goats.

Short-eared East African and long-eared Arabian goats are the two types of goats found in

Somaliland, goats outnumber all other domestic animals by a large margin and goat production

plays an important role in the economy and livelihood of pastoral communities. Most Somali

goats are raised for meat and milk, and large number of male goats is exported every year.

Black-head or fat-tailed sheep is popular in the Somaliland ecosystem, they are mainly kept for

meat production, It is highly appreciated as a meat animal by people in the countries to which

Somalis exports livestock, and it’s the most desired animal for sacrifice to millions of pilgrims

during the Hajj period at Mecca and fetches the highest value.

Both sheep and the Somali goat draw good prices in Saudi Arabia because they are small sized

sheep that fit each household to consume and become satisfied.

Market seasonality is the oneof the crucial point to address during the livestock export in

Somaliland for example Gu, Deyr seasons and jilal,Xagaa.

Livestock exports have not only provided an incentive to growth in the last half century, but have

also served as the primary socioeconomic foundation of pastoralism itself in Somaliland, as well

as other parts of Somalia. Somaliland also exports hides, skins and frankincense, but these are

insignificant compared to live animal exports. Livestock exports from Somalia to the Arabian

Peninsula countries, and particularly the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), have a fairly long

history. These exports have been comparatively robust in terms of international livestock trade.

4
The number of live animals exported from Berbera port during the 1980s exceeded that of any

other port in the world, and in 1997, the number of livestock exports surpassed the 1991 pre-war

record. Sheep and goats dominate Somaliland livestock exports (96% share of all livestock

exports), with the remaining 4% divided equally between camels and cattle. The importance of

the Berbera Port increased significantly after the end of the war in 1991. Prior to the war,

livestock were exported from four main ports, Mogadishu, Kismayo, Berbera and Bossaso, as

well as other minor ports. Livestock exports from the southern ports (Mogadishu and Kismayo)

subsequently stopped because of the extreme insecurity in the south. As a result, animals for

export are channeled north through Berbera in Somaliland and to a lesser extent to Bossaso in

Puntland. Of these two northern ports, Berbera was the more important before the second ban in

terms of livestock numbers, exporting 4-7 times as much as Bossaso.

Most of these animals pass through five main livestock markets or seylads within Somaliland:

Burao, (Togdheer), Hargeisa (Galbeed), Berbera (Galbeed), Erigavo (Sanaag), and Las Anod

(Sool). The Seylad in Burao and Hargeisa are two of the largest livestock markets in the Horn of

Africa.

During a single day at Burao livestock market as many as 10,000 head of sheep and goats may

be sold for export. Livestock sales for local slaughter and consumption contribute another 350-

400 to these daily livestock sale numbers.11 Burao is the largest livestock market in Somaliland,

handling 66-70% of all sheep and goats exports and 60-65% of all camel exports on their way to

Berbera. The second largest market is Hargeisa, and smaller numbers of exports pass through the

remaining Somaliland markets.

Cattle exports differ in that most cattle exports originate inside Ethiopia, and in that very few of

the cattle destined for export through Berbera pass through markets within Somaliland, but rather

5
are delivered directly to the port. Competition among cattle traders has been fierce in the past

few years and has led to a restructuring of the cattle trade away from the traditional seylad to a

highly commercialized system12in which traders purchase cattle directly from sources within

Ethiopia instead of waiting for producers to bring their herds to markets in Somaliland.

Remittances play a significant role in stabilizing the economy and livelihoods during times of

shocks.

1.3 Problem statement

livestock is the backbone of economy of the country and source of income were each household

earns money to survive, so that thousands of ruminants exported through Berbera port, due to

that livestock market in Somaliland highly willing to attract more investment including national

and internationally companies, which are ultimately reflected in greater overall benefits

generated from the livestock resources of the country. However, the traders and government

contribute limited service to the pastoralist this is attributed to inadequate information to enhance

the animal export.

At moment, well-coordinated livestock supplies chain that links many producers and buyers.

Market information and certification improvement, standardized way of data recording system,

policy and law enforcement has being implemented in the value chain.

Besides, there is no survey or studies that have been conducted to document analysis of trend of

sheep and goats exported in Somaliland in recent years; this is a gap that my research would like

to fill.

6
This study was intended to assess the availability of data that could promote livestock export

interaction between Somaliland and other countries, then determine policy recommendation that

would keep the livestock economy moving forward.

1.4. Objectives

The main objective of this study is to analyze the trends of sheep and goats exported from 2010

to 2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland.

1.4.1 Specific Objectives

✓ To understand the market seasonality of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017 at

Berbera port in Somaliland.

✓ To determine the main destination of exported sheep and goats from Berbera port.

✓ To identify with different livestock markets that exists in the country.

1.5 Scope of the study

The scope of the study was delimited geographically in Somaliland this study was used data on

number of ruminants exported Berbera port in Sahil region. By analyzing number of sheep and

goats exported through Berbera port started from 2010- to 2017.

Berbera is the main channel gate of Somaliland lives animals export according to the other areas

in the country. It would have been important to conduct the research at Somaliland.

Seasonality of the trade and working time of the exporters made the researcher to survey only

limited number of sheep and goat exported in the in Somaliland.

7
1.6. Justification

Livestock play a very crucial role in food security of the people that inhabit in Somali ecosystem.

Livestock export is main source of selling their animals to meet their demand for carbohydrates

through the sale of their livestock in local markets and exported to purchase Rice, Maize,

Sorghum, tea and pasta amongst other products. Due this each year thousands of animals mainly

sheep and goats exported in the country and this gives opportunity to the government, traders and

producers to earned billions of Dollar. However, the main reason to carry out this study is to

analyze the trends on sheep and goats exported at Berbera port from 2010-2017 in Somaliland.

Because year after year number of sheep and goats exported in country is increasing due to the

increase of the world populations although the country is happened concurrent droughts and

livestock bans which reduce the number of sheep and goats exported in the country as well local

market exchange.

1.7 Significance of the study

Livestock is main source of income in the country and contribute improvement of economic

growth but the government, pastoralist and traders not at all contribute to live animal any

tangible support due to that sheep and goats are the highest percentage that exported by each year

and consumed locally as meat. However, researcher analyzed sheep and goat exported in Berbera

and their economic growth. Additionally identified main actors in export, as the government

encourages the sheep and goat export, the study may have contribution to the policy makers for

using appropriate policy interventions and having available data for sheep and goat. Besides, the

study identified what areas of support should government institutes and exporters have to work

together providing a clue to improve the performance of sheep and goat export and organization

8
of the actors in the chain. Finally, since more is not studied in this area, the study may also be

used as an input and reference for researches aimed at similar or related areas of the study to

analyze available data for exported camel, cattle, sheep and goat data in livestock as well as

fishery.

1.8 Research questions

1. Does the availability of sheep and goats in the market depend on seasons?

2. What is the destination of sheep and goats exported from Berbera port?

3. Why is important to have different local livestock markets in Somaliland?

1.9 Limitation of the study

Somaliland the major livestock exports are sheep and goats, accounting for 91% of all animal

exports. In 2010, a total of two million three hundred and fifty two thousand (2.352M) sheep and

goats were exported through the Berbera port equivalent to 69% of the sheep and goats

population. Thousands of livestock have been arriving in Saudi Arabia in time for the arrival of

millions of Muslims from around the world on the annual pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca.

(MOLFD, 2018)

The researcher encounter problems during the field study including getting actual data of number

of animals exported in Somaliland, to meet traders and get information is very difficult. All

mentioned problems on above finally the researcher overcame by the guidance of doctor Berbera

Port and Director of Animal Health and fishery Development in Somaliland.

9
However, there are growing constraints which are facing the livestock export including lack of

diseases surveillance system that may impose ban to livestock trade to the exporting countries.

This Study was devoted to analysis the trend of sheep and goat export to provide

recommendations to Producers, traders and Somaliland government on how to sustain the

livestock export in Somaliland for the future time.

1.10 Conceptual framework

Analysis on Trends Sheep and Goats Exports from

2010 to 2017 Berbera Port

Yearly Export Reports • market seasonality

Export Market Reports

• main destination of
exported sheep and
goats
• Different livestock
market

Figure 1. Conceptual framework

10
 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

This chapter review of the related studies of Analysis on trends of Sheep and Goats Exported

From 2010 to 2017 at Berbera Port in Somaliland.

2.1 Somaliland livestock trade at a glance

Livestock trade contributed to the livelihoods of the Somalis since time immemorial. However,

the arrival of the British colony transformed the livestock trade and increased the demand as they

aimed to supply fresh meat to their army in Aden. As a result Berbera port became the trade hub

and the major port of livestock exports in Somaliland British Protectorate.

Livestock exports proliferated in the post-colonial Somalia, where the export numbers peaked in

1970s (Samatar, et1988).

Only male goats, sheep, camel and cattle are exported while the female livestock are consumed

locally. Burao, Hargeisa and Wajale are the key local livestock markets. Due to the civil war of

the late 1980s, livestock exports stopped but restarted in 1991 when relative peace has been

achieved. It took only two years for the livestock exports to match that of the prewar, while they

exceeded it in 1994 and reached a record level of over 2.5 million heads in 1997 (Academy for

Peace and Development 2002). Nonetheless, that number decreased by 64 percent in the

following year after Saudi Arabia banned importing Somali livestock due to the outbreak of Rift

Valley Fever in Southern Somalia. That ban lasted until mid-1999 but there were livestock

exports to Oman, UAE, Qatar, and Yemen during the ban. In 2000, Gulf countries issued a total

ban of the Horn of African countries livestock as the Rift Valley Fever has been spotted in Saudi

11
Arabia and Yemen. Obviously, these bans proved the vulnerability of Somaliland livestock

economy and trade to external shocks (Academy for Peace and Development 2002). Somaliland

livestock trade faced numerous challenges and great losses due to a number of reasons.

Apparently, the dependence of single foreign market – Gulf countries, mainly Saudi Arabia –

makes the economy subject to as well as susceptible to all changes in that market. Local

livestock suppliers and exporters sometimes face falling prices in foreign markets and constant

per head costs in local markets which lead to a substantial loss.

Table 1. Livestock population in Somaliland

Species Numbers (Millions)

Camel 1.4

Cattle 0.3

Goat 6.8

Sheep 6.2

Total 14.7

Source: (FAO, 2001)

2.2 Sheep and goat population in Africa

Goats and sheep make an important contribution to the subsistence subsector of the economy of

Africa. Over one million goats and sheep are slaughtered and consumed annually for meat. The

skins contribute substantially to foreign exchange earnings as well as permitting import

substitution for use in the local tannery and leather craft industry of Africa. Locally the skins are

used extensively in traditional technoculture. They are used notably in the making of mats,
12
covering handles of tools (knives, dancing costumes, ropes, drums and shields) and covering

ornamental articles. Footwear, strings and specific musical instruments are also made from skins.

Sheep and goats are widely distributed in Africa. Nuru (1987) estimated that there were 171

million sheep and 144.7 million goats in Africa. Ethiopia is endowed with a large small ruminant

population in Africa. According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation,

(MEDC) (1999), in 1993/94, there were 27.5 million sheep and 19.8 million goats in the country.

Sheep and goats represent the largest proportion of the livestock population of Somali region. As

stated by Somali Regional Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Research Institute (SoRPARI) (2003), the

Somali region possessed 17.6 million sheep and goats which represented about 32.4% of the

national resource.

When one looks at prices for livestock commodities in India, the value trend seems to be towards

ruminant products. Monogastric production has been demonstrated to be generally more efficient

at scale, using concentrate feeds. Ruminant production, particularly when it depends on grazing,

exhibits fewer economies of scale in production. As a consequence, the relative price of poultry

has been in decline for some time, as production has been commercializing. In contrast, prices

for goat and sheep meat have been increasing, possibly also related to the fact that they are often

regarded as superior product in many countries. In India between 1963 and 2009 for example,

the ratio of mutton to poultry prices has more than tripled from 0.7 to 2.9,2 and the same trend

can be seen in other developing counties, including in Africa (World Bank, 2011)

Ethiopia's major exports of live animals have indeed shown improvements in terms of volume

and generating foreign currency. Ethiopia is attaining significant outcome from the export of

livestock products, and has been contributing crucial role in the development of nation's

economy. Therefore, all stakeholders should exert concerted efforts to address the bottlenecks for

13
better performance of the sector and boost foreign trade engagement as well as to improve the

livelihood of both smallholder producers and pastoralists.

Apart from exporting livestock products to Arab countries, Ethiopia is now penetrating to the

global market including USA, Japan, and Europe to boost its foreign currency earnings and

promote national products. According to experts in the sector, there is an increasing trend in the

export of livestock products; however it could not reach at expected level.

In the last nine months, the country has exported over 232,228 live animals which included the

export of 71,105 cattle, 11,527 camels, and 149,595 sheep and goats. In this export performance,

the country has totally earned 58.89 million USD; of which, about 42.72 million USD was from

cattle, 6.57 million USD from camels and 9.6 million USD from sheep and goats.

The Somali economy is the only one in the world where over half the population is dependent on

nomadic pastoralist. Livestock trade is the main economic activity and a critical source of

livelihood for the pastoral Somali populations and an important link between the borderlands in

Somalia, Ethiopia and Kenya. (Hussein A. Mahmoud, 2010).

As far as Somaliland is concerned, animal health institutions and thus disease surveillance are

still embryonic, slowly recovering from the collapse of Somalia’s central government following

the civil war in 1989 (Edelsten, et 1996) the prevalence and distribution of a number of trans-

boundary diseases of major international concern such as Render pest, Foot and mouth Disease

and Rift Valley fever are not yet fully established. As result, importing clients suspect the

country to be infected and often impose trade restrictions of livestock origination from

Somaliland, with devastating socio-economic effects (Holleman, 2002).

14
Somali black head sheep (Barbarawe),is reputed to be one of the immediate ancestors of the

Black Head Persian and the Dorper through cross breeding or is a short haired sheep native to the

Republic of Somaliland that is commonly kept as free ranging animals fed exclusive on grass in

an organic production system. It has reputation amongst consumers’ for having tender and good

tasting mutton of low fat and good flavour. It has minimal aroma and high meat/bone ratio

compared to other sheep breeds. This has made it a favourite dish in many Middle East countries

and Africa.

Consumers favour the taste of Somali mutton. The manageable size (5.5 – 20 kilograms) of the

carcass makes it suitable for family consumption. The flavour is due to a high concentration of

fatty acids reputed to have medicinal value. Mutton is taken from animals of between one year

old and 5 years old. The ram is highly valued for it is religious connotation with demand

increasing during the Hajj season.Livestock export is a key element in the livelihood systems of

pastoral and agro-pastoral Populations in the Horn of Africa (HOA) export trade is supported by

a network of regional cross border trade. The cross-border trade network supports about 17

million people in the HOA including livestock producer, traders, and other groups such as

trekkers, fodder traders, brokers, and middlemen who directly or indirectly derive their

entitlements from livestock production and trade (USAID, 2010).

2.3 Sheep and goat production in Africa

Sheep and goats are important livestock in developing countries and the backbone of most of the

African countries economies although there are huge challenges (FAO, 1984). Sheep and goats

contribute to a board range of production systems in the Africa the most common system

throughout the developing countries contain either the extensive system of large herds grazing on

15
arid and semi-arid rangelands or the intensive system with smaller herds; this is rear areas are

kept in confinement, mostly in the humid tropics. Both systems are characterized by low input

use (Safilion-R, 1983).

Small ruminants contribute to the development and expansion east African Economies, because

of their ability to convert forages and crops and household residues into meat, fiber, skins and

milk. It helps total output of developing countries where 45% of all sheep meat, 54% of all sheep

milk, 93 of all goat meat, and 73% of all goat are produced (FAO, 1981).

The livestock sector is the largest contributor to Somali livelihoods with over 65% of the

population engaged in some way in the industry, livestock the largest export from Somalia.

Exports of livestock and their products account for 80 percent of exports in normal years but

exports have been periodically interrupted by droughts and international bans. Despite the ban

imposed by Saudi Arabia in 2000, livestock exports continue to be the largest traded commodity

for Somalia. Livestock are shipped to various countries in the Arabian Peninsula, and trekked or

transported to markets in Kenya, Djibouti, and Ethiopia. Livestock also enter Somalia through

the borders with Ethiopia and Kenya. Furthermore, livestock is a key local consumption

commodity for household food security.

Pastoralists exist throughout Somalia with high concentrations of strict pastoralists in the

Somaliland and central areas and pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the southern areas.

Throughout greater Somalia (including areas of Ethiopia and Kenya), rainfall patterns force a

complex series of movements in search of grazing-land between the different seasons.

FSNAU researchers and analysts focus on livestock production and trade, body condition and

productivity local market prices, exports through Berbera and Bossaso, the impact of the

16
prolonged drought on the pastoral livelihoods, issues of water and range conditions and

migration trends.

Sheep and goats are widely distributed in the world due to their nature of grazing and browsing

respectively. According to Plug, (2002) small ruminants are found under varying production

Schemes from backyard pets to expensive rangeland grazing operations, the common goal of

small ruminant’s production unit are conversion of forage to usable animal products (e. g. meat,

milk, fiber) (FAO 2005)

2.4 Role of sheep and goats in Somalia

The Somalia and Middle East export enterprises demand quality animals and animal products,

Complicating opportunities for small-scale producers who have to struggle to cope as effective

Contributors given among other constraints, their small enterprise size, traditional

(noncommercial) management of animals, lack of consistency in terms of animal quality,

inadvertent occasional use of drugs with residue potential and poor control programs for trans-

boundary, emerging and reemerging animal diseases in developing countries, existing constraints

must be overcome. There are three types of constraints to increasing sheep and goat production:

biological, economical, and cultural.

A pastoralist is a form of livestock production which Somalis subsistence herding in primary

economic activity and which relies on the movement of herds and people (Dyson Hudson 1980)

it is practiced in arid and semi-arid parts of the country in which scarcity and availability of

rainfall are dominated feature moreover droughts recurring phenomenon in an ecosystem where

pastoralist is primary utilization (Coughouret al 1985).

17
Somaliland’s livestock export have experienced a general increase in the past years due to the

improvement of livestock infrastructure, but the export section as improved after construction of

Veterinary Quarantine or Rehabilitation Centre in the vicinity of port city Berbera in 2007. This

quarantine is financed and managed by an autonomous agency called (Gulf International

Veterinary Quarantine Management) the quarantine contains the following sections

• The laboratory section; where brucellosis testing is mandatory for all animals entering

centre.

• Vaccinations against diseases like foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle, rift Valley

fever, trypanososmosis and pox in camels

• Resting pens with capacity of 350,000 animals

• Feeding and water

• Certifications

Once the animals enter the quarantine the movement or mixing of animals within the quarantine

is restricted as these animals are owned by different companies. There are separated fences for

sheep/goats, camels and cattle.

While the country’s health service are still relatively weak, international trade in livestock and

animal product is increasingly subjected to the OIE/WTO sanitary and Phytosanitary(SPS)

regulations aiming to prevent the spread of major infections in free areas. Trade need to be

secured by good longitudinally derived data on the status of the important disease, especially

zoonoses. The informal trading system will need to cease. (OIE, 2004)

18
Furthermore as a number of serious livestock diseases are suspected to be still prevailing in sub-

Saharan Africa, importing countries are more and more worried about the introduction of

diseases potentially harmful to both the economy and public health through livestock trade.

Acceptance of livestock from endemic areas in thus conditioned to the effective implementation

of livestock diseases surveillance and health certification as per OIE requirement in exporting

countries (Mac Diarmid 1993)

Consequently trade is subject to restriction whenever the health status of animals originated from

areas infected is not certified.

In mid-September 2000 an outbreak of RVF in Saudi Arabia and Yemen caused disease to at

least 3000 people, among whom the death of more than 400 plus scale economical losses through

animal abortions, mortality and control costs (FAO, 2001) the virus was suspected to be

introduced by animals from Somalia/Somaliland. The virus isolated form blood of the first

patients had a RNA sequence similar to the RVF viruses isolated from 1997 to 1998. Saudi

Arabia responded by imposing an embargo on all importations of livestock from Horn of Africa.

The ban brought about considerable hardship in the pastoral populations and a threat to food

security in the region (UNDP, 2000), Somaliland had already lost over US$3000 million from

potential livestock sales and serious socio-economic impact.

In February 1998, again in relation to sanitary risk posed by RVF, a ban on livestock export was

imposed by Saudi Arabia, this was consecutive to an outbreak of RVF in Northern Kenya and

Southern Somalia and there were fears that the infection could spread to Gulf countries through

trade of livestock trade (FAO, 2000). The question that needs to be asked is why Suadi Arabia is

considering the risk of RVF?

19
With the annual hajj, the Saudi Arabia Government have heavy responsibility of protecting the

health of the citizens but more critically, the health of millions of pilgrims from muslim countries

all over the world. With regard, RVF is amplifying by the fact that each pilgrim has to slaughter

one ram and thus in contact of tissues and blood of infected animals, this is the most common

way of that virus transmitted to human. Taking this fact in to account, the concern to Suadi

authorities and embargo imposed on livestock originated from Somaliland for sanitary could be

very much understanble (FAO,2000).

There have been two noticeable trends in markets and prices during the current import ban: a

dramatic depreciation in the Somaliland shilling, and local-currency inflation of imported

commodities. The dollar exchange rate of the Somaliland shilling dropped from SlSh 3,487 at the

time when the ban was imposed in September 2000 to Sl Sh 6,200 in December 2002. The prices

of imported goods such as petrol, rice, sugar, and wheat flour, while remaining steady in dollar

terms, have risen considerably in the local currency due to depreciation, adversely affecting the

purchasing power of Somaliland pastoralists.

Pastoralist households generally still have enough resources and coping options to respond to

shocks and maintain previous food consumption levels; as the ban continues, however, they

become increasingly vulnerable. The decline in livestock prices and the closing of markets have

translated into tens of millions of dollars in lost income. Increased grazing has left the area even

more vulnerable to the impact of droughts, and young men are increasingly migrating to cities

for work. Agro-pastoralists are better off than pastoralists due to their more diversified income

base, but the poor in both groups are at dangerous thresholds (USAID, 2002)

20
Impact on rangelands and the environment More than two million extra animals are left on the

range as a result of the ban. There has been an uncontrolled proliferation of berkads and an

absence of water point management and maintenance. Lost livestock income has also caused

households to turn to wood-cutting and charcoal-making, accelerating the deforestation process.)

Somaliland’s traditional dependency on a single sector (livestock exports) and market (Saudi

Arabia) has proven a liability. For now, pastoralist households – many of them supported by

remittances from family-members in the diaspora – have enough resources and coping options to

manage. As the livestock ban continues, however, its effects will increasingly heighten the

vulnerability of Somaliland pastoralists to other shocks

The livestock import embargo imposed

✓ In May 1983, due to the threat of Reinderpest, the KSA imposed an embargo on cattle

imports from Somalia

✓ February 1998 to May 1999. Health risks involving animal transmission of epizootic Rift

Valley Fever (RVF)

✓ Mid-September 2000 by Saudi Arabia

✓ 2017 suspect of rift valley fever cattle exported Somalia

The only way forward is for Somaliland to regulate its livestock trade in order to conform to

international health and safety standards. A number of needed actions have been identified to this

end; chief among these is the development of a well-managed, well-funded, and highly trained

veterinary institution to implement core national veterinary services, such as surveillance and

control of transboundary diseases, preparedness for animal disease emergencies and veterinary

health and origin certification of export livestock.

21
Livestock exports have played a major role in the economy as a source of employment, income,

foreign exchange, government revenues, and food imports. Prior to the current import ban,

Somaliland’s export markets had achieved unprecedented growth: 2.8 million head valued at

US$120 million were exported from Berbera port in 1997. These exports have increasingly

become the product of commercialized rather than subsistence pastoralism, and about half of

them originate outside of Somaliland (in Ethiopia or Somalia). Between September 2000 and

November 2002, however, less than 500,000 head were exported. Extrapolating average exports

from 1995-1997, this represents more than 5 million head in lost exports and several hundred

million dollars of foreign exchange not earned.

Thousands of livestock have been arriving in Saudi Arabia in time for the arrival of millions of

Muslims from around the world on the annual pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca. Many of

those animals are slaughtered, would have started their journey from Somalia’s ports mainly

Berbera Port in Somaliland.

Livestock is an important mainstay in Somalia’s economy, contributing to about 40%of the

country’s gross domestic product. In 2015, the Horn of Africa nation exported record 5.3

million animals, the highest such figure in two decades, according to the Food and Agriculture

(FAO) organization.

At the port of Berbera, in the northwestern region of Somaliland, this increased demand for

livestock in Mecca translates into good business and top dollar for Somalia’s livestock

traders.Livestock exports are the largest traded commodity in Somalia. In 2015 alone, traders

pocketed $384 million in exports, and the industry witnessed an annual growth of 6%.

FAO numbers estimate that the country has 13.9 million sheep, 13.2 million goats, 7.1 million

camels, and 5.3 million cattle. Besides Saudi Arabia, animals are exported to other Middle

22
Eastern countries like the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman and Egypt,The industry

has not always been as robust as it is today. Saudi Arabia banned Somalia’s livestock in 2000

following the outbreak of the Rift Valley Fever in the Horn of Africa region. According to the

Center for Disease Control and Prevention, RVF is a fever-causing viral diseasethat infects

domesticated animals and can be transmitted to humans. The ban, which lasted for nine years till

2009, disrupted exports, and caused significant economic and trade losses,

2.5 Variation of animal price due to seasonality

The number of animals marketed by pastoralists is sensitive to changes in rainfall and pasture

conditions but the relationship between sales and rainfall is complex (Gufwoli Behnke, 1990),

similar rainfall conditions can elicit very different marketing responses depending on the

condition of the pastoral economy and size, structure and productive performance of pastoral

herds (Gufwoli and Behnke, 1990).

23
Table 2. Seasonal Calendars in Somaliland
.

January –March April – June July –August Septembar –

December

Jiilaal Gu Xagaa Deyr

Long dry Long rains Short dry Short rains

One of the principal driving forces of Saudi Arabia’s high demand for livestock is the demand

for livestock associated with both Eid Al-Fitri the feast celebrate at the end of Ramadan (the

Muslim month of Fasting), and the holy pilgrimage to Mecca, hajj. These two religious events in

Saudi Arabia attract millions of Muslims each year from around the world. The consumption of

sheep and goats during this time is significant. Livestock must be imported alive so they can be

blessed and slaughtered according to Islamic law prior to consumption. Livestock exports are

highly cyclical with their peak falling during the 70 day period between Eid al-Fitri and the start

of the Hajj or Eid Al-Adha. The religious events on the world calendar change annually as the

Islamic calendar shifts forward on the western calendar by eleven days each year (P. Steffen, et

al 1998).

2.6 Marketing and Trade

As a social and economic category, livestock traders take in a multitude of different actors; from

small-scale 'bush' traders to market brokers to large urban-based merchants with transport and

considerable capital. At the lowest levels in the market chain, traders purchase animals from

pastoralists up the country and sell them, directly or indirectly through colleagues or secondary

24
buyers, to processors in and around Gaalkacayo Garoowe markets and other terminal markets.

Their business is arbitrage, trying to earn profits by buying at low prices in areas and times of

excess supply and selling at higher prices in places and times of excess demand (UNDP and

FOA, 1995).

A group of competitive arbitrageurs is essential to efficient marketing arrangements. Traders are

the vehicles by which price signals in one market are transmitted to another, thereby propagating

information on location-specific (demand or supply) shocks throughout the broader region

(MEDC1998; FAO 1999). 10

The livestock marketing structure in the pastoralist areas follows three tiers. These are primary or

bush, secondary and terminal markets. The basis of such classifications is mainly the number of

animals supplied and market participants per market day (NABC, 2010).

Primary market: village level markets with generally less than 500 head of cattle sold per

week. Farmers and pastoralists sell animals to traders, other farmers (replacement animals) and

sometimes to consumers and local butchers. Generally there are no facilities for weighing,

watering and feeding.

Secondary markets: middlemen, trader and butcher dominated markets with a turnover of 500 –

1000 animals per week consisting of finished, breeding and draught stocks and located mainly in

regional capitals. Secondary markets serve the local butchers and feed the terminal markets.

Terminal markets: located in the large urban centers. Medium to large-scale traders dominate

these markets. Marketing of sheep and goats follows a similar pattern except that more animals

are sold through informal markets especially in the urban areas. Hailemariam, et.al (2009)

identified major marketing channels that link producers of live animals to end users. These

different channels represent the full range of available routes through which livestock moves

25
from the different collection points in major livestock producing areas and finally to the terminal

markets to meet end-users needs in foreign markets. These channels are as follows.

• Channel 1: Producers →Big traders →Live cattle exporters

• Channel 2: Producers → Collectors → Big traders→ Live cattle exporters

• Channel 3: Producers →Small traders →Big traders → Live cattle exporters

• Channel 4: Producers→ Small traders→ Feed lot operators→ Live cattle exporters

• Channel 5: Producers → Feed lot operators →Live cattle exporters

As presented in (Getachewet al, 2008). Most of the live animal exporters collect animals either

through their own purchasing agent assigned in major livestock markets or through other small-

and large-scale traders. Apart from this livestock trading cooperatives are also directly supplying

animals to the exporters. Purchasing agents of exporters in turn collect animals either from

collectors, small traders, and livestock trading cooperatives, farmer groups or directly from

producers. Producers have the option of selling their animals to the collectors in their village,

small traders, and livestock trading cooperatives. Some farmers also form groups and supply

animals to the market. He also stated that most of livestock markets are characterized by

involvement of brokers/middlemen in every segment of the marketing chain, to provide the

service of matching buyers and sellers and facilitate the transaction

The export market is relatively old but highly variable depending on production condition of the

country, change in consumer preferences and greater demand for high quality products with

adequate guarantees of food safety.

The livestock market is structured so that the marketable livestock from the major producing

areas reaches to the final consumer or end-user passing through complex channels along the

26
supply chains involving various factors including producers, middlemen, and livestock trading

cooperatives, traders, live animal and exporters (Ayele et al, 2003).

Handfield and Bechtel (2002) identified producers, collectors and feedlot operators principal

actors in livestock marketing activity. They defined and explained their roles as follows:

Producers: These are pastoralists, semi-pastoralists and farmers producing live animals.

Although these are the main source of marketed animals, they are located in the rural areas

where access to the market is very difficult. The marketing behavior of producers varies from

place to place. Pastoralists consider larger herd size as a symbol of prestige. Sales of live animals

are taken as a final option and animals are generally sold when the producers face financial

shortage and calamities.

Collectors: These are important market agents collecting animals from their locality and remote

markets in order to supply to big and small-scale traders and sometimes to livestock trading

cooperatives. They reach remote pastoral areas around borders and collect animals in

pastoralists‟ temporary residences where they can get large number of animals. In most cases,

these actors are independent operators who use their local knowledge and social relationships to

collect animals from their surrounding and other remote areas. Sometimes, traders often place

orders with trusted collectors. Once the desired or available quantity of animal has been

collected, the collectors deliver the animals to their buyers. Collectors are usually constrained

with financial capacity that limits their scale of operation.

Big traders:

They are few in number compared to small traders. These are those market participants

permanently operating in the live animal usually purchasing large number of animals from

different markets. Big livestock traders have collectors collecting livestock from the primary

27
markets and producers‟ villages. They use their own capital and usually extend funds to their

collectors mostly based on personal trust.

Medium traders:

Although they are large in number relative to big traders, the volume of their purchases is

smaller than that of big traders. Since they buy smaller number of animals at a time, they have

very limited number of collectors from the primary markets. Medium traders have smaller

operating capital as a result of which they collect limited number of animals on time intervals.

They also serve as supplier to the big traders in the secondary and terminal markets.

Cooperatives: Livestock trading cooperatives are organized in pastoralist and semi-pastoralist

areas based on agreement with their members who are residents in specific market areas. They

work using operating capital obtained from members‟ contribution or other sources. Livestock

trading cooperatives mostly operate in the sheep and goats market due to its low financial

requirement relative to cattle and camel. They buy animals from their area and sell them to big

traders. Brokers: brokers are a central feature of livestock marketing. They found in markets and

play a fundamental role in all transactions that are conducted in these markets. Brokers facilitate

exchange between other traders, and are involved in every transaction in the market. Price is

arrived at through bargaining between a buyers and seller through the facilitation of a broker.

Agents of exporters: Agents are market participants who supply animals in response to orders or

requests from actors at the top of chain. They source and transfer animals on behalf of their

exporters from smaller markets to larger markets within a country or across borders based on an

established consent and trust.

Exporters:

28
These are exporters of live animal to different countries through the formal channel. Exporters

are few in number compared to traders in the market. They collect export animals from

secondary or tertiary markets and from big and small traders, livestock trading cooperatives,

collectors and producers. The number of these actors in the live animal export sector is

increasing from time to time. Livestock exports play an important economic role in helping to

stabilize inflation and US dollar exchange rate, and contributing to the purchasing power of an

important portion of the population. In fact the local market changes that have occurred since the

current livestock ban was imposed Suggest that livestock exports are indeed one of the major

determinants of exchange rates, inflation, and trade.

Again highlight the economic importance of livestock marketing in Somaliland in years in which

no Ban has been in effect, approximately 30% of government revenues have been collected

through the livestock export sector. (Ministry of livestock 2015),

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

A key aspect of research is analysis of the principles and procedures of inquiry into the problem.

This is the methodology: the tools and techniques by which the research problem is tackled. The

29
chapter presents the logic, strategies and tools to be used to resolve the retrospective study on

trends of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland.

3.2 Research Area

This study was conducted in Hargeisa, the capital city of Somaliland and locates in the northern

part of Somalia [Hargeisa Local Government (HLG), 2017], on latitude 9o and longitude

44oabove the sea level (HLG, 2017). Being the headquarters, and since it has most economic

sectors of the country. This makes it the best point from which to gauge matters of trend export

in the country.

3.3 Research Design

This study was cross-sectional survey design. This is a status study, and does not require

manipulation of variables: only description of the actual status is required. The absence of

manipulation makes a survey the ideal design (Oso, 2016). Cross-sectional survey enables the

researcher to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the trends of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017

at Berbera port in Somaliland. This design is also be relatively less expensive, by time and

resources, than the alternative longitudinal design which would require more time due to

repeated data collection at several points in time (Oso, 2016). Further, the cross-sectional

survey ensures that a variety of data on trend exports are collected from a large cross-section of

traders and chamber of commerce. This is increase the external validity of the study (Oso, 2016).

30
3.4 Study Population

3.4.1 Target Population

The target population of this study is all animal export related sectors, such as the Ministry of

livestock and Fishery development, Chamber of Commerce, Municipalities of Hargeisa and

Buroa and Berbera port authority.

3.4.2 Accessible Population

The accessible population is same as target population since target population is reachable at

every time and any point.

3.5.1 Sample Size

The sample size of this study is data available at the Ministry of Livestock & fisheries

development, chamber of Commerce.

3.5.2 Sampling Techniques

This study was used convenience sampling techniques to collect data from the population of

animals exported from Somaliland who are conveniently available. Convenience sampling is a

sample selected from those who available at the time of data collection. Convenience sampling is

suitable when the population is infinite, and so an exhaustive (Oso, 2016). This study selected

conveniently number of number of animals exported from Berbera port in 2010 -2018.

31
3.6 Data Collection

3.6.1 Data Collection Methods

The study is employed with observation and document analysis methods of data collection.

Observation was used to collect data on livestock markets.

Observation method is involving the use of all senses to perceive and understand learning

experiences of the students (Oso, 2016). It enables the researcher to see and bridge the gap and

availability of livestock markets, and what they say they do (Oso, 2016). This is very necessary

because self-reported experiences may not be accurate (Oso, 2016). It therefore necessary to

observe the learning experiences in action.

Document analysis used this study was to collect data on the seasonal availability of sheep and

goats exported and the main destination of sheep and goat objectives, content, and evaluation.

The researcher examines the secondary data available chamber of commerce and export

documents to obtain evidence of actual curriculum planning. Some variables (such as content,

objectives and evaluation) which cannot be directly observed are best obtained from written

records (Oso, 2016). 2016).

3.6.2 Data Collection Instruments

This study was used observation checklist (Appendix C) and document analysis checklist

(Appendix D) as key data collection tools.

32
3.6.3 Research Procedures

The researcher obtained permission from the Gollis University, School of Graduate Studies and

Research (SGSR). The researcher also seeks permission from MOLFD, office of chamber of

commerce, and Hargeisa Local Government. Once all the permits obtained, the researcher will

proceed to collect data from July to August in 2018 using observational and document analysis

methods. Observational and document analysis was carried out by the researcher. Data is

analyzed using Chi-square technique and reported in tables and figures.

3.7.1 Piloting

The instrument is piloted. In piloting, the researcher identified and correct anomalies before the

main study to attain validity and reliability coefficients of at least 0.70. This is the lowest

accepted tool validity and reliability index in social science research as this one (Oso, 2016).

3.7.2 Validity of Instruments

This study is used expert judgement method to assess validity. The content validity was
n3/4
determined as CVI = , where n3/4 is the item rated 3 or 4 by both judges and N is the total
N

items in the instrument (Oso, 2016). This method has advantage with regard to ease of

computation, focus on agreement on relevance, and fast convergence (Hammond, 2000).

33
3.7.3 Reliability of Instruments

The test-re-test method was used to assess reliability. This is the most traditional method to

assess the reliability of instruments (Hendrickson, 2003). The instruments administered twice to

a same pilot. Reliability index is determined using Oso reliability coefficient formula, R = 1-
ƩT2−ƩT1
, where T1 is Test 1 and T2 is re-tests scores. This method is preferred because it is
ƩT1

specific to data collection instruments only. The instruments were improved and the process

repeated until reliability of at least 0.70 is attained.

3.8 Data Analysis

This study was used Chi-square (χ2) goodness of fit test to analyze the data. Chi-square goodness

of fit, a non-parametric test, is used to find out if the trends of sheep and goats exported from

2010 to 2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland are significantly different from the expected status

(Bland, 2001). The data in this study are categorical frequencies of different trends of sheep and

goats exported from 2010 to 2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland. This is the domain of chi-

square. Data was analyzed 95 % level of confidence, 0.05% level of significant and 5% margin

of error.

3.9 Ethical Considerations

This study ensures that participants are well informed of the intentions of the study so that they

participate from a point of information. The researcher also ensure that data collected is analyzed

professionally and that it is not fudge to conform to predetermined opinion. Further, to protect

the respondents` identities, data is reported as a block instead of highlighting individual cases.

34
The researcher was obtained all necessary permits from the university committee and other

relevant offices as well as from the principal to ensure that the study does not contravene any

ethical requirement. Further, the researcher ensured that all information provided is treated with

utmost privacy and confidentiality, and that no information is released to a third party without a

written permission from the source.

CHAPTER FOUR: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

4.0 Introduction

This study investigated the analysis of trends of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017 at

Berbera port in Somaliland. The trends of sheep and goats are varying in years and the way they

exported. This study was focused the market seasonality, destination of sheep and goats exported

35
(the Countries) and the different livestock markets in Somaliland (mostly in Buroa and

Hargeisa). The data was collected from Ministry of livestock and fishery development,

Somaliland chamber of commerce, Hargeisa livestock market and Berbera port Authority.

This is a cross sectional study conducted during July and August of 2018. This study was

analyzed through Chi-square analysis as reported below

4.1 Destination of exported sheep and goats from Berbera port.

The first objective of this study is to investigate the main destination of sheep and goats exported

from Berbera port. The below figure shows the main destination sheep and goats exported during

2010 – 2017 from Berbera port.

Figure 2. Number of sheep and goats exported Berbera to the gulf countries.

36
 Bahrain
Qadar
Eygpt
Oman
1%
0%
0%

Yemen
26%
Yemen
Suadi Arabia
Oman
Eygpt
Bahrain
Qadar
Suadi Arabia
73%

Figure 2, Shows number of sheep and goats exported Berbera Port Somaliland. Most of

Somaliland animals (sheep and goats) exported through Berbera port was destination in Saudi

Arabia (73%). The second largest market of Somaliland shipment of sheep and goats were going

in to Yemen (26%). The rest of sheep and goats exported from Berbera ports were destination

other Gulf countries such as Oman, Bahrain, Qatar and Egypt (1%).

Saudi Arabia is most exported destination market of Somali livestock especially sheep and goats.

This is happen mostly during Hajj time due to overcrowding number of pilgrims and their need

of live animals to slaughter as a tenet of HAJJ regulations. That is why most of Somaliland sheep

and goats go through Saudi Arabia although there is no sheep and goats slaughter to Saudi

Arabia apart from that number of small ruminants took Islamic bank during the two festivals.

37
4.2 The market seasonality of sheep and goats exported from 2010 to 2017

The second objective of this study is to understand the market seasonality of sheep and goats

exported from 2010 to 2017 at Berbera port in Somaliland. The number of animals exported at

Berbera port for the last 8 years as shown table 2.

Table 3. Sheep and Goats exported at Berbera Port in 2010 – 2017.

Number Sheep and Goats

Years exported at Berbera Port

2010 2,584,810

2011 2663402

2012 3,124,594

2013 2,875,494

2014 3,112,018

2015 3,240,772

2016 2,740,736

2017 1,268,642

Total 21,610,468

38
Figure 3, shows the trend of sheep and goats trade from Somaliland to the Gulf

Countries, the study shows the dissimilar trend of sheep and goats during 2010 – 2017 due to

demand fluctuation and sometimes Ban from Somali livestock from Saudi Arabia expressed that

they have suffering Rift Valley Fever. Most of sheep and goats were exported during months of

Hajj and Ramadan Festivals.

The percentage of sheep and goats exported last eight years are varied as figure3 shown

Number of sheep and goats exported from 2010-

2017
6%
12%
2010
13%
2011
13% 2012
2013
16% 2014
2015
15%
2016
2017
15%
10%

Figure 3. Number of sheep and goats exported from Berbera Port

.

Figure 3, shows that the highest number of sheep and goats (16%) exported for the year of

2015, because that year the demand market of sheep and goats of gulf countries were very high.

While the year of 2017 have exported the minimum number of exported in Somaliland for last 8

39
years it exported only 6%. Because the demand of import countries were very low, another hand

there were a ban imposed by Saudi Arabia due to diseases like Rift Valley fever accused by the

largest market for Somali animals.

There are significant difference in market seasonality in sheep and goats exported from Berbera

χ2 = 3.685, p = .055 at 0.05. This indicates that number of animals exported yearly in Somaliland

depend on the seasonality of the market and the demand of exported countries. Also the bans of

animals are significant influence of sheep and goats exported in country.

4.3 Different livestock markets that exists in Somaliland

Somaliland has different livestock markets. The most important ones are Buroa livestock market,

Hargeisa livestock market and Tog-wajale Livestock market. These three markets are sold

domestic and trade export animals.

Tog-wajale markets are sold only cattle for export, while Buroa and Hargeisa are sold in

different livestock markets especially sheep and goats and camel.

In this study were focused on Hargeisa and Buroa livestock markets since they are first and

second largest livestock market that exist in the country are Hargeisa and Burao.

40
Table 4. The different numbers of sheep and goats marketed in Hargeisa and Buroa markets.

Year Hargeisa Livestock Market Burao Livestock Market

2010 666,888 1,233,098

2011 978,593 1,552,107

2012 1,074,367 1,600,894

2013 992,413 1,530,659

2014 1,126,222 1,383,273

2015 915,928 1,759,100

2016 30,212 1,577,815

2017 509,799 788,548

Total 6294422 11425494

Figure 4, Shows that differently marketed sheep and goats in Hargeisa and Buroa livestock

markets during 2010 – 2017.

41
 Number of Shoats Marketed to export from 2010-to 2017
2,000,000

1,800,000

1,600,000

1,400,000

1,200,000

1,000,000

800,000

600,000

400,000

200,000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Hargeisa Livestock Market Burao Livestock Market

Figure 4. Number of animals Marketed to exported in Berbera Port in 2010 – 2017

According to the 2 way ANOVA, there was a p-value of 0.007 at 0.05 significance in the towns.

There is a difference in the export of sheep and goats from Burao and Hargeisa during 2010 -

2017 this can be attributed to the catchment area of Burao market and the environment that is

surrounding the area as shown in figure 5.

42
 Different Livestock Markets

33%
Hargeisa
Buroa
67%

Figure 5. Different Livestock Markets

As shown at figure 5, the different livestock markets those exported in Berbera port during 2010

-2017. The Buroa Livestock market is the most marketed sheep and goats to export. It shows that

67% of sheep and goats exported at Berbera port during 2010 – 2017 were comes from Burao

Livestock market. This is due to Burao located central of the country, where animals coming

from east and south come together like animals from Sanag, Sool, Togdheer central and south

Somalia.

43
 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARIES, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

5.1 introductions

This chapter presents discussion and conclusion, and recommendations drawn based on the

findings and forwarded for the recommendations for the concerned bodies.

5.2 Summary of findings

Based on the finding of this study aimed to analyzes of trends of sheep and goats exported at

Berbera from 2010-2017 in Somaliland, after data result analyzed summarized below,

First objective of this study found that Most of Somaliland animals (sheep and goats) exported

through Berbera port were destination is in Saudi Arabia (73%). Also found that the second

largest market of Somaliland shipment of sheep and goats were going in to Yemen (26%) during

last eight years.

The second objective of this study is that the study shows the dissimilar trend of sheep and goats

during 2010 – 2017 due to demand fluctuation and sometimes Ban from Somali livestock from

Saudi Arabia accused that they have suffering Rift Valley Fever. Most of sheep and goats were

exported during months of Hajj and Ramadan Festivals. Also this study found that shows that the

highest number of sheep and goats (16%) exported for the year of 2015, because that year the

demand market of sheep and goats of gulf countries were very high. While the year of 2017 have

exported the minimum number of exported in Somaliland for last 8 years it exported only 6%.

The last objective of this study found that there were a difference livestock markets that exist, in

the export of sheep and goats from Burao and Hargeisa markets during 2010 - 2017 this can be

44
attributed to the catchment area of Burao livestock market and the environment that is

surrounding the area.

5.3 Discussion

Livestock is the principal export commodity in Somaliland including (cattle, camels, sheep and

goats), hides and skins, and chilled meat. Proceed from these exports are used to partly finance

the importation of sugar, rice, wheat products, other food products, building materials, fuel,

among other commodities.

Since Saudi Arabia lifted an export ban on Somaliland livestock in 2009, the state has seen a

boom in the trade of livestock, particularly sheep and goats.

Sheep and goats marketing follow a complex marketing framework, producers, broker, and

marketing agents, transporters and exports traders. As this study shown total 21,610,468 heads of

sheep and goats were exported within the last eight years through Berbera Port.

Saudi Arabia is most exported destination market of Somali livestock especially sheep and goats.

This is happen mostly during Hajj time due to overcrowding number of pilgrims and their need

of live animals to slaughter as a tenet of HAJJ regulations. 73% of Somaliland sheep and goats

exported Saudi Arabia for the last eight years. As compared retrospectives study carried out in

Puntland 2010-2015 number of sheep and goats exported at Bosaso Port shown sheep and goats

mainly sent to Suadi Arabia during the Hajji seasons, this study also shown Shoats were

exported is limited due to the concurrent bans imposed by Saudi Arabia authorizes because of

suspect of RVF infection (Nasra 2016)

45
There are significant difference in market seasonality in sheep and goats exported from Berbera

χ2 = 3.685, p = .055 at 0.05. This indicates that number of animals exported yearly in Somaliland

depend on the seasonality of the market and the demand of exported countries. Also the bans of

animals are significant influence of sheep and goats exported. The sheep and goats export of the

zone was featured by steady increase from year to year but sometimes. There are many factors

contributing to this situation worst. Among others, one of them is increasing demand existing in

Middle East countries, especially Saudi Arabia which is the largest market for Somaliland live-

stock. Approximately 70 percent of Somaliland annual sheep and goats exports take place in the

Hajj period for Islamic Bank assigned accordingly. This could be because, each year;

approximately 1.6 million Muslims undertake the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca.The trades of small

Ruminants had an upward trend as (table 1) shows. In addition trade and prices of small

ruminants appear to have been affected more by seasonal and shocks.

The lifting of an import ban on all livestock and livestock products from the Horn of Africa by

the KSA in September 2010 resulted in an unprecedented increase in export volumes from

Somaliland livestock (sheep and goats) between 2010 and 2017. The new quarantine facilities

also reduced the transaction costs in small ruminant exports, translating to higher prices.

In addition to that the significant increase in traded volumes after 2010 corresponds to the lifting

of the import ban on Somaliland livestock by KSA and diminished competition from Australia in

the Saudi market.

The Buroa Livestock market is the most marketed sheep and goats to export. It shows that 67%

of sheep and goats exported at Berbera port during 2010 – 2017 were from Burao Livestock

market. This is due to Burao located central of the country. It’s hub of hosting animals from

Sanag, Sool, Togdheer central, south Somalia, Somali region of Ethopia and Puntland regions of

46
Somalia. The availability of livestock population of Togdheer region and the reachable of

Berbera port allow Buroa Market to become the most livestock market in Somaliland, where

exported animals are marketed.

5.4 Conclusion

As clearly illustrated in the previous sections of this paper, of the purpose of this study was to

analyses on trends sheep and goats exported from 2010-2017 at Berbera port in S/land. Based on

the observational and document analysis from the data gathered Ministry of livestock,

Somaliland chamber of commerce and Berbera port found that Berbera Port is the main regional

export hub for livestock from the attempt Horn of Africa.

About 21.6 million of Sheep and goats were exported through Berbera Port during 2010 – 2017

to the Gulf countries. The Saudi Arabia market is the top destination country, were Somaliland

sheep and goats went, particularly during the Hajj seasons, even though sheep and goats make a

considerable contribution to the economy in terms of export earnings, the main challenges

relating to export marketing and trade include, poor diseases surveillance systems and poor of

new markets for exportation., in adequate livestock policy implementation and institutions to

overcome perceived problems in the marketing system.

The export of sheep and goats are increasing day after day although sometimes there are bans

from Somaliland main market (Saudi Arabia), there are huge opportunities that the country has,

the benefits earning will be much higher than coming years than previous fiscal years if the

aforementioned problems are solved.

47
In conclusions this area of Sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures requires giving more

attentions by the government, Veterinary institutions, as well as international partners and

livestock stakeholders.

5.5 Recommendation

Based on the analysis and results of this study, the following recommendations

✓ To improve market structures including fence, water, shade, loading and unloading ramps

✓ To utilize opportunities of export sheep and goats during the Hajj seasons to earn

pastoralist income

✓ MOLFD should develop animal welfare act to reduce risks animals during the transports

✓ MOLFD must establish software system that facilitated to record number of live animals

exported in the country.

✓ Government and other stakeholders must establish bank of fodder production to provide

animals after they arrived livestock markets.

✓ Municipality and MOLFD should build shedding and provide water

The researcher recommends further studies related this study, analysis of sheep and goats export.

48
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MoP (Ministry of Planning. (2011). Draft Somaliland National Development Plan (NDP)
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(2008), Improvement and diversification of Somalia livestock trade and marketing. ILRI
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50
APPENDICIES

APPENDIXE1

I: DATA COLLECTION; CHECK LIST

Market seasonality

1. Which season’s sheep and goats export flow higher?

2. Which seasons are sheep and goats’ market availability is decreased?
3. Why are the trends of sheep and goats in market?
4. What are the main livestock channels present at market?

Market Destinations

1. Which countries are exported sheep and goats each year?

2. Why is important to export sheep and goats to the other countries?
3. Can you explain the countries that have been exported the lightest and lowest number
sheep and goats for the last eight years?
4. Why we export sheep and goats to Saudi Arabia?

Different livestock market

1. What are the existing traditional livestock markets in Somaliland?

2. Which region has the highest livestock market?
3. What are infrastructures available at each livestock market?
4. What causes livestock ban in livestock?

51
APPENDIX 2

MAP OF SOMALILAND

52
53
 APPENDIX 3

DATA OF SHOATS EXPORTED FROM 2010-2017

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Total
2010 52,896 53,840 44,500 63,430 44,410 42,450 55,437 63,420 66,840 1,950,66 77,580 69,347
2,584,810
0
2011 70,003 71,568 86099 64,153 74,143 70,001 77,540 79,553 80,044 1,838,69 79,600 72,000
2663402
8
2012 10,493 205,245 106,730 95,131 71196 200,298 248,608 165,263 258,297 1,557,92 41,457 163,951
3,124,594
5
2013 210,950 127,518 95,611 68,686 121,028 186,407 244,339 211,372 933,821 566,207 15,050 94,505 2,875,494
2014 193,167 117,615 137,616 130,012 64,208 264,328 226,063 263,481 1,278,687 60,404 183,508 192,929 3,112,018
2015 159,802 154,775 177,965 113,467 173,948 233,830 160,577 668,206 1,259,072 2,111 24,668 112,351 3,240,772
2016 17,687 114738 159,251 115,238 58,411 276,270 152,169 956,556 704,554 98323 50729 36810 2,740,736
2017 14,153 25028 22656 11749 26165 30930 23650 1050274 14063 15352 9264 25358 1,268642
Total 729,15 870,32 830,42 661,86 633,50 1,304, 1,188, 3,458,1 4,595,37 6,089,6 481,85 767,25
1 7 8 6 9 514 383 25 8 80 6 1 21,610,468

54
APPENDIX 4

DATA OF SHOATS EXPORTED FROM 2010-2017 GULF COUNTRIES

Destination of sheep and Goats Exported from 2010 to 2017

Country 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Yemen 2,352,217 336,040 363,050 426,334 552,821 272,352 370,621 112,162
2,351,5 2,414,0 2,877,8 2,401,95 1,088,19
Saudi Arabia 1,933,109 275,658 2068 91 37 08 0 3
Oman 18,410 0 0 2,335 0 0 0 0
Egypt 2,669 0 6,742 0 5,004 0 0 0
Bahrain 0 0 0 63,133 0 0 0 0
Qadar 0 0 0 1438 0 0 0 0

55