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Jolou Miraflor Page 1 of _6_ Sheets

XAVIER UNIVERSITY – ATENEO DE CAGAYAN

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CAGAYAN DE ORO CITY

Mechanical Engineering Department

ACE 10L – AC/DC Machinery 1L

Course code and description

The Armature and Windings

TITLE

Francis Neil B. Soquiño

Mike Rowen S. Bañares
Ronnie Ray P. Dumdum
Jan Lesther O. Cañada
Rolando G. Gironella III
Robert M. Cuenca

_____October 12, 2018_____

Date submitted for Assessment

To help with our planning, please estimate _6 hours_

Here how long you spent on this assignment

Assessor’s comments:
Assessor: Mark of Assessment: _______
Date of Assessment:
 Experiment No. 1
Title: The Armature and Windings

Number of hours required Date due: July 3, 2018

for completion: 6 hours

Date started: July 2, 2018 Date completed: July 3, 2018

Objectives:

1. The students should be able to understand how the armature conductors are
arranged in the slots of the armature in both types (lap and wave) of armature
windings.
2. The students should be able to trace coil connections to the commutator segments.
3. The students should be able to draw the spread wise view of the armature windings
including the slots and commutator segments fully connected.
4. The students should be able to trace current paths and indicate current magnitudes
in objective No. 3.

Materials and Equipment:

1 Unit Disassembled dynamo machine

Theory and Background:

The main parts of the armature are armature core and armature windings. The
armature core is where the armature windings are wound in an orderly predesigned pattern.
The armature windings are the electric conductors especially made for armature winding
purposes, these windings with proper orientation are responsible in the production flux that
are necessary in the production of voltage and torque through the fulfilment of Faraday’s Law.
There are two types of windings: lap winding and wave winding. The commutator is composed
of segments that electrical independent from each other thru a mica insulation that divide from
each other. The shaft the part of the armature that put everything together, it contains the
bearing that would minimize friction in the operation.

Figure 1. The two main types of armature

winding showing how the coil ends are
connected to the commutator segments.

Lap winding Wave winding

The figure above shows how the lap and the wave windings differ in the way coil ends are
connected to the commutator segments.
Procedure:

Visualize the disassembled armature and take note of the following:

Dynamo Part Total number present

Slots 12
Commutator segments 60
Coils 12
Field 2
For the given armature compute for the number of parallel paths when the winding is
simplex and duplex lap, and the winding is simplex and duplex wave. Determine the degree
of reentrancy on this armature when the winding is simplex and duplex lap, and when the
winding is simplex and duplex wave. Assume a 240-volt, 2 poles, and 1-ampere (total dynamo
current) operation.

Draw a spread wise view of the armature winding and including slot representation
with fully connected commutator segments when the winding is simplex lap and when the
winding is duplex lap.

Results and Observations:

The winding is simplex and duplex lap

- To obtain the number of parallel paths, the number of poles is multiplied by the
“plex”.
Simplex: 𝑎 = 1 ∗ 𝑝 = 1 ∗ 2 = 2 Duplex: 𝑎 = 2 ∗ 𝑝 = 2 ∗ 2 = 4

The winding is simplex and duplex wave

- To obtain the number of parallel paths, the number of poles is multiplied by the
“plex”.
Simplex: 𝑎 = 1 ∗ 𝑝 = 1 ∗ 2 = 2 Duplex: 𝑎 = 2 ∗ 𝑝 = 2 ∗ 2 = 4

The winding is simplex and duplex lap

- The highest common factor between the no. of commutator segments and the
“plex” determines the degree of reentrancy.
Simplex: 1 Duplex: 2

The winding is simplex and duplex wave

- The highest common factor between the no. of commutator segments and the
“plex” determines the degree of reentrancy.
Simplex: 1 Duplex: 2
Diagrams (Circuits)

Figure 2.1 Simplex lap winding

Figure 2.2 Simplex wave winding

Table 1. Degree of reentrancy with respect to the number of parallel paths

Winding Type Parallel Paths Degree of reentrancy

Simplex Lap 2 1
Simplex Wave 2 1
Duplex Lap 4 2
Duplex Wave 4 2

Discussion and analysis

The table above shows that the simplex lap and wave have 1 degree of reentrancy
when having 2 parallel paths. While duplex lap and duplex wave have 2 degree of reentrancy
when having 4 parallel paths.

The number of parallel paths depends on the number of poles and the “plex” used. It
is the product of these two factors. “Plex” can be be simplex, duplex, or triplex (1, 2, 3
respectively). Degree of reentrancy is the greatest common factor of the plex number and the
number of commutator segments. It usually ranges from 1 to 3. Pole pitch is taken by dividing
the number of slots by the number of poles in a dynamo.

Questions:

1. Basing on the information obtained from the disassembled dynamo, what probably
is the rating? Support your answer.

Based on the picture taken from the

disassembled dynamo, the following
data was obtained:

a. Watts
Power = 47 watts
b. Ampere
Current = 0.7 Amperes

2. What is the distance in commutator segment between coil ends of this dynamo
when the winding is triplex-wave?
- The formula to get the distance in commutator segment between coil
𝐶+𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝐶−𝑚
ends is: 𝑌𝑐 = 𝑃
2
Where C is the number of coils, m is the “plex”, and P is the number of
60+3 60−3
poles. 𝑌𝑐 = 2 = 63 𝑌𝑐 = 2 = 57
2 2

3. What relationship exists between the number of armature slots and the number of
commutator segments?
- The number of armature slots and the number of commutator segments
is equal because each coil has two ends and two coils connections are
joined at each commutator segment.
Conclusion and recommendation

There are two types of winding – lap winding and wave winding. In lap winding, the
conductors are joined in such a way that their parallel paths and poles are equal in number.
The end of each armature coil is connected to the adjacent segment on the commutator. The
number of brushes in the lap winding is equal to the number of parallel paths. In wave winding,
only two parallel paths are provided between the positive and negative brushes.

The finishing end of the one armature coil is connected to the starting end of the other
armature coil commutator segment at some distance apart. The distance between the coil
ends in commutator segment is called the commutator pitch. Lap windings are used for
machines of ratings above 500 kW and for low voltage and high current applications. While
the wave windings are used for machines with ratings below 560kW and for high voltage and
low current applications.

References:

(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.accessengineeringlibrary.com/browse/standard-handbook-

for-electrical-engineers-sixteenth-edition/ch07lev1sec05

Armature winding of a DC machine. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.electricaleasy.com/2012/12/armature-winding-of-dc-machine.html

P. (n.d.). Armature Winding of Alternator. Retrieved from

https://www.electrical4u.com/armature-winding-of-alternator/

Brain, M. (2000, April 01). How Electric Motors Work. Retrieved from
https://electronics.howstuffworks.com/motor5.htm