We'll continue talking about the Epithelium.

Last time I told you about the different types of epithelial tissue, today
we will talk about "Stratified Squamous Epithelium".

There are two types of stratified squamous epithelium:

 Keratinized

 Non keratinized

Keratinized: Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is more protective against water loss and dehydration than
non keratinized; and example of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the skin. Cells are filled with
keratin and other substances; they have no nuclei and organelles.

Slide 2 shows the differences between keratinized and non keratinized , the picture on the left is keratinized and the
one on the right is the non keratinized.

Epithelial cells display polarity. Polarity is the unevenly distribution of the cell's organelles.

As a result of the cell polarity ,we can differentiate between three poles:

 Basal pole

 Apical pole

 Lateral surfaces, the lateral surface always has a folding that increase the surface area and increasing the
function capacity.

The layer under the epithelial cells is called "Basement membrane", so it's on the interface of the epithelium and
underlying of the connective tissue.

The basement membrane is Periodic Acid Shiff positive,so it has saccharides.

Seen under transition electron microscope ,the basement membrane is composed of two layers :

 Basal Lamina

 Reticular Lamina

The basal lamina is the outer layer and the reticular is the underlying.

The basal lamina had three layers, you will understand this more when you see the electron micrograph ;you will
find a layer, Lamina densa, and then one or two clear layers either on both sides or on one side.There's a Lamina
densa layer and two Lamina Lucida ,the lamina lucida is either as one layer on one side or two layer on both sides of
lamina densa.

Regarding the Reticular Lamina which is below the basal lamina,it's composed of fine reticular fibers ,which are
composed of type (III) collagen.

Slide 5 : is a section of renal cortex ; you can see the simple squamous epithelium and the nuclei and the basement
membrane.

The basal lamina can't be seen under electron microscope. Sometimes basal lamina and basement membrane are
used interchangeably ,and this is confusing. so it's better to say that this layer seen here in under the electron
microscope is the basement membrane and the one seen under the light microscope is the basal lamina .
In slide num 6: you can see the basal lamina and lamina densa .The lamina densa is at the left of the basal lamina.
And at the right of the basal lamina there's the reticular lamina.

Lamina densa: lamina is a layer and densa in dense…so lamina densa is a electron dense layer.

The basal lamina is composed of three layers :one densa and two lucida .this can be see clearly in the picture in slide
6.

Still on the slide 6 : on the right you can see the reticular lamina composed of type III collagen .

Between epithelium and connective tissue there are junctions as the epithelium connective tissue interface and
these junctions are the hemedesmose. Hemodemosomes : hemo (half),so hemodesmosome is half desmosome.

Hemidesmosomes, remember, it's epithelial cell connective tissue junction.

Basal lamina is made of glycoprotein, protoglycan and a type of collagen; those components are secreted at the
basal pole of epithelial cell.

Glycoprotein, u know, they are protein with saccharides attached to them. Protoglycan, you will learn more about
them in the connective tissue ,as the different types of collagen.

Remember that the basal lamina is composed of type IV collagen while the reticular lamina is composed of type III
collagen.

The basal lamina has many functions ,like structural and filtering functions.

The Epithelium has an underlying basement membrane;under the basement membrane there's a connective tissue;
for the epithelium lining the internal of organs, the connective tissue is called "Lamina propria".

There are many functions of the lamina propria. It has a supportive function ,it provides nutrition. Remember that
the epithelium is Avascular, this means it doesn't have blood vessels and capillaries ; and you know that capillaries
and blood vessels are those structures responsible for carrying nutrients to the different cells. Therefore ,connective
tissue provides nutrition by having blood capillaries and vessels. Now the nutrient molecules pass out of the
capillaries and blood vessels in the underlying tissue and then diffuse along the basal lamina to different cells.

Another function of lamina propria is binding epithelium to the underlying structures.

At area of cell contact,those surfaces of the cell undergo specialization;those specializations are called " intercellular
junctions".They are for the communication between different cells.

There are different types of Intercellular junctions:

 Occluding junctions (tight junctions,zonulae occludens)

 Adhering junction( zonula adherens,intermediate junction)

 Desmosomes (macula adherens)

 Gap junction (nexus, communicating junctions)

 Junctional complex

The junctional complex is composed of two or more different junctions.

Slide 10 : is a schematic representation of the junctional complex

You have at the most apical part of the cell ,you have the zonulae occludens ;it's like bands circulating the cell,as a
belt.The ZO is mediated by a concentrating protein called clauding .So this junction forms bands circulating the apical
end of the cell.The function of tight junction is to prevent the passage of molecules between cells.

The other junction you can see in slide 11,is Zonula adherens, is below ZO;it's mediated by transmembrane
glucoproteins ,called cadherin. Since it's below the tight junction ,you can expect it to stabilize and strengthen bands
from the tight junction and therefore help holding the cells in the layer together.

The third junction in this junction complex is Desmosomes or macula adherens;the desmosomes is attached to
intermediate filaments such as Keratin and therefore is very strong ,providing strong attachment points between
cells and therefore supplementing role of the adhering function in maintaining the integrity of the epithelium. The
last type of junctions is called gap junction and it serves as intercellular channel due which molecules and ions move
between the neighboring cells.so gap junction has a very little strength.

Desmosomes are the strongest junctions.

Slide 11 electron micrograph showing a junctional complex.

The upper part is the apical pole and the lower is the basal one.

By the way,Desmosomes and Gap junctions don't form bands around the hole cell ,they provide spot like plats.

Desmosomes are disk's shape.At the periphery part of the desmosomes you can see the electron dense,because of
it's components..as the desmosomes are composed of densa lamina.

Now the gap junction or nexus is composed of protein complexes called "Connexons" which make proteins called
"Connexin";so connexons are hexamarete protein complexes of connexins protein .

So the previous once ,the intercellular junctions are specializations of lateral surfaces of the cell.There ae
specializations of the apical part of the cell,which is the pre-surface of the cell .the pre-surface of the cell undergoes
specializations to increase the cell surface area and to move substances or particles bound to the epithelium.

Example of apical specialization

 Microvilli

 Stereocillia

 Cillia

 Flagella

When viewed with light microscope ,Microvilli appear striated or brush border,in the picture in slide 14 is the first
layer from the top,they can be easily identified.

Using TEM longitudinally ,you can see microvilli as finger like projection on the cytoplasm ,slide 15 ,left.

There's also a cross sectional view of microvilli( slide 15,left the smallest pic); it's like there is an internal bundle of
actin filament surrounded by plasma membrane.

Longitudinally you can see an external coat,electron dense external coat,this is called Glucocalyx ;it is an extracellular
layer of glucoprotein and enzymes necessary for,as an example, to link the final stage of the digestions to the uptake
of the product to be digested;so this is called glycocalyx.
In slide 15 pic on the right you can see clearly the actin bundles.

Stereocillia

When they are viewed with EM and compared with Microvilli ,they'll look longer and less mobile.

The thing is that they are branched,they have similar structure of microvilli and they have,the same ,extracellular
coat of microvilli.

Cillia

LM: you can see them like long projections ,so they are longer and wider than microvilli and they look lie being
tangled.

TEM: they look finger like projection but when you look at them transcersly on TEM miscroscope you can see a
pattern or a structure unique to cilia ;it has a structure called axoneme ,that's a microtubule –based cytoskeleton
that's involved in 9+2 pattern.

9+2 pattern is : 9 pairs of microtubules aligned peripherically and two microtubules in the center and sorruounded
by the plasma membrane.

The last specialization is called "flagella" ;it has similar structure to cilia ,but flagella are usually limited in
number,they are one flagella per cell and they are longer than cilia.

I tried to did my best, I'm sorry if there's any mistake but actually it wasn't that ease as I did this without slides…and
you know we don't have a soft copy of slides ,and in the hard one pictures are not very clear…soo..:( I think there's
nothing more to be done…

Done by

Sara Ibdiwi

Salamii 3lli 7a9'er ma3ana

Salami 3le 5ali makanh

Salami enchalla yo9al salami asami ma areed athker asami …

to those people who make every single moment of my life special just as the way they are ,Friendaaati I love you <3