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1931
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Smprimatur :
Copyright, 1931, by
PRENTICE-HALL, INC.
EDITOR
OF THE
PATRISTIC STUDIES
CHAIRMAN
OF THE
DEPARTMENT OF GREEK AND LATIN
IN
THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF AMERICA
7868/U
PREFACE
beginnings of this edition of the Confessions reach back
THE to the year 1924, when Sister M. Constance Mooney,
M.A., of the Sisters of St. Mary of Namur of Fort Worth,
presented to Professor Deferrari's Latin Seminar a paper
entitled "A Suggested College Course in St. Augustine's Con
fessions." In the summer of that year Sister Inviolata Barry,
Ph.D., Professor of Latin in Our Lady of the Lake College,
San Antonio, and the editor whose name appears first upon the
title-page began gathering materials for an edition of the Con
fessions suitable for the college and the preparatory seminary.
Sister Inviolata had scarcely determined upon the selections
to be used, however, when her promotion to a strenuous dean-
ship compelled her to abandon the enterprise. The work was
begun anew by the present editors in 1926.
The only other annotated edition of the Confessions in whole
or in part readily available in English differs apparently in
purpose and certainly in execution from the present work.
Whatever class of readers Gibb and Montgomery had primarily
in mind, their commentary emphasizes the literary, philo
sophical, and historical interests of the Confessions rather
than the syntactical and linguistic. For college students, if
for no others, adequate notes upon the latter are as indis
pensable as adequate notes upon the former, and it is for
college students that the present edition is intended, although
advanced high-school students can use the text without
difficulty. The selections, therefore, constitute the equivalent
of a normal semester's reading in college Latin, and aim to
include the most interesting passages of the narrative portions
of the Confessions. Besides the usual notes upon historical,
religious, philosophical, and Biblical matters, every syntactical
difficulty is considered, classical and non-classical, and a
vii
viii PREFACE
Preface vii-viii
Introduction 3
I. St. Augustine's Life in Outline before his Con
version 3
II. St. Augustine in the World of Thought 9
III. The Confessions 13
IV. The Style of St. Augustine 14
V. Some Stylistic Devices in the Confessions 17
VI. Notes on the Vocabulary of the Confessions. . . 19
VII. Syntactical' Summary 23
VIII. Biblical Citations 51
IX. The Problem of St. Augustine's Conversion ... 53
X. A Selected Bibliography 55
Text and Notes 65
I. Preliminary Prayer 65
II. Infancy 69
III. Boyhood Influences 73
IV. Adolescence 92
V. To Carthage 100
VI. The Hortensius of Cicero 104
VII. The Manichce 109
VIII. Death of a Friend 117
IX. Carthage Once More 122
X. Faustus v 126
XI. To Rome 133
XII. To Milan and St. Ambrose 140
bs
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
'-.
.
.
_
is
of his waywardness, however, that can well be called into
doubt. Patricius meanwhile died, a Christian on his deathbed,
and Augustine continued at Carthage, supported by Monnica
and Romanianus.
3. In his nineteenth year Augustine was recalled for a time
from his dissolute beginnings by perusal of lost dialogue of
a
Cicero's, called the Hortensius, work intended by its author
a
as an exhortation to the pleasures of philosophy, though
studied at Carthage chiefly as a model of style. So far did
the youthful Augustine seize its deeper import that produced
it
revolution in his thinking. From now on he was ceaselessly
a
thus recalls him. Cf. Augustine, Epistola XCIII, 51, in Corpus Scriptorum
Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum XXXIV, Pars II, 494-495.
For a detailed description of Manichaeism cf. F. C. Burkitt, The
2
Confessions
references in the present work may also prove useful, p. 109, note
1;
7. In this state
he eagerly and successfully tried for a
professorship of rhetoric vacant at Milan in 384. V Soon after
his arrival there he fell under the spell of Milan's great and
eloquent Bishop Ambrose, easily the first man in the city
where the imperial authority was centered. The magnetism
of Ambrose, and not his doctrine, at first attracted Augustine,
but after a time the doctrine too began to break in upon his
soul, as he returned again and again to Ambrose's sermons.
He came to perceive that the Catholic doctrine could be de
fended credibly. Finally he saw that it could be true. But
was it true? That was the question. In his doubts he made
some decisions. { He broke off his remaining connections with
the Manichees. He found the skeptical philosophers of the
Academy unsatisfactory because, as he said, "the wholesome
name of Christ was lacking to them." He resolved, therefore,
to return to the catechumenate of his childhood, there to
await clearer guidance.
8. About this time Monnica came to Milan, to add her
fervent prayers in the city's churches to the action of grace
within her son. Meanwhile he was studying ardently Neo-
platonic works.4 Through these ho slowly arose above his
materialistic conception of God. Ho began to perceive that
there is a spiritual method of knowledge, distinct from and
superior to the senses. He was led on by degrees from the
perceptible to the imperceptible world. He finally came to
the idea of the creator, single, spaceless, unchangeable. The
problem of evil vanished for him under this concept, and the
idea of an authority, to be accepted for its own sake, began to
grow in his soul. He saw the possibility of contentment
without completeness of knowledge. In fact the higher his
ideal of knowledge became, the more insufficient appeared to
him the indulgence of earthly passion — and in this he was
unconsciously approaching the deepest root of his troubles.
On Neoplatonism, cf. Catholic Encyclopedia, X, 742-745, s. v. Neo-
4
is,
Retractations. cannot suggest the
it it
huge dimensions of some of the writings embraces. There
scarcely branch of theology which has not received at
is
today.
18. Augustine is, therefore, our contemporary, as he has
been of every age since his own. In some of his works he
seems the contemporary of his own age scarcely at all. And of
no work of his this more true than of his Confessions, a
is
THE STYLE
IV. THE STYLE OF ST. AUGUSTINE
ST. AUGUSTINE
It seems 3'lmost
22. It insist that Augustine
almost trite to insist Augustine in style,
style, as
things else, was
in all things conditioned by the age in which
was conditioned which he lived.
lived.
How he could have dominated
How dominated his own time time if his style
style had
had
contemporaries passes the limits of the
been strange to his contemporaries
imagination.
imagination. This point
This point is usually
usually made,
made, however, in dis- dis
Augustine's style, and sometimes in his defense-
cussion of Augustine's defense —
if to differ
as if differ from "Golden" Latin
from the "Golden" Latin of some four hundred
some four hundred
years before was necessarily to be decadent, as if there
was necessarily there were
an absolute
absolute norm evaluating style for all time. It
norm evaluating It is a fact
fact
that Augustine
Augustine is markedly
markedly different
different from the classic prose of
Cicero; indulges devices which
Cicero; that he indulges Cicero would
which Cicero would not have
not have
tolerated
tolerated and which
which we do not allow.
allow. But his own ·age
age did
allow them — demanded them, in fact-and
allow them-demanded fact- — and every age accepts
accepts
his ConfesS'ions,
Confessions, regardless of what
what "decadence"
"decadence" it perceives,
perceives,
and even holds up certaincertain chapters as examples surpassing
examples of surpassing
beauty.
beauty. Are we to assume, assume, as is sometimes done, done,88 that the
Conj essions enjoy
Confessions enjoy their world position
their world position unsupported
unsupported in any
8 Gudeman, Geschichte
Cf. A. Gudeman, Geschichte der altchrisUichen
altchristtichen lateinischen Literatur
lateinischen Literatur
Jahrhundert, Berlin and Leipzig,
2.-6. Jahrhundert,
vom 2.-6. 84-85.
Leipzig, 1925, 84-85.
allurements of what
respect by the allurements what we call style? This This is not
attempt to answer so mighty a question. It
the place to attempt It
involves the central problem
involves what style is. It
problem of just what It suggests
suggests
much loose
that much loose thinking enters into evaluations
enters into evaluations of style, that
style,,
unconsciously subjective
an unconsciously subjective element is a factorfactor in our-our con-con
something confusing
clusions, that there is something unsatisfactory
confusing and unsatisfactory
in trying to be absolute about it. It It is sufficient
sufficient to remark
remark
here
here that the expressed
expressed canons of taste change,
change, but that the
appeal of the Confessions
Confessions endures amid all the changes changes and and
that if style has has nothing universal prestige of
nothing to do with the universal
the Confessions,
the they are the only
Confessions, they only work, besides the Bible, of
work, besides
which such statement can
such a statement can be made.
made.
Regardless of what
23. Regardless what is to be thought
thought of them, certain certain
Augustine's style are determined, of course,
features of Augustine's course, by his
times and by the circumstances·
times circumstances of his life. Born Borr? anaj African
Af,,1'^pn I
thoroughly. -in_the,riietarical
and educated thoroughlx
and iu the rbetQri~L_ma°nner
manner of his da.,y day
and "place, eventually
rltlltrp1ace, eventually becoming of rhetoric himself,
becoming a teacher ofriieforic
he exhimts even
--~1ie~exh7DTts matured prose·
even in his matured traits that impress us
prose traits
bombastic and puerile;
as bombastic metaphor that seems to us
puerile; a love of metaphor
unmeasured, a fondness for word-play
unmeasured, word-play that is soon soon wearisome
to us and that at times is downright downright repulsive; deliberate
repulsive; deliberate
repetitions of single words and phrases
repetitions that sometimes are
phrases that
musical to us. The educated world
not musical world of his day and of the
three centuries preceding
three retained a love of the older
preceding had retained older
rhetoric, though
rhetoric, though the occasions
occasions that had made made that rhetoric
rhetoric
serious and dignified
serious dignified had faded with the rise of Roman
absolutism.
absolutism. Form had been
been exalted, therefore, to make up for
poverty of content, and Augustine Augustine was was the heir of a long
tradition of rhetorical
tradition frivolity, when he entered the rhetorical
rhetorical frivolity, rhetorical
schools. Later in life he tried tried to shake off some some of these
mannerisms on the grounds that they
mannerisms they were
were devices display
devices of display
concessions to pride. They persisted with him, however,
and concessions
to the end.
end.
24. But the mighty subjects which engaged
subjects which maturity
engaged the maturity
of Augustine assured secondary place
assured form a secondary place in his stylistic
economy.
economy. While we of today, different tastes,
today, with our different tastes, are
offended by some
offended some of the devices
devices he employs, we must admit admit
informality, an arbitrariness
whole, exhibit an informality,
whole, arbitrariness almost, which
strange to the practices
is strange rhetoric in his day, while
practices of rhetoric while the
infiltration of Biblical
constant infiltration
constant Biblical quotations viola
quotations is an added viola-
unity of style
tion of unity rhetors conceived it. But the
style as the rhetors
Conj essi,ons are first and foremost
Confessions foremost a prayer. God God is the auditor
whom Augustine
whom Augustine has chiefly in mind,
has first and chiefly after God,
mind, and, after God,
friends of his who could follow
only those friends follow the informalities of
prayer.
his prayer. culture abound
contemporary culture
The features of the contemporary abound
work, therefore, but
in his work, but the freedom of prayer out
prayer is its out-
characteristic.
appropriate characteristic.
standing and appropriate
V. SOME STYLISTIC
SOME STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE
DEVICES IN THE CONFESSIONS
CONFESSIONS
28. The following is a list of some
28. favorite devices
some of the favorite
Augustine in the Confessions.
used by Augustine Confessions. It does not pretend
It pretend
to be exhaustive, 9
definitions
exhaustive,9 but the definitions 10 illustrations it
and illustrations
10
includes, together
includes, together with references
references made to this this list in the notes,
notes,
may serve
serve to give some
some accurate impressions of the style
accurate impressions style of
the Conj esmons.
Confessions.
substantive abstract.
29. Adjective substantive
29. abstract. An idea properly properly ad- ad
jectival substantive rank as an abstract
jectival is raised to substantive abstract noun.noun.
Conj. III, 4, 7, immortalitatem
Conf. III, immortalitatem sapientiae.
sapientiae.
30. Alliteration. The recurrence
recurrence of the same initial letter
same initial letter
letters in succeeding words.
or letters Conj.
Conf. I, 4, 4, Reddis debita debita
debens, donas debita
nulli debens, nihil perdens.
debita nihil perdens.
Anadiplosis.
31. Anadiplosis.
31. Geminatio below.
Cf. Geminatio
Antimetathesis.
32. Antimetathesis.
32. repetition of the same
The repetition word in a
same word
sentence with a change of meaning. Conj.
sentence tenere
Conf. I, 13, 20, tenere
Aeneae nescio
cogebar Aeneae
cogebar nescio cuius errores (travels),
cuius errores oblitus errorum
(travels), oblitus errorum
(religious aberrations)
(religious meorum.
aberrations) meorum.
-
99
A definitive
A definitive treatment
treatment of the style Confessions is scheduled
style of the Confessions scheduled to
be published University of America
published in The Catholic University Patristic Studies, in
America Patristic
June of 1931, by the Rev. Clement
June Clement L. Hrdlicka, O.S.B., of St. Procopius
Procopius
College, Lisle,
College, Illinois.
Lisle, Illinois.
10 The definitions
definitions are based uponupon J.J. M. Campbell's
Campbell's The Influence of the
Sophistic on
Second Sophistic on the Style of the Sermons
Sermons of St. Basil the Great, Washing
Great, Washing-
ton, 1922, and upon Sister
ton, 1922, M. Inviolata
Sister M. Inviolata Barry's St. Augustine
Augustine the Orator,
Oral.or,
Washington, 1924. For the theory
Washington, style in Late Latin, cf. Norden,
theory of style Norden,
Die Antike
J>ie Antike K 573-624.
unstprosa, Leipzig and Berlin, 1922, ~73-624.
Kunstprosa,
33. Antonomasia.
Antonomasia. The designation designation of a person by one of
his qualities accomplishments.
qualities or accomplishments. Conj. IV, 2, 2, diligentibus
Conf. IV,
vanitatem et quaerentibus
vanitatem mendacium.
quaerentibus mendacium.
Asyndeton.
34. Asyndeton. The ellipsis grammatical connectives
ellipsis of grammatical connectives to
obtain energy of style and staccato emphasis. Conj.
obtain Conf. I, 4, 4,
Summe, optime,
Surnrne, potentissime, omnipotentissime,
optime, potentissime, omnipotentissime, miseri-
miseri-
cordissime, etc.
cordissime,
Chiasmus.
35. Chiasmus. Two or more successive
Two wherein the
clauses wherein
successive clauses
succession of words in the first clause
succession reversed in the second
clause is reversed
succession of words in the second
and the succession reversed in the
second is reversed
third, etc.
etc. Conj.
Conf. I, I, 4, 4, (with repetitive
repetitive paronomasia)
paronomasia)
opera mutas nee nec mutas
mutas consilium.
consilium.
-, Epanaphora.
36. Epanaphora. repetition of the same
The repetition word or words
same word words
at the beginning
beginning of two two or more successive
successive clauses.
clauses. Conf. I,
Conj.
, 1,1, 1, Magnus es, domine,
1, Magnus domine, . . .. magna
. . ....
virtus tua . . . .
magna virtus
Geminatio.
37. Geminatio. The repetition, either immediately
repetition, either immediately or afterafter
interval, of t.he
an interval, the same
same wordword or phrase.
phrase. Conj.
Conf. I, 1, 1, Et Et
laudare te vult
laudare vult homo, aliqua portio
homo, aliqua creaturae tuae .. . .. Et
portio creaturae
vult homo,
laudare te vult
tamen laudare
tam.en homo, aliqua
aliqua portio creaturae tuae.
portio creaturae
38. Hendiadys. The placing placing on an equal grammatical
grammatical plane
plane
expressions, one of which
two expressions,
of two which is logically subordinate to the
logically subordinate
other. Conj. III, 11,
Conf. III, spiritu =
11, 19, ex fide et spiritu = ex spiritu fidei.
fidei.
Hyperbaton.
39. Hyperbaton. A
A transposition
transposition of a word word (or words)
words)
from its natural position either
natural position either for emphasis or for elegant
elegant
affectation.
affectation. Conj. II,
Conf. II, 2, 4, cum cum accepit in me sceptrum et
sceptrum.
totas ~us libidinis.
vesania libidinis.
manus ei dedi vesania
(paradox). An expression self-contradictory
Oxymoron (paradox).
40. Oxymoron
when separated from its context. Conj. II, 2, 2, superba
Conf. II,
deiectione inquieta lassitudine.
deiectione et inquieta lassitudine.
clauses having
Successive clauses
41. Parison. Successive having the same general
same general
structure.
structure. Conf. I, 4, 4, 4, (with epanaphora and paradox)
(with epanaphora
numquam novus,
numquam novus, numquam
numquam vetus.
Parechesis.
42. Parechesis. A similarity
A similarity in the sound of words words of
different roots plus a dissimilarity of sense. Con/.
different III, 1, 1,
Conf. III,
circumstrepebat me undique
Carthaginem, et circumstrep_ebat
Veni Carthaginem, undique sartago
sartago
amorum.
flagitiosorum amorum.
fiagitiosorum
Origi I fr m
Digitiz by
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 19
Paronomasia.
43. Paronomasia. similarity in the sound of words of the
A similarity
same root, dissimilarity of sense. Conf. II,
root, plus a dissimilarity II, 3, 7, Quid
Quid
dignum est vituperatione
dignum vitium?
vituperatione nisi vitium? vituperarer,
Ego ne vituperarer,
vitiosior fie
vitiosior fiebam.
bam.
44. Pleonasm. The joining words or phrases
joining of several words
which have about the same
have about same meaning. III, 4, 8, ut
Conf. III,
diligerem et quaererem
diligerem adsequerer et tenerein
quaererem et adsequerer tenerem atque
amplexarer.
amplexarer.
f 45. Polyptoton.
j._ Polyptoton. A repetition
A repetition of the same word in different
same word different
cases, either directly or after
cases, either an interval.
after ·an interval. IX,
Conf. IX, 11,
Conj. 11, 28,
(with
(with paronomasia) coniuncta terra
paronomasia) ut coniuncta terra amborum
amborum coniugum
coniugum
tegeretur.
terra tegeretur.
Polysyndeton.
46. Polysyndeton. multiplication of connec-
The artistic multiplication
tives. Conj. VIII, 6, 15, Quam
Conf. VIII, Quam legere coepit unusunus eorum
eorum et
mirari et accendi
accendi et inter legendum meditari.
legendum meditari.
·t/ 47. Repetitive paronomasia.
Repetitive paronomasia. rhetorical repetition
The rhetorical repetition of
the
the same word word in the same
same sense. quid dicit
Conf. I, 4, 4, aut quid
Conf.
dicit?
aliquis, cum de te dicit?
aliquis,
question. A ·question
48. Rhetorical question. effectTather
question asked for effect·rather
than information. Conf.
than habet quicquam
Conf. I, 4, 4, et quis habet quicquam non non
tuum?
tuum?
Zeugma. _An
49. Zeugma.
49. An adjective
adjective made to modify,
modify, or a verb to
govern or be governed by, two nouns with one of which
govern which it is
logically connected and with the other of which which it is con-
nected only by an extensionextension of meaning. Conf. I, 6, 8,
Itaque iactabam
ltaque iactabam et membra
membra et voces.
VI.
VI. NOTES ON THE
NOTES THE VOCABULARY THE CONFESSIONS
VOCABULARY OF THE CONFESSIONS
hundred and fifty years that
period of four hundred
50. In the period
separates the Conj Cicero,
esS'ions from the masterpieces of Cicero,
Confessions
Latin, like any living
Latin, living tongue, experienced an evolution
evolution in its
its
vocabulary.
vocabulary. evolution is particularly
This evolution marked in the
particularly marked
Christian writers,
Christian writers, whose
whose language is permeated with words words
introduced into or developed withinwithin Latin itself
itself to give ade-
quate expression to the doctrines
quate Christianity.
doctrines and ideas of Christianity.
If we except this special Christian
If Christian vocabulary,
vocabulary, however, it is
however, it
really surprising
really surprising ·how striking innovations
how relatively few striking innovations in
vocabulary are to be found
vocabulary carefully written works of
found in the carefully
highly
highly cultured Empire like St.
authors of the Late Empire
cultured Christian authors St.
Jerome, and St. Augustine.
Ambrose, St. Jerome,
Ambrose, Augustine. their
These men in their
very clearly
language and style reflect very tradition
clearly the Ciceronian tradition
of their age.
Selections are
occurring in the present Selections
51. All words occurring listed
are listed
and defined in the Vocabulary at the end book.
end of the book. An
indication here,
here, however, of the more important elements
composition
that have entered directly or indirectly into the composition
vocabulary may
Augustine's vocabulary
of St. Augustine's may serve student
serve to give the student
a more concrete and discerning appreciation of the divergences
discerning appreciation divergences
word-content in the Conj
of the word-content essions and in other
Confessions Christian
other Christian
Classics from the norms of Ciceronian
Classics Ciceronian and Caesarian
Caesarian prose.
mentioned may
The elements mentioned may be grouped conveniently under
grouped conveniently
two heads: general innovations in the Latin vocabulary,
general innovations vocabulary, and
special innovations introduced by or under
innovations introduced influence of
under the influence
Christianity.
Christianity. ·
General Innovations
General Innovations
52. The employment poetical words
employment in prose of poetical phrases.
words and phrases.
This practice,
This already initiated by Livy, who borrowed
practice, already borrowed from
Vergil, was
Vergil, was continued restraint by subsequent prose
continued without restraint prose
writers of Silver
writers Latin. Horace
Silver and Late Latin. Horace and Vergil were the
schoolbooks of succeeding generations
schoolbooks indelible
generations and left an indelible ~
stamp on Silver Latin prose
Silver and Late Latin prose and verse. This merging
verse. This merging
vocabulary of prose
of the vocabulary poetry was
prose and poetry actively
promoted actively
was promoted
also dominant in the schools of
also by the stylistic tendencies dominant
rhetoric under
rhetoric under the Empire.
53. The employment archaic words.
employment of archaic words. Sallust
Sallust and Varro
marked fondness for archaic
already reveal a marked
already words and
archaic words
expressions,
expressions, and we meet imitator of
meet this again in Tacitus, an imitator
Sallust, but especially
Sallust, especially in Fronto, Gellius,
Gellius, and Apuleius, who
Apuleius, who
were avowed archaists. Even in Augustine's
were avowed Augustine's own age, we
Symmachus drawing materials from the old
drawing materials
1
The introduction
54. The introduction into into both
both prose and verse of many many
words borrowed from
words borrowed language spoken
from the language cultured circles
spoken by cultured
and from the language spoken
the language spoken by the rank and file of the the
—
people-the
people the racy Sermo Plebeius, with its varied
racy Sermo varied shades
shades andand
elements. A number
elements. number of popular
popular words were already passing
were already·
into the literary language in the Golden Golden Age, as we know from
Cicero's Letters
Cicero's Horace's Satires, and even
Letters and Horace's even from Propertius
and Ovid. The tendency tendency to borrow
borrow words from the popular popular
speech continued during
speech continued during the
the Silver Age, and with the decline decline
culture in the Late period, the popular
of Latin culture popular element
element became
became
steadily more prominent
steadily prominent in the literary language.
introduction of provincialisms.
55. The introduction provincialisms. writers
The great writers
North Africa, and
Spain, North
arose in Spain,
who arose and Gaul under Empire
under the Empire
introduced some.
unquestionably introduced
unquestionably local elements into the L~tin
some local Latin
particularly in vocabulary.
literary language, particularly vocabulary. It is extremely
It extremely
difficult, however, for us to single out such provincialisms.
difficult, provincialisms.
It was once
It once thought
thought that the works African writers
works of the African writers
Fronto to St. Augustine
from Fronto peculiarities in
exhibited such peculiarities
Augustine exhibited
common that one could speak of a well-defined
common African Latin.
well-defined African Latin.
But aa searching
But examination of every
searching examination every shred of possible evidence
convinced our
has convinced our best contemporary scholars that there is
best contemporary
nothing peculiarly African
nothing African in the language of these writers.
these writers.
At most they reveal certain certain peculiarities
peculiarities of style, due to the
cultivation of Asiatic tendencies in rhetoric
cultivation African
rhetoric in the African
schools.
schools.
56. Greek loan loan words.
words. continued to be borrowed
Words continued borrowed
from the Greek Greek in the Silver Age, when the Greek Greek language
was well knownknown and Greek Greek literature was cultivated intensely intensely
West. The more numerous
in the West. literary borrowings,
numerous literary borrowings, how-how
ever, were subsequently by the Christian
were made subsequently Christian writers.
writers.
57. The coining
coining of new new words,
words, especially nouns of agency
especially nouns
abstracts.
and abstracts. Classical Latin is remarkably poor in the
Classical
latter.
latter. The deficiency substantives of these
deficiency in substantives these two types
was made up as necessity demanded in the Silver and Late
ever-increasing number
Latin by an ever-increasing formations.
number of new formations.
Numerous verbs both both simple and compound continued to be
compound continued
created throughout
created throughout the Silver and Late periods, and the same same
holds true
true in the case adjectives and adverbs. In In all these
1
Christianity
Innovations Produced by Christianity
Christianity exercised
59. Christianity influence on the
far-reaching influence
exercised a far-reaching
vocabulary of the Latin
vocabulary Latin language by the introduction
introduction of a
large number Hebrew and Greek
number of Hebrew Greek loan words, first given given a
form by the early
Latin form Latin translators
early Latin translators of the Scriptures,
Scriptures,
who literal rendering
who aimed above all else at a literal rendering of their original.
It is thus that words
It like apostolus, baptismus,
words like baptismus, ecclesia,
ecclesia,
evangelium, paracletus,
episcopus, evangelium, paracletus, propheta, psalmus,'psalmus, zi-
zania, became
zania, became a partpart of the Latin vocabulary.
vocabulary. These early
translators, moreover, because
translators, because of their cultural
their own lack of cultural
training or because
training desire to make their
because of their desire their translations
intelligible even
even to the most lowly of their their hearers, employed
hearers, employed
freely the language of the people
quite freely their versions, and
people in their and
result a number
as a result number of popular
popular words and expressions
expressions came
Latin. The
Ecclesiastical Latin.
form an essential element of Ecclesiastical
to form The
influence of these
influence these early Latin translations
early Latin translations on _the the Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical
Literature of the third and fourth centuries was enor-
Latin Literature enor
mous. They were gradually superseded
were only gradually superseded in the fifth
translation made
century by the great translation
century Jerome — our
made by St. Jerome--our
Vulgate
Vulgate Version.
Old Latin words themselves were
60. Old were made to do serviceservice
Christianity through
for Christianity through changes restrictions in their mean-
changes or restrictions mean
dominus came
ings. Thus dominus signify the Lord; gentes,
came to signify gentes, the
gentiles, the pagans; gratia, grace; fides, the Christian Faith; Faith;
fidelis, a ffaithful Christian; oratio,
aith:ful Christian; oratio, prayer; praesul, bishop;
prayer; praesul, bishop;
preach; salus, salvation; Spiritus,
praedico, preach;
praedico, Ghost, etc.
Spiritus, the Holy Ghost,
VII.
VII. SYNTACTICAL SUMMARY
SYNTACTICAL SUMMARY1111
63. The following pages contain a brief
pages contain brief summary
summary of the
from the common
syntactical divergences from common norms of the Classi-
Classi-
11
11In the treatment of syntactical
the treatment syntactical divergences an attempt
attempt has
has been
been
indicate at least briefly
made to indicate historical development
briefly the historical certain
development of certain
constructions, that belong
constructions, particularly those that almost entirely
entirely or almost
belong entirely entirely to
Substantive
The Substantive
adjective.
64. As an adjective. adjectival use
The adjectival of the substantive
is restricted Latin, but becomes
restricted in Class. Latin, becomes freer in the later
Latin writers.
Late Latin writers. Latin the student
syntax of Late Latin
For the syntax student will receive
receive
almost no help
almost from the standard
help from standard school grammars,
grammars, as they seldom go
they seldom
Suetonius. The teacher, however, may
beyond Suetonius.
beyond may be referred
referred to the
the great
great
Lateinische Grammatik
Lateinische Grammatik of Stolz-Schmalz
Stolz-Schmalz revised
revised by M. Leumann and and
J. B. Hofmann,
J.B. Hofmann, 5th 5th ed. Munich, 1928.
1928. second half of this
The second this work con-
con
tains a scientific
tains comprehensive exposition
scientific and comprehensive Latin syntax
exposition of Latin syntax to the sixth
century a.d. It
century A.D. It is the only adequate historical
historical treatment Latin syntax
treatment of Latin syntax
that has appeared to date in any language. In the syntactical syntactical summary
summary
Early =
below, Early
below, = all Latin
Latin before Cicero; Class. ~
Cicero; Class. = the Latin
Latin prose
prose of the
Golden
Golden Age; Silver
S'ilver = Latin
Latin from
from the death of Augustus (14 A.D.)
Augustus (14 a.d.) to the
death of Suetonius;
death =
Suetonius; Late = LatinLatin from Apuleius Ecclesiastical =
Apuleius on; Eccles'iastical = Latin
Latin translations
peculiar to the Latin
peculiar translations of the Scriptures Christian
Scriptures and to the Christian
writers
writers As Livy is a writer who marks transition from the Golden
marks the transition
to the Silver
Silver Age; specifically when he is the first to employ
mentioned specifically
Age, he is mentioned
a certain construction in prose.
certain construction prose.
writers.
writers. Cf. Con/.
Conf. I, 17, 27, sacrificatur transgressoribus
27, sacrificatur transgressoribus
angelis; Con/. IX,
Conf. IX, 7, 15, Iustina, Valentiniani regis regis pueri
mater.
mater.
Abstracts.
65. Abstracts. indicated above (§
As indicated (§ 57), greatly ex-
57), the greatly ex
tended
tended use of abstract
abstract nouns is one of the striking features of
the Late Latin vocabulary
the vocabulary and style.
66. Adjectives and participles
participles usedused substantively.
substantively. InIn
Class. Latin this
Class. this usage may
may be summarized
summarized as follows:
follows: (a)
Persons.
Persons. The singular
singular is rare and is confined almost entirely
almost entirely
genitive
to the genitive and accusative
accusative cases. The plural is . more
common, especially
common, nominative or accusative.
especially in the nominative accusative. (b)
(6)
Things.
Things. The neuter singular
singular of the second
second declension may
may
be used nominative
used in the nominative or accusative
accusative to express
express an abstract
abstract
idea. The plural is more common but is confined confined mostly
mostly to
nominative and accusative. The historian
the nominative historian Sallust
Sallust shows
strong tendency
a strong tendency to employ
employ adjectives
adjectives and participles sub
participles sub-
stantively, and from Livy Livy on, this usage becomes
usage becomes extended
to all genders
genders and cases. The student numerous
student will note numerous
instances this usage
instances of this• usage in the Confessions.
Confessions. Particularly to
Particularly
substantival use of the neuter, both
be noted is the substantival singular
both singular
plural, of the perfect passive participle.
. and plural, participle. All
AH examples of
this usage
usage are clearly indicated in the Vocabulary.
clearly indicated Vocabulary.
The Pronoun
Reflexive and reciprocal
67. Reflexive reciprocal pronouns.
pronouns. In Class. Latin
In
reciprocal relations
reciprocal relations are ordinarily expressed
are ordinarily expressed by inter nos, nos,
inter vos, inter se. Beginning
inter Beginning with Livy, however,
however, we note
innovations. Thus Livy Livy employs invicem
invicem inter se; Pliny and
Tacitus, invicem
Tacitus, invicem se; Silius Italicus, vicissim;
invicem alone or invicem
- and Late Latin writerswriters even use prepositions
even use invicem
prepositions with invicem
as if it were true pronoun.
were a true pronoun. following examples from
The following from
the Confessions reflect the Silver and Late usage: VI,
Conf. VI,
usage: ·conj.
10, sibimet invicem,
10, 17, sibimet invicem, "to"to one another";
another"; Conf. IV, IV, 4, 8,
"upon each
invicem, "upon
ex iJJvicem, other"; Conj.
each other"; IV, 8, 13, docere aliquid
Conf. IV,
discere ab invicem,
invicem aut discere "to teach one another
invicem, "to another some-
some
learn (something)
thing or to learn (something) from one another turn";
another in turn";
visum; Conj.
visum; III, 4, 7.
Conf. III, ipsius exhortationem
7, sed liber ille 1ps1us exhortationem
continet ad philosophiam;
continet pbilosophiam ; Con/.
Conf. V, 14, 24, defendi posse
24, ipsa defendi
mihi iam
mlhi iam coeperunt videri ; Conj.
coeperunt videri; nec ausus
Conf. V, 7, 12, ille nee ausus est
sarcinam.
ipsam sarcinam.
subire ipsam =
(2) ipse = idem: Conj.Conf. V, 6, 10,
Et per annos ferme ipsos novem.
Et novem. Cf. Cf Con/.
. IV, 1,
Conf. IV, 1, 1, idem
1, Per idem
annorum novem. It.
tempus annorum
tempus It should
should be observed furthermore
furthermore
that ille and ipse occasionally have little more force than
ipse occasionally than a
definite article.
definite article.
69. Interrogative mdefmite pronouns
Interrogative and indefinite adjectives.
pronouns and adjectives.
= uter. ·Con/.
(a) quis --:- uter. horum . . . quisque
13, 22, quid horum
Conf. I, 13, . quisque
. .
obliviscatur?
obliviscatur? This use of quis, though
This though already
already occurring
occurring in
Cicero, becomes
Cicero, common only
relatively common
becomes relatively Latin.
only in Late Latin.
(b)
(b) quilibet
=
quilibet = quicumque:
quicumque : Conj. VI, 3, 3, quolibet
Conf. VI, tamen
quolibet tam.en
animo id ageret. This This usage Latin.
usage is confined to Late Latin.
Adjective
The Adjective
Comparison.
70. Comparison. superlative: Conj.
Positive for superlative: VIII, 6,
Conf. VIII,
volebat habere
animi, quem volebat
13, animi, habere liberum et quam multis posset
horis feriatum.
feriatum. This use of quam potuit
This positive in
potuit with the positive
superlative is confined .to the Silver and Late
place of the superlative
Latinity.
Adverb
The Adverb
adverb as adjective.
71. The adverb adjective. Conj. III, 4, 7, ego
Conf. III, inbecilla
ego inbecilla
tunc aetate
tune aetate discebam; Conj. Conf. V, 13, 23, ut . . . me
. . probatum
me probatum
.
tunc Symmachus
praefectus tune
praefectus mitteret.
Symmachus m.itteret. This adjectival use of
This
adverb becomes
the adverb common in Latin Prose only from Livy
becomes common Livy on.
72. Adverbs of time. = "
adhuc = " even
time. adhuc
" still,"" "" fur-
even,"" " still
ther." Conj.
ther." Conf. I, 11, 17, quasi'
quasi necesse ' ut adhuc
necesse esset, '
adhuc sor-
III, 4, 8, in ipso adhuc
Conf. III,
viverem; Conj.
didarer, si viverem; adhuc lacte
lacte matris
tenerum cor meum meum pie biberat; Conj. IX, 10, 26, Quid
Conf. IX, hic
Quid hie
faciam adhuc
faciam adhuc et cur hiehic sim.,
sim, nescio. ThisThis use of adhuc
adhuc is con-
con-
fined in prose Silver and Late Latin.
prose to Silver
73. Adverbs of place.
place. St. Augustine is very
St. Augustine fond of using
very fond using
ubi, unde,
inde, ubi, unde, and other adverbs of place place as the equivalent
pronoun (with or without a preposition)
of a pronoun proper
preposition) in its proper
case.
case. This usage
This uncommon in Class. Latin,
usage is not uncommon Latin, but be be-
Ori i al fr m
Di itize- by
UNIVE SI O CALI ORNIA
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 29
Verb
The Verb
77. Voice. In
77. Voic~. In common with other Late writers, writers, St. Augus-
Augus-
tine uses the passive extensively, and he shows a special
passive extensively, special
impersonal passive forms. Cf., e.g.:
fondness for impersonal Conf. I, 9,
e.g.: Conj. 9,
15,
15, supplicatur;
supplicatur; Conj.
Conf. I, 12, 19, metuebatur;
metuebatuT; Conj.
Conf. I, 13,
13, 20,
discitur; Conj.
discitur; Conf. I,
I, 14, 23, instabatur;
instabatur; Conj.
Conf. I, 17, 27,
27, adclama-
batur; ibid.,
batur; ibid., sacrificatur; Conj. Conf. V, 7, sacrificabatur ; Conj.
13, sacrificabatur; Conf.
missum est; Conj.
V, 13, 23, missum Conf. IX,
IX, 7, 15, institutum est, etc.
etc.
Augustine, moreover, is fond of employing
St. Augustine, employing the passive
middle sense, a usage
in a middle chiefiy poetic in Class. Latin.
usage chiefly Latin. Cf.,
"
· e.g., Conf. VIII,
e.g., Conj. adiungi recusarent,
VIII, 6, 15, si adiungi recusarent, " if they they refused
to join
join (to join
join themselves to the others) "; Conj. VIII, 11, 25,
Conf. VIII, 25,
punctumque ipsum
punctumque ipsum temporis
temporis . . . admovebatur
. . .
"
admovebatur '' and the
moment itself
moment itself of time was moving nearer "; Conj.
was moving IX, 4, 12,
Conf. IX,
insinuati sunt
insinuati sunt mihi .. . . nutus
. .
"
nutus tui, '' Thy wishes pushed their
wishes pushed
into me."
way into me." All instances of the use of the verb in a middle middle
sense indicated in the Vocabulary.
sense are indicated Vocabulary.
78. Tenses. (a) The indicative. The pluperfect pluperfect is occa-
sionally employed
sionally employed for the imperfect imperfect or perfect. Cf., Cf., e.g.,
Conf. I, 13, 20,
Conj. adamaveram enim
20, adamaveram latinas, non quas
enim latinas, primi
quas prilni
magistri, sed quas docent . .. . ;; Conj.
. . Conf. IV,IV, 7, 12, et ego
mihi remanseram
mihi remanseram infelix inf elix locus; Conf. VIII,
locus ; Conj. remanserat
VIII, 7, 18, remanserat
muta trepidatio
muta trepidatio et quasi mortem reformidabat restringi.
mortem reformidabat restringi.
pluperfect is confined almost entirely
This use of the pluperfect entirely to the
poets before Silver and Late Latin.
(b) Augustine shows a tendency
subjunctive. St. Augustine
(b) The subjunctive. tendency to
imperfect subjunctive
employ the imperfect subjunctive in past contrary-to-fact
conditions.
conditions. While thisthis is due in some some measure
measure to a confusion
tenses in Late Latin, it can
of the tenses can also explained in most
also be explained most
Confessions by St. Augustine's
instances in the Confessions Augustine's desiredesire to secure
secure
vividness.
greater vividness. Cf., e.g., Conj.
Cf., Conf. I, 12, 19, non enim enim dis- dis-
cogerer; Conj.
cerem, nisi cogerer; Conf. V, 9, 16, quo enim enim irem,
irem, si hinc
tune abirem; ibid., quo vulnere
tunc abirem; vulnere si feriretur cor matris, matris, num-num-
sanaretur ; Conj.
quam sanaretur; Conf. V, 14, 25, 25, quod si possem . . .. .. cogi-
statim machinamenta
tare, statim machinamenta ilia illa omnia
omnia solverentur.
solverentur.
(c)
(c) Sequence of tenses. Occasionally, as in Class. Latiri,
Occasionally, Latin,
St. Augustine employs primary tenses
Augustine employs subjunctive after
tenses of the subjunctive
secondary tenses
secondary tenses of the indicative for the sake vividness.
sake of vividness.
Conf. I, 17, 27,
Cf. Conj. proponebatut enim.
27, proponebatur enim mihi-mihi . . . dicerem
. .. ut dicerem
viros.
viros.
82. The dative. (a) With simple simple verbs.
misereri : Conj.
misereri: IX, 13, 35, cui misertus
Conf. IX, misertus eris. Late Latin. Latin.
(b) With compounds.
(&) With compounds.
inspirare: Conj.
inspirare: Conf. I, 1,1, 1, fides .. .. . quam inspirasti mihi.
. Cf.
Cf..
IX, 6, 14; Conf. IX,
Conf. IX,
also Conj. IX, 13, 37.
suspirare: Conf. III, III, 6, 10, suspirabant
suspirabant tibi. Cf. also Conf.
VIII, 6, 13;
VIII, 13; Conf. IX,IX, 7, 16; Conf. IX, IX, 13, 37.
influere : Conj.
influere: IX, 6, 14, influebant
Conf. IX, influebant auribus
auribus meis.
infundere : Conj.
infundere: VIII, 12, 29, luce securitatis
Conf. VIII, securitatis infusa cordi
cordi meo.
inserere : C
inserere IX, 4, 7, inseri litteris nostris.
onf. IX,
Conf. nostris.
insinuare : Conj.
insinuare: IX, 4, 12, insinuati sunt
Conf. IX, sunt mihi . . . nutus tui.
. .. nutus tui.
refundere: Conj.
refundere: VI, 3, 4, eum . . . cui refunderentur.
Conf. VI, . . refunderentur.
.
When motion
When motion to or into a person or thing thing is expressed after
expressed after
such verbs in Class. Latin prose,
such construction is in
prose, the regular construction
with the accusative, dative being confined to the poets
accusative, the dative poets
and later
and later prose writers.
prose writers.
cohaerere: Conj.
cohaerere: cohaerens.
praegrandi affectu tibi cohaerens.
Conf. I, 9, 15, praegrandi
The Class. usageusage is cum with the ablativeablative after this this
dative being confined to the poets
verb, the dative poets and laterlater
prose writers.
prose writers.
(c)
(c) Final dative (dative of purpose). Conj.
of purpose). IX, 10, 23,
Conf. IX,
instaurabamus nos navigationi.
instaurabamus navigationi. This example marksmarks an ex-• ex
Conj. IX,
Conf. IX, 4, 12, ut eis legeretur.
legeretur.
genitive.
83. The genitive. There is a great
There increase in the use of the
great increase the
genitive with substantives. in Late Latin,
genitive Latin, a fact due due to a
variety of causes,
causes, the chief of which which may may be considered the
great increase
great number of substantives
increase in the number substantives employed,
employed, espe- espe-
cially abstracts,
•cially abstracts, and an ever-growing
ever-growing fondness for abstract
expressions. While it is no longer necessary
,expressions. necessary to seek for the the
explanation of many
explanation constructions in Ecclesiastical
genitive constructions
many genitive Ecclesiastical
Latin in the dominating particularly
influence of Greek, and particularly
dominating influence
Hebrew through
of the Hebrew through the GreekGreek versions, since since it is now
clear that almost
-clear almost all the so-called Graecisms
Graecisms and Hebraisms
their prototypes
have their either in the
prototypes either Early, Class., or Silver
the Early, Silver
should be noted, however, that the influence
Latinity, it should influence of
similar genitive
:similar constructions in the Greek
genitive constructions Greek and Hebrew un-
doubtedly contributed to theit:
doubtedly contributed their relatively greater frequency
frequency in
the Christian LatinLatin writers.
writers.
Origi I fr m
Digitiz by
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
34 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
valetudinis ((=
viribus valetudinis = viribus
viribus validis); Conj. IX, 4, 8, sonos
Conf. IX, sonos
pietatis (=
pietatis ( = sonos pios).
pios).
(c) From these appositional uses of the genitive
these appositional genitive mentioned
mentioned
should
above should be distinguished
distinguished the employment
employment of a substantive
substantive
in the genitive after
genitive after an abstract noun derived
abstract derived (mostly)
(mostly) from from
adjective.
an adjective. Through the fondness for abstract abstract expression
expression
this usage
this becomes very
usage becomes very common in Late Latin, Latin, the abstract
cases practically having
in such cases having no greater force than than a corre-
corre-
sponding adjective.
sponding adjective. Cf. Conj.
Conf. I, I, 11, 17,17, a pietate matris
((=
= a pia matre);
matre); Conj. III, inmortalitatem sapientiae
Conf. III, 4, 7, inmortalitatem sapientiae (-. (=
immortalem sapientiam.);
immortalem sapientiam); Conj. III,
Conf. III, 11, 20, interpretationis ·
20, interpretationis
falsitate ((=
falsitate = interpretatione
interpretatione falsa); Conj. IV, 1, 1,
Conf. IV, spectacul-
1, spectacul-
orum nugas ((=
orum = spectacula
spectacula nugatoria);
nugatoria); Conj. IV, 1,
Conf. IV, 1, 1, intem-
1, intem-
libidinum ((=
perantiam libidinum
perantiam = intemperantes libidines); Conj.
intemperantes libidines); Conf. V, 7,
veritatem .. .. .. pietatis
12, veritatem pietatis ((= = veram
veram pietatem); Conf. V, 3, 3,
pietatem) ; Conj.
veritate rerum
veritate rerum ((= = veris
veris rebus); Conj. IX, 4, 12, flagelli tui
Conf. IX,
asperitatem ((=
asperitatem = asperum fiagellum tuum).
asperum flagellum tuum).
(d)
(d) Genitive
Genitive of quality. The employment employment of the genitive genitive of
accompanying adjective
quality without an accompanying adjective belongs to Late Late
Latin. Cf.· Cf. Conj.
Conf. IV,IV, 4, 7, deus ultionum;
ultionum; Conj.Conf. V, 9, 17, 17,
misericordiarum.
deus misericordiarum.
(e) Genitive
(e) Genitive with adjectives. Conf. V, 13, 23, rerum autem
Conj. autem
incuriosus.
incuriosus. incuriosus is Silver and Late
genitive with incuriosus
The genitive Late
Latin. Conj.Conf. VI,VI, 4,
4, 6, eorum certum. The genitive
eorum .. .. .. certum. genitive withwith
certus is cited first for Vergil and Ovid, Ovid, from whomwhom it passed
Silver and Late Latin.
into Silver Latin.
ablative.
84. The ablative. (a) Place
Place relations.
relations. In the poets and
In
later prose
later ablative is used
writers the simple ablative
prose writers used freely to express
relations where Class. Latin
place relations Latin Prose
Prose would
would require
require a
preposition.
preposition. Conf. I, 13, 22, vela pendent
Cf., e.g., Conj. liminibus
pendent liminibus
((== ab, ex or in liminibus);
liminibus); Conj. Conf. II,II, 2, 2, mersabat
mersabat gurgitegurgite
((== in gurgite
gurgite or in gurgitem);
gurgitem); Conj.Conf. VI,VI, 1, feretro cogita-
1, 1, feretro cogita-
IX, 12, 31, quid corde pre-
.);
tionis ((=
tionis feretro .
:c in feretro Conf. IX,
. . ) ; Conj.
. .
merem (=
merem corde cf. Vergil,
(= in corde; Vergil, Aeneid premit altum
Aeneid I, 209, premit
I,
;
corde dolorem).
dolorem).
(b) Ablative of time.
(b) ablative of du-ration
The ablative relatively
duration is relatively
is
of
17, N Nusquam
usquam nisi ad te. This This usage, already found
usage, already found in Class.Class.
Latin, is common
Latin, common in the Late writers. writers. (2) Final use of ad. ad.
Cf. Conf. I, I, 1, 1, fecisti
fecisti nos ad te; te ; the use of ad with a person
or with a personal pronoun pronoun to express express purpose or end is
common in the later
common Latinity.
later Latinity. also Conj.
Cf. also Conf. I, 9, 14, 14, non
non
insipientiam mihi.
erat ad insipientiam mini. Here ad with an accusative
Here accusative is
employed in place of the dative
employed dative in a double dative dative construction.
construction.
The passage
passage is Scriptural. With certain
(3) With certain verbs. Cf. Cf Con/.
Conf..
(cf) post.
(a) The use currere and similar verbs to
use of post with currere
express the idea of ''
express "being follower of,''
being a follower of," '' adhering to,"
"adhering to,''
Ecclesiastical Latin from the early
passed into Ecclesiastical
passed early Latin Versions
Versions.
Bible, where it rendered a Greek
of the Bible, idiom.
Greek idiom. Cf. Conj. VIII,
Conf. VIII,
ire ; Conj.
7, 18, post te ire; IX, 7, 16,
Conf. IX, currebamus post te.
16, currebamus
ablative.
Prepositions with the ablative.
87. Prepositions (a) aaorab. Place
or ab. .(1) Place-
"from which"
"from which" with names names of townstowns is expressed
expressed in Class.Class.
Latin by the ablative preposition. The later
ablative without a preposition. later
frequently use ab or ex. Cf., e.g., Conf. II,
writers frequently
writers II, 3, 5,
Madauris. (2) In
reducto a Madauris.
mihi reducto In the meaning
meaning "as "as regards,"
regards,"
"in respect to." This
"in ugage is Class., but becomes
This u~age becomes more more
later writers.
frequent in later
frequent writers. Cf. Conj.
Conf. II, II, 3, 5, essem disertus
desertus potius
vel desertus cultura tua, deus meus.
potius a cultura meus. (3) The use of of
a with the adjective
adjective sanus is Late Latin. Latin. Cf. Conj. III, 2, 2,
Conf. III, 2,
talibus affectibus
a talibus affectibus sanus. (4) a longe. This
This combination
preposition and adverb
of preposition passed into Ecclesiastical
adverb passed Latin
Ecclesiastical Latin
through the Latin Versions
through Versions of the Bible,Bible, where it renders a a.
Greek usage.
Greek usage.
(6) coram.
(b) This preposition,
This uncommon in Class.
preposition, relatively uncommon
Latin, is very
Latin, very frequent Ecclesiastical writers,
frequent in Ecclesiastical writers, who were
influenced by its use in the Latin Versions
influenced Versions of the Bible.
Bible. Cf.
Conj. II, 1, 1, coram
Conf. II, oculis tuis;
coram oculis tuis; Conj.
Conf. V, 6, 11, Coram te;
11, Coram te;
VI, 4, 6, coram
Conf. VI, sensibus meis;
coram sensibus meis ; Conf. IX, IX, 4, 7, coram te,
coram te,.
etc.
etc.
(c) cum. In In Cicero
Cicero cum regularly relative pro-
follows the relative
regularly follows
beginning with Livy
noun, but beginning
noun, Livy it normally precedes.precedes. Cf.
Conj. II, 8, 16, cum
Conf. II, quibus; Conj.
cum quibus; IV, 4, 8, cum
Conf. IV,· cum quo; Conj. Conf.
IV, 8, 13, cum
IV, cum quibus,
quibus, etc.
etc.
extension in the use of de at the expense
(d) de. The great extension expense
of ab and ex and in the expression of many relations expressed
many relations expressed
Latin by the simple ablative
in Class. Latin ablative alone char-
general char-
alone is a general
acteristic Latin. (1) To indicate
acteristic of Late Latin. indicate source separation
source or separation
after certain
after certain verbs thatthat are regularly followed by
regularly followed by ab or ex in
Class. Latin.
Latin. Cf., e.g.,e.g., Conj. III, 11, 19, de hac
Conf. III, profunda
hac profunda
caligine eruisti animam
caligine animam meam;
meam; Conj. Conf. IV, IV, 4, 7, abstulisti
abstulisti
hominem de hac vita;
hom.inem vita ; Conj. IV, 7, 12, Et tamen
Conf. IV, tamen fugi de patria,
patria ,
Conj. IX, 6, 14, de terra
Conf. IX, terra abstulisti vitamvitam eius; Conf. IX,
eius ; Conj. IX, 12,
12,
Origi I fr m
Digitiz by
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
38 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Neque enim
32, Neque exudavit de corde meo maeroris
enim exudavit maeroris amaritudo.
(2) With ablative material.
ablative of material. regular Class. usage
The regular usage is ex.ex.
Cf. Conj.
Conf. IV, IV, 1, 1, escas, de quibus quibus . angelos.
. .. fabricarent angelos.
. .
Origi al fr m
Di itiz by
UNIVERS O CA IFORNIA
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 39
88. Prepositions with the accusative accusative or the ablative. ablative. (a)
(a)
accusative.
in with the accusative. Final. The use of in to express
(1) Final. express
purpose is relatively rare in Class. Latin
purpose Latin but but becomes
becomes common
especially in Late Latin.
in Silver and especially Latin. Cf. Conf. I, I, 9, 14,
tuam invocationem
et in tuam invocationem rumpebam
rumpebam nodos linguae linguae ((= = ad te
invocandum); Conf. I, I, 11, 17, confitens
confitens in remissionem
remissionem pecca- pecca-
torum.
torum. The second
second example is. is Scriptural. Consecutive.
(2) Consecutive.
(2)
The use of in to express actual effect
express an actual result is confined
effect or result
poets before Silver and
chiefly to the poets
chiefly and.Late Latin. Cf. Conj.
.Late Latin. Conf.
dedecus meum
V, 9, 16, in dedecus meum cTeveram;
creveram ; Conj. Conf. IX,
IX, 12, 29, puer
puer
exclamavit in planctum.
Adeodatus exclamavit planctum. certain verbs.
(3) With certain
credere in and sperare in. In
credere In the Latin
Latin Versions
Versions of the Bible
followed by the accusative
preposition in followed
the preposition accusative or the ablative ablative
employed with the verbs credere
was employed credere and sperare to express express
the idea "believe in," in," "hope in,"in," in imitation of a Greek idiom,
Greek idiom,
and this
and this usage
usage passed Ecclesiastical Latin in general.
passed into Ecclesiastical general.
Cf. Conj.
Conf. I,I, 1, 1, in quem non crediderunt
crediderunt (a Scriptural quota- quota-
credens in te;
tion) ; ibid., credens
tion); cf . the use of the ablative,
te ; cf. ablative, Conj.
Conf.
VI, 1, 1,
VI, credere se in Christo.
respondit mihi credere
1, respondit Christo. Cf. Conj.
Conf. IV,IV,
Spera in deum; ibid.,
4, 9, Spera ibid., phantasma,
phantasma, in quod sperare iube-
batur ; cf. the use of the ablative,
batur; ablative, Conj. speravit in te;
Conf. I, 11, 17, speravit te ;
Conj. IV, 16,
Conf. IV, velamento a1arum
16, 31, in velamento alarum tuarumtuarum speremus
speremus (a
Scriptural passage).
Scriptural passage). suspendi in. With verbs signifying
suspendi signifying
"hang," Class. Latin employs
"hang," employs ab, de, ex, in (with ablative), ablative),
ablative alone.
or the ablative alone. Augustine uses in with the accusa-
St. Augustine
tive in Conj. VI, 1, 1, et in Ambrosi ora suspendi.
Conf. VI, suspendi. With
(4) With
adjectives.
adjectives. The use of in with the accusativeaccusative after benignus
benignus
Latin. Cf.
is Late Latin. Cf . Conj.
Conf. V, 13, 23, hominem benignum in me.
hominem benignum me.
(5) In various
(5) In various phrases.
phrases. The following phrases phrases are confined
are confined
mostly to the Silver and Late Latin: Latin: Conj. VIII, 11, 26, in·
Conf. VIII, in
aeternum ; Conj.
aetemum; Conf. IX, hodiernum ; Conf. VIII,
IX, 7, 15, in hodiemum; VIII, 12, 30,30,
melius; Conj.
in melius; VIII, 11, 26, in obviam
Conf. VIII, obviam (Late
(Late Latin); Conj. Conf.
VIII, 6, 14, in quantum.
VIII, quantum. .
(b) ablative.
(6) in with the ablative. Local.
(1) Local. There are
are no striking
divergences from the Class. norm.
divergences However, the phrase in
However,
auribus belongs
auribus belongs to SilverSilver and Late Latin. Latin. It It is especially·
especially
Ecclesiastical writers
common in Ecclesiastical through its use in the Latin
writers through Latin
Versions. Cf. Conj. Conf. I, 11, 18, sonat undique undique in auribus
nostris; cf. also
nostris; also Conj.
Conf. I, 14, 23; IX, 12,
Conf. IX,
23; Conj. 12, 31. The phrase
phrase
in conspectu (= "in "in the presence "before"), although
presence of," "before"), although
occurring in the earlier
occurring Latinity, is only
earlier Latinity, common in Eccle-
only common
Latin, which
siastical Latin,
siastical influenced by its use in the Latin
which was influenced
Versions, where it rendered a similar similar Greek
Greek expression.
expression. Cf.
Cf.
conspectu dei inei.
Conf. V, 3, 3, Proloquar in conspectu
Conf. mei. (2) Temporal.
The use of in with the ablative ablative to express
express time "when" in
time "when"
place
place of the simple ablative ablative is characteristic
characteristic of the late late
Latinity. Cf. Conf. IV,
Latinity. IV, 2, 2, Docebam
Docebam in illis annis; annis; ibid.,
annis .
in illis annis . . habebam ; Conf. IX,
. .. habebam; IX, 4, 7, erga nos benificia
tua in illo tempore. The normal normal usage usage in the Confessions,
however, is the simple ablative.ablative. (3) To designate the person person
which an action
thing with which
or thing action is concerned ("in referencereference to,"
"in respect
"in respect of," "in "in the case of," etc.).
etc). ThisThis usage, which in
usage, 'Yhich
analysis is local, is very
the last analysis very common in the Conj Confessions,
essions,
beyond frequency
but beyond frequency it presents no striking deviations deviations from
the Class. norms. Cf. Conj. Conf. V, 8, 15, illis cruciatibus argue-
cruciatibus argue-
batur in ea reliquiarium Evae;
batur Evae ; Conj.
Conf. V, 9, 16, tormenta digna
16, tormenta
veritate ordinis tui; Conf. VIII,
factis meis in veritate 11, 27, an vero
VIII, 11,
ipsis possunt
isti et istae in se ipsis (here in is practically equivalent
possunt (here
to per); edomito in eis signis
Conf. I, 8, 13, edomito
per) ; Conj. signis ore;
ore ; Conj. IX, 4,
Conf. IX,
12, gaudens
gaudens in fide. ((4) 4) Instrumental. The use of in to
express
express means
means is confined almost entirely entirely to Late Latin,Latin, being
common in the Ecclesiastical
especially common
especially Ecclesiastical writers,
writers, whowho were
infiuenced by this use of in in the Latin Versions.
influenced Versions. In the
In
literally a similar
latter it rendered literally
latter similar usage
usage that had passed
Hebrew into the Greek, where it also
from the Hebrew also existed inde-
pendently.
pendently. While the present Selections from the ConfesB'ions Confessions
contain no clear-cut
contain clear-cut instances of instrumental following
instrumental in, the following
circumstance border
examples of in expressing circumstance
examples clearly upon it.
border clearly
Cf. Conj.
Conf. I, 17, 27, dicere aliquid aliquid et de ingenio
ingenio meo, munere munere
tuo, deliramentis atterebatur;
quibus a me deliramentis
tuo, in quibus atterebatur ; Conj. III, 3, 6,
Conf. III,
seducentibus .. .. .. spiritibus
seducentibus spiritibus in eo ipso, quo alios alios inridere
am.ant fallere ; Conj.
amant et fallere; Conf. V, 9, 16, nee nec solverat ille in cruce sua
solverat ille
inimicitias ; Conj.
inimicitias; VIII, 12, 28, nescio
Conf. VIII, nescio quid enimenim puto, dixeram,
puto, dixeram,
in quo
quo apparebat
apparebat sonus vocis. (5) Modal. The use of in to
express manner is chiefly
express manner chiefiy Silver and Late Latin. Latin. Cf. Cf. Conj.
Conf.
VIII, 12, 28, in hac sententia
VIII, sententia multa
multa dixi tibi (Class., in hanc
sententiam).
sententiam).
(c)
(c) sub with the ablative.ablative. The use of sub to ~xpress express a
circumstance in phrases
condition or circumstance
condition condicione,
phrases such as sub condicione,
etc, begins
sub lege, etc., begins in prose
prose with Livy.Livy. Cf. Cf. Conj.
Conf. I,I, 15, 24,
24,
deficiat anima
ne deficiat anima mea sub disciplina
disciplina tua.
(d)
(d) super with the accusative. Local.
(1) Local. The use of
" " ablative
indicate "place
super to indicate
super where
place where" instead of in with the ablative
passed Ecclesiastical Latin through
passed into Ecclesiastical through its employment
employment in the
Versions of the Bible,
Latin Versions where it rendered literally a corre-
Bible, where
sponding Greek
sponding Greek usage. Cf. Conj. VIII, 11, 27,
Conf. VIII, Obsurdesce
27, Obsurdesce
adversus inm.unda
adversus inmunda iliailla membra
membra tua super terram terram ((= = in terra).
terra).
Cf. also
also the use of super in the sense of "upon," "upon," "over,"
"over," with -
invalescere — a usag~
the verb invalescere-a imitated from the Greek
usage imitated Greek by the
Latin translators
Latin translators of the Bible-inBible—in Conj. II, 2, 2, Invaluerat
Conf. II,
super me ira tua. (2) super = = praeter. This This usage
usage is Silver
Late Latin; cf. Conj.
and Late Conf. V, 9, 16, mala, quae conmiseram ..•
quae conmisei:am . . .
of the Verb
The Nominal Forms .of Gerundive,
Verb (Infinitive, Gerundive,
Supine)
Gerund, Participle, and Supine)
infinitive.
89. The infinitive. infinitive in indirect clis-
While the infinitive dis
course lost some
eourse ground in Late writers,
some ground extension
writers, the great extension
other uses may be considered a general
of its other characteristic of
general characteristic
Latin. The impetus
Late Latin. infinitive
impetus given to the free use of the infinitive
Augustan poets
by the Augustan poets especially, who often imitatedimitated their
Greek models in this regard, exerted
Greek exerted a great influence on the
prose tendency toward
prose of the Silver Age, and this tendency extension
toward an extension
continued in later
employment of the infinitive continued
in the employment later writers.
writers.
(a) As an apposi,tive.
(a) appositive. infinitive as an ex-
The use of the infinitive ex
planatory supplement
planatory supplement or as the appositive substantive or
appositive of a substantive
pronoun is relatively
neuter pronoun Class, prose,
relatively rare in Class. confined
prose, being confined
chiefly to Cicero
chiefly Cicero (in his philosophical
philosophical works) Sallust,
works) and Sallust,
who were influenced in their
were influenced their usage frequency of this
usage by the frequency
construction in Greek. Cf. Conj.
eonstruction IV, 8, 13, Alia erant, quae
Conf. IV,
animum, conloqui
capiebant animum,
.. .. .. capiebant conridere et vicissim
conloqui et conridere vicissim.
benivole obsequi,
benivole obsequi, simul legere .. .. .. nugari, etc. ; Conj.
nugari, etc.; IX, 6,.
Conf. IX, 6,
dulcitudine mirabili, considerare
14, dulcitudine considerare altitudinem
altitudinem consilii tui.
(b) The infinitive
(b) infinitive as a complement
complement of infinitive is
of verbs. The infinitjve
never, rarely, employed
never, or rarely, following verbs in Class.
employed with the following Class.
Latin prose:
accendere.
accendere. Conj. IX, 4, 8. Late Latin.
Conf. IX,
amare. Conj.
amare. Conf. I, 10, 16; Conj. III, 1, 1; Conj.
Conf. III, III, 3, 6. From
Conf. III, From
Horace on. In
Horace In prose, Latin.
mostly Late Latin.
prose, mostly
ambire.
ambire. Conj. VIII,
Conf. VIII, 6, 15. The poet Statius, Tacitus, and
poet Statius,
Late Latin.
ardere.
ardere. Conj. III, 4, 8. First
Conf. Ill, Sallust, and not in prose
First in Sallust,
again before Latin. In poetry,
before Late Latin. poetry, from Vergil on.
cavere. Conj.
cavere. 30; Conj.
Conf. I, 19, 30; VIII, 6, 13. In Class.
Conf. VIII, Class, prose,
only Sallust.
only in Sallust. Early, Poetic,
Otherwise, Early,
Otherwise,. Poetic, and Late
Latin.
Latin.
cedere.
cedere. = "concede,"
((= "agree"). Conj.
"concede," "agree"). III, 11, 19. Poetic
Conf. III,
(Propertius Silius Italicus) and Late Latin.
(Propertius and Silius Latin.
dare. Conj.
dare. I, 1,
Conf. I, Conf. I, 6, 7. With the active
1, 1; Conj. active forms
forms of
dare as in these almost entirely
these instances, almost before
entirely poetic before
Late Latin.
dedignari. Conj.
dedignari. III, 5, 9. Poetic,
Conf. III, Poetic, Silver, Latin.
Silver, and Late Latin.
deligere. Conj. IX, 5, 13. Late Latin.
Conf. IX, Latin.
differre. Conj. VI, 11, 20; Conj.
Conf. VI, VIII, 7, 17; Conj.
Conf. VIII, VIII, 7, 18.
Conf. VIII,
Horace.
First in Horace. In prose,
In prose, from Livy Livy on.
on.
dignari. Conj.
dignari. III, 12, 21; Conj.
Conf. III, Conf. V, 9, 17. First First in Vergil,
Vergil,
and then in Silver and Late 'Latin. Latin.
disponere. Conj.
disponere. VI, 11, 18. Late Latin.
Conf. VI, Latin.
erubescere. Conj.
erubescere. II, 3, 7. First in Vergil.
Conf. II, Vergil. In prose,
In prose, from
Livy on.
Livy
exardescere.
exardescere. Conj. II, 1,
Conf. II, 1, 1. Latin.
Late Latin.
formidare.
formidare. IX, 11, 28.
Conf. IX, 28. Plautus (once), Cicero (once),
(once), Cicero (once),
Horace (once),
Horace (once), and Late Latin. Latin.
haesitare.
haesitare. Conj. VIII, 11, 25.
Conf. VIII, 25. Latin. _
Late Latin.
novisse (= "know
novisse "know how").
how"). Conj. Conf. I, 6, 7; Conj. IV, 4, 9; Con[.
Conf. IV, Conf.
VI, 3, 3. Early,
VI, Early, Poetic,
Poetic, and Late Latin. Latin.
petere. Conj.
petere. VIII, 12,
Conf. VIII, 12, 30.
30. Poetic and Late Latin.
Late Latin.
praeterire.
praeterire. Conj.
Conf. V, 8, 14. Plautus (once), (once), and Late Latin.Latin-
quaerere. Conj.
quaerere. II, 2, 4. Cicero
Conf. II, Cicero (once).
(once). Otherwise Poetic,
Otherwise
Silver, and Late Latin.
Silver, Latin.
recusare.
recusare. Conj.
Conf. V, 8, 15; Conj. VI, 4, 6. Rare in Class.
Conf. VI, Class.
Latin, and confined to negative sentences.
Latin, sentences,
tardare.
tardare. Conj.
Conf. VI,VI, 11, 20.20. Latin.
Late Latin.
temptare. Conj.
temptare. Conf. IV,IV, 4, 8. In In prose,
prose, only in HirtiusHirtius and
Nepos before
Nepos before Livy.
valere (= posse). Conj.
valere Conf. I, 6, 8; Conj.
Conf. I, 8, 13; Conj.
Conf. I, 14, 23;
Conj.
Conf. IX,IX, 4, 12. Poetic,Poetic, Livy
Livy (once),
(once), then Silver and
Latin.
Late Latin.
(c) The infinitive
infinitive as the complement
complement of certain phrases.
certain phrases.
ascendit in cor meum.meum. Conj. IX, 4, 12. Late Latin.
Conf. IX, Latin.
cura est. Conj. II, 2, 4. Poetic,
Conf. II, Silver, and Late Latin.
Poetic, Silver, Latin.
mini venit in mentem.
mihi mentem. Conj. II, 8, 16. Plautus (once),
Conf. II,
Cicero (once).
Cicero (once). uncommon in 1·ater
The usage is uncommon later writers.
writers.
With piget. Conj.
(d) With VIII,
Conf. VIII, 6, 15. ·Early, Early, Sallust
Sallust (once),
Livy and later
then Livy later writers.
writers.
(e) As a complement
(e) .4s complement of adjectives. ,
avidus. Conj. III,
Conf. III, 1, 1. 1. Augustan Poets, Silver,
Augustan Late-
Silver, and Late"'
indignus. Conj.Conf. I, 12, 19. Poetic before before Late Latin.
Late Latin.
inpatiens.
inpatiens. Conf. IV,IV, 7, 12. 12. Silver Poetry, and Late Latin.
paratus. Conj.
paratus. Conf. IX,IX, 7, 15. WithoutWithout somesome form of sum, sum, as in
this instance,
this instance, cited only for Caesar Caesar in Class. Latin.Latin.
peritus.
peritus. Conj.
Conf. I, 14, 23. First in Vergil, Vergil, and in prose, only
prose, only
from Tacitus on.
from Tacitus on. ·
potens. Conj.
potens. IX, 6, 14.
Conf. IX, 14. Cited in poetry (rarely and not for
poetry (rarely
the Augustan poets) before Latin.
before Late Latin.
(/) The use of the accusative
(f) accusative and infinitive
infinitive after
after certain verbs.
verbs.
dedignari.
dedignari. Conf. IX, IX, 4, 7. Late Latin. Latin.
dimittere ((=
dim.ittere = "permit,"
"permit," "allow").
"allow"). Conj. III, 11,
Conf. III, 11, 20. Late
Late
Latin.
Latin.
expetere.
expetere. Conf. IV,IV, 1, 1. Early Poetry, Cicero Cicero (once), LivyLivy
(once),
(once), and Late Latin. Latin.
facere. Conj.
facere. Conf. IX, IX, 8, 17 (in a Scriptural quotation). The
employment of the accusative
employment infini tive after
accusative and infinitive after facere
in the sense of "make "make to," "cause"cause to," is found occa- occa
Early, Class., and Silver Latin,
sionally in Early,
sionally Latin, but becomes
becomes
common only
common writers.
only in Late writers. It is particularly
It particularly fre-
fre
quent
quent. in the Ecclesiastical
Ecclesiastical authors,
authors, who were influenced
influenced
by this use of facere in the Latin Versions Versions of the Bible
Bible
translate Greek
to translate Greek causatives and also certain Hebrew
certain Hebrew
with causative
forms ·with a causative sense.
inpetrare.
inpetrare. Conj.
Conf. IX, IX, 7, 16 (sc. se as subject). subject). First in
First
Tacitus, and then Late Latin. Latin.
odisse. Conj.
odisse. I,
Conf. I, 12, 19. Silver and Late Latin. Latin.
urgere.
urgere. Conj. III,
Conf. III,• 12, 21. Cicero Cicero (once), then Tacitus, and
then Tacitus,
Latin.
Late Latin.
90. gerundive,
90. The gerundive. Attributive use (type:
(a) Attributive
(a) (type: vir aman-
vir arnau-
dus).
dus). It is very
It restricted in Class. Latin,
very restricted Latin, but
but is extended
extended in
later writers.
later writers. Cf., e.g., Conf. VI, VI, 1, tamquam mortuum,
1, me tamquam
1, 1,
resuscitandum tibi flebat.
sed resuscitandum fiebat.
Predicate use (type:
(b) Predicate trado hominem
(type: trado hominem custodiendum).
custodiendum).
employment of the gerundive
The employment gerundive in agreement with an accusa- accusa
tive object after certain
object after certain verbs to express relatively
express purpose is relatively
limited in Class. Latin, Latin, butbut it receives considerable extension
receives a considerable extension
later writers.
in later writers. Thus the use of this construction construction with with the
Class,
following verbs is not found in Class. authors: Conf. V,
authors: Con/. V, 3, 3,
adponere ; Conj.
adponere; II, 4, 9, auferre;
Conf. II, auferre ; Conj. IX, 15, 13, differre
Conf. IX, differre ;;
Conf. V, 7, 12, proferre; Conj.
Conj. IX, 6, 14, sociare; Conj.
Conf. IX, VI,
Conf. VI,
proponere. In
4, 6, proponere. In the last example, where the passive of
employed, the gerundive
the verb is employed, construction, naturally,
gerundive construction,
becomes nominative.
becomes nominative. This is quite
This quite in accord with Class.
usage.
usage.
((c)
c) The dative of the gerundive.
gerundive. purely final use of the
The purely
gerundive is cited first in prose
dative of the gerundive
dative Livy and is
prose for Livy
relatively rare. Cf. Conj. Conf. VI, VI, 3, 3, quod reparandae
reparandae menti menti
nanciscebatur (=
suae nanciscebatur (= ad reparandam mentem suam).
reparandam mentem suam). The
dative of the gerundive
use of the dative gerundive after adjectives
adjectives is cited in
prose also first for Livy. Cf. Conj. IX, percipiendae
Conf. IX, 5, 13, percipiendae
paratior aptiorque
tantae gratiae paratior aptiorque ((= = ad percipiendam
percipiendam tantamtantam
gratiam).
gratiam).
(d) The ablative
dblative ofof the gerundive.
gerundive. On the final use of the
gerundive with pro, see §
gerundive § 87 (h) above.
gerund.
91. The gerund. accusative of the gerund.
(a) The accusative gerund. The
accusative of the
accusative the gerund with inter is poetic and rare before
Livy; cf. Conj.
Livy; VIII, 6, 15, inter legendum.
Conf. VIII, legendum.
(b)
(b) The ablative of of the gerund.
gerund. In Class. Latin the use
(1) In
ablative of the gerund to express
of the ablative manner or circumstance
express manner circumstance
rather rare,
is rather rare, the present participle
participle performing
performing thisthis function.
function.
ablative of the gerund, however,
This use of the ablative however, was given given
considerable impetus
considerable impetus by Ovid and Livy, and thereafter thereafter in-
creased steadily, so that in Late authors
creased steadily, authors it is very common.
common.
Examples ablative of the gerund
Examples of the ablative gerund as the equivalent
equivalent of the
present participle uncommon in the Confessions; cf.,
participle are not uncommon cf.,
e.g.,
e.g., Conj. IV, 8, 13, fuderam
Conf. IV, fuderam .. .. .. animam
animam meam diligendo
meam diligendo
mortiturum ; Conj.
mortiturum; IV, 8, 13,
Conf. IV, veniendo et praeteriendo
13, veniendo praeteriendo insere-
bant mihi alias
bant alias spes; Conf. V, 8, 15,
spes ; Conj. mansit orando
15, mansit orando et ftendo;
flendo ;
Conf. VI,
Conj. VI, 3, 3, Nee
Nec iam
iam ingemescebam orando. The last two
ingemescebam orando. two
contain clear-cut
especially contain
citations especially clear-cut examples of the usage. usage.
accusative object
(2) The use of an accusative ablative of the
object with the ablative
gerund is relatively rare in Class. Latin
gerund Latin except Sallust.
except in Sallust. In
In
the Augustan poets, poets, however, and in Livy Livy it becomes
becomes more
common, and in Late Latin it is quite
common, quite frequent.
frequent. This is
This
certainly due in part part to the extension in the use of the ablative ablative
gerund in place
of the gerund place of the present participle.
participle. Cf., e.g.,
e.g.,
Conj.
Conf. I,
I, 15,
15, 24, in confitendo
confitendo tibi miserationes tuas ; Conf. 1, 19,
m.iserationes tuas; Conj. I, 19,
fallendo paedagogum et magistros;
30, fallendo . . . paedagogum
. . . et magistros ; Conj. IV, 8, 13,
Conf. IV,
diligendo mortiturum.
diligendo mortiturum.
92. The participle.
participle. Beyond the relatively much much greater
greater
employment of the participle
frequency in the employment
frequency participle and the exten-exten-
substantive use, which
sion of its substantive which are general characteristics
general characteristi'cs
Latinity, the present Selections from the Conj
of the later Latinity, es-
Confes-
contain no striking deviations
sions contain
si,ons deviations from Class. norms.norms. On
substantive use of the participle,
the substantive participle, cf. §§ 66;
66; for the use of the
· future participle in the ablative
ablative absolute, cf. § § 84 (c).
(c).
supine is rare in the later
supine. The supine
93. The supine. later Latinity,
except where it is used deliberately on stylistic grounds.
used deliberately grounds. In
these Selections the supine in -u does not occur, and there
these Selections
are only twotwo instances
instances of the supine in -um. -um. Cf. Conj. VIII,
Conf. VIII,
exisse deambulatum; Conj.
6, 15, e:xisse IX, 12, 32, irem lavatum.
Conf. IX, lavatum.
Particles
94. Copulative particles.
Copulative particles. (a) et.
(a) (1) The use of et =
"also" is restricted
"also" restricted to a relatively small number number of cases in
Class. Latin, while the use of et =
Latin, while = etiam
etiam begins
begins only with Livy.
Augustine employs
St. Augustine employs et in both both these
these meanings very freely. freely.
Cf., e.g., Conf. I, 6, 8, Post et ridere coepi (et=
e.g., Conj. (et = "also");
"also ") ; Conj.
Conf.
I,
1, 13, 20, Unde tamen
tam.en et hoc nisi de peccato
peccato (et (et= = etiam); Conj.
etiam) ; Conf.
J, 20, 31, quia et ut sim tu dedisti
I, dedisti mihi (et = = etiam);
etiam) ; Conj. II,
Conf. II,
8, 16, illud nihil est (et =
16, quia et illud = etiam);
etiam); Conj.
Conf. III,III, 11, 19,
19, ubi
esse et me (et =
illa, ibi esse
esset ilia, = "also");
"also"); Conj.
Conf. IX, IX, 6, 14,
14, Pla-
"
cuit et Alypio mecum (et=
renasci in te mecum
Alypio renasci (et = ''also''),
also "), etc. The
(2) The
adversative
adversative use of et ((= = aute~,
autem, or e_ven
even sed) is not common common
in Latin before Livy. It It is rather
rather frequent
frequent in the Conjessi,ons.
Confessions.
Cf., e.g., Conj.
Conf. II,
II, 2, 2, Invaluerat super me
me ira tua,
tu.a, et nescie-
bam; ibid., iactabar et effundebar
ibid., et iactabar effundebar . . . tacebas; Conj.
. .. et tacebas; Conf.
III,
III, 1,
1, 1,1, Nondum amabam amabam et amare amare amabam.
nec. (1)
(6) nee.
(b) (1) neque . . . =
. .. aut = neque . . . neque.
. .. neque. This
combination
combination belongs to the poets poets and later later prose writers.
prose writers.
Cf. Conj.
Conf. IX, IX, 8, 17, Neque
Neque enim ipsafecerat
enim se ipsa educaverat
fecerat aut educaverat
se ipsam.
ipsam. (2) =
(2) neque .. .. .. vel = neque .. .. .. neque. This
usage
usage is rare before Latin. Cf. Conj.
before Silver Latin. nec mater
Conf. I, 6, 7, nee
nutrices meae
mea vel nutrices implebant.
meae . . .. implebant.
. . nec =
For nee = ne . .. ..
necdum =
quidem, necdum
quidem, = nondum, etc, see Adverbs
nondum, etc., Adverbs of negation,
negation,
75.
§§75.
Conclusive particles.
95. Conclusive particles. conclusive
(a) et ideo. As a conclusive
(a)
particle connecting
particle coordinate sentences,
connecting coordinate sentences, et ideo is cited once
once
for Varro, and then only for Silver and Late Latin. Latin. Cf. Conj.
Conf.
III, 1, 1,.
III, 1, Et ideo non bene valebat.
valebat.
Apart from frequency
Apart frequency or infrequency, position in the
infrequency, or position
sentence,
sentence, as, e.g., in the case of ecce,
ecce, the particles occurring in
particles occurring
the present
present Selections do not otherwise serious
otherwise show any serious
divergences
divergences from the Class. norm.
Subordination
Subordination
question. The employment
96. The indirect question. employment of the indica-
question is very
tive in the indirect question Latin, but
very rare in Class. Latin, it
but it
becomes
becomes common in Late writers.writers. instances
There are several instances
this usage in the present Selections, although
of this although St. Augustine
Augustine
ordinarily adheres
ordinarily employs the subjunc-
adheres to the Class. rule and employs
tive. Cf. Conf. 1, 8, 13; Conf. I,
tive. 1, 11, 17; Conf. I,1, 11,
11, 18 (twice);
(twice) ;
Conf. I, 13, 20; Conf. I,I, 17, 27; Conj. 14, 24; Conf. VIII,
Conf. V, 14, VIII, 6,
IX, 11, 27; Conf. IX,
15; Conf. IX, IX, 11, 28. The use of utrumnam
introduce an indirect question
to introduce Latin. Cf. Conf.
question is Late Latin. Conf.
VIII, 12, 29, cogitare coepi, utrumnam
VIII, utrumnam solerent.
solerent.
97. The use of a clause introduced by quod, quia, or quoniam
clause introduced quoniam
accusative and infinitive in indirect
in place of the accusative indirect discourse.
Isolated instances of this
Isolated this usage Early, Classical,
usage occur in Early, and
Classical, and
Latin, but it only
Silver Latin, only becomes frequent in Late writers,
becomes frequent writers, par-
ticularly the Ecclesiastical,
ticularly Ecclesiastical, who were infiuenced by its un-
were influenced
restricted employment
restricted employment in the Latin Versions Versions of the Bible.Bible.
This construction,
This construction, a regular
regular one in Greek, was literally
was rendered literally
Latin. Regarding
into Latin. Regarding the use of the moods in such such clauses,
clauses,
it may be said in general indicative is employed
general that the indicative employed if the
himself wishes
speaker himself actual and certain,
something as actual
wishes to state something
while the subjunctive
while subjunctive is used content of the
used either if the content
dependent clause
dependent improbable, or if the
clause is considered false or improbable, the
speaker does not wish to commit himself as to the truth
commit himself truth of what
is said.
said. Cf . Conj.
Cf. Conf. I,I, 1,1, 1, testimonium, quia superbis
1, testimonium., resistis ;
superbis resistis;
Conj.
Conf. II,II, 8, 16, considerare,
considerare, quia . . . possem; Conj.
. .. possem; Conf. V, 3, 3,
praelocuta mihi erat, quod esset;
Fama .. .. . praelocuta Conf. VI, 1, 1,
esset; Conj. 1,
respondit mihi credere
respondit credere se .. .. .. quod .. .. .. me visura esset;;
visura esset
Conf. VI,
Conj. VI, 4, 6, ut certuscertus essem, quod septem et tria decem decem
sint ; Conj.
sint; VIII, 12, 29, audieram,
Conf. VIII, audieram, . . .. .. quod . . .. .. admonitus
fuerit ; Conj.
fuerit; Conf. IX,IX, 10, 26, tu scis, quod .. .. .. tune illa ; Conj.
tunc ait ilia; Conf.
IX, 11, 28, audivi, quod .. .. .. conloquebatur;
IX, conloquebatur ; Conj. Conf. IX,
IX, 12,
12,
confiteor .
32, hoc confiteor . . quoniam lavi.
. .. quoniam lavi. In In the Confessions
Confessions the the
Class. accusative infinitive construction
accusative and infinitive construction is the predominat-
predominat-
ing one.
ing
98. Causal sentences.
Causal sentences. (a) Introduced by quod, and quia.
As in the later Latinity in general,
later Latinity general, quia is used used more frequently
than quod as a causal particle
than particle in the Confessions.
Confessions. The Clas-
principle regarding
sical principle regarding the use of the indicative and subjunc- subjunc-
tive in causal clauses
clauses is observed. ·
(b) Introduced by eo quod.
(b) In the later
In Latinity
later Latini ty this com-
bination has littlelittle or no more force than than the simple quod. Cf. Cf .
Conj. III, 12, 21, me
Conf. Ill, adhuc esse indocilem,
me adhuc indocilem, eo quod inflatus
novitate haeresis
essem novitate
essem haeresis illius.
(c)
(c) Introduced by eo . . .. .. quo.
quo. The use of this this combina-
combina-
equivalent for eo ...
tion as an equivalent . . . quod is Late Latin. Latin. Cf.
Conj.
Conf. II,II, 4, 9, dum dum .. .. •. fieret
fieret a nobis nobis quod eo liberet, liberet, quo
non liceret.
non liceret.
(d) Introduced by propter propter quod. The use of propter propter quodquod
equivalent for propterea
as an equivalent propterea quod is Late Latin. Latin. Cf. Conj. Conf.
III, 12, 21, multa
III, praetereo, propter
multa praetereo, propter quod propero.
(e) Introduced by nisi quia.
(e) This construction
This construction occurs once once
Latin, being confined otherwise
in Class. Latin, otherwise to Early Early and Late Late
writers.
writers. The Class. usage usage is nisi quod. Cf. Conj. Conf. I, 6, 7;
Conj. III, 11,
Conf. III, 11, 19; Conf. IV, IV, 8, 13.
(/) Introduced by dum. The use of dum
(f) dum as a causal causal
followed by the ·subjunctive
particle followed
particle subjunctive is Late Latin. Latin. In In its
occasional causal use in Class. Latin it is always
occasional followed
always followed
indicative.
by the indicative. Cf. Conj. VIII, 7, 16, ubi me
Conf. VIII, me posueram,
posueram,
dum nollem
dum nollem me adtendere.
adtendere. See also
also § 101(6), below.
§ lOl(b),
Final sentences. (a) With
99. Final With visum
visum est. est. A final ut clause
clause
visum est is rare in Class. Latin,
with visum Latin, becoming frequent frequent onlyonly
from Livy on. Cf. Conf. IX, 12, 32, visum etiam mihi est, ut
irem lavatum.
(b) Introduced by quo. The use of quo as a final particle
without a comparative is rare in Class. Latin but becomes
common, especially in Tacitus and later writers. Cf. Conf.
III, 11, 19, iussisse illum, quo secura esset; Conf. IX, 12, 32,
rogabam te, . . . quo sonares dolorem meum. It should be
noted, furthermore, regarding the first example, that the use
of a final clause with iubere in place of the accusative and
infinitive is rare before Livy and becomes common only in
Late Latin.
(c) Introduced by dum. The use of dum in final clauses
belongs to Late Latin, although there are close parallels to
this usage in Livy and Tacitus; cf. Conf. II, 4, 9, abstulimus
. . dum tamen fieret a nobis.
.
52 INTRODUCTION
X. A SELECTED BD3LIOGRAPHY 16
a. Non-English
Hefele, H., Jena, Diederichs, 1921. An advance over all other
German translations, according to Wolfschlager and Koch.
von Hertling, Georg F., Books I-X, 22nd impression, B.
Herder, Freiburg-im-Breisgau, 1922. The work of one of
the heroes of the Kulturkampf, an eminent student of St.
Augustine and wartime Chancellor of the German Empire.
The translation is clear and faithful, though a few difficult
problems are avoided.
De Labriolle, Pierre, (with critical text), vol. I, Books I- VIII,
Soci6te" d' Edition "Les Belles Lettres," Paris, 1925; vol. II,
Books IX-XIII, ibid., 1926. No linguistic difficulty is
avoided. A brief, clear, well-balanced Introduction is given,
including a criticism of other French translations of the
Confessions. The text is marred by poor proofreading, but
it is broken up into paragraphs which aid immensely in
following the thought, and appropriate headings are inserted
throughout to the same purpose. The translator has aimed
to reflect in his French the peculiar style of the original. It
is probably the best translation of the Confessions in any
language.
b. English
CONFESSIONUM
LIBRI TREDECIM
LIBER PRIMUS
I. Pbeliminaby Prayer
Thou hast Thyself implanted within me
my desire to praise Thee, 0 Lord. Do
Thou tell me the very method my praise to
Thee should follow.
65
66 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
25. deus meus: A., in imitation of language and echoes the ending of the
the language of the Psalms, always preceding potentissime.
employs deus meus in direct address 31. numquam . . . vetus: i.e.,
instead of mi deus. W-K. Cf . § 80. '
new
" and " old " are appropriate
26. Quis . . . praeter deum nos- to temporal beings, not to the Eternal.
" For who is " In
trum: cf. Ps. 17: 32, 33. semper . . . quietus: God
God but the Lord? or who is God but there is no transition from potentia to
"
our God? actus, from possibility to actuality,
28.Summe, optime . . . muti but God is actus purus, therefore
sunt: a litany of praise adorned by
semper agens. God is no mere life-
paradox, asyndeton, and rhetorical
less concept but is living power.
question, the chapter also abounds in
Although the work of creation is
figures of repetition, sound, and paral-
completed, there is no inactivity or
lelism; e.g. :
stagnation in God, but rather a mani-
parison (withepanaphora) — numquam
novus, numquam vetus. f old, interior divine life (the Trinity) .
— semper agens, semper quietus. Nevertheless, God is the highest and
— Reddis debita nulli debens, donas most perfect repose inasmuch as He
debita nihil perdens (withalliter- is actus purus, in Whom the moment
ation and repetitive paronoma- of unrest — the change from potentia
sia). to actus — is lacking." W-K.
repetitive paronomasia — opera mutas 34. portans . . . pt protegens: sc.
nec mutas consilium (with chias- omnia. On portans, cf. Hebr. 1: 3,
mus). portansque omnia verbo virtutis suae ;
— aut quid dicit aliquis, cum de te on implens, cf. Jer. 23: 24, caelum et
dicit? terram ego impleo; on protegens, cf.
28. omnipotentissime : the super- Ps. 16: 8, sub umbra alarum tuarum
lative of omnipotens, which in itself protege me. W-K.
has superlative force, is illogical, but 35. quaerens . . . tibi: i.e., God
it is used here for rhetorical effect. It seeks things of man, though in no
tries to express God's omnipotence in need of them Himself. W-K.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 6»
II. Infancy
From Thee, 0 God, came"all blessings of
my infancy, so that my parents and my
servants were but instruments of Thy
mercy.
he received rom his mother and nurses wont to toss about my limbs and my
"I
f
was a blessing to them in turn; yet cries"; i.e., was wont to toss
they were not the source, but the about my limbs and utter cries." On
instrument of this blessing. the zeugma, cf. 49.
§
20. Quod animadverti . . foris: 31. signa similia: i.e., the signs
" And this (i.e., the truth of the pre-
.
when Thou didst cry to me through 32. non enim . . . veri similia:
"
those very things which Thou dost For they were not representative of
grant inwardly and outwardly (i.e., the truth." On the antimetathesis,
my interior and exterior faeulties)." similia . . similia, cf. 32.
§
.
22. sugere noram: cf. 89b. 33. intellecto: construe with mihi
§
29. illi: refers to per quos imple- became angry at my elders, not sub-
72 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
ject to me, and at children not 40. illa: its antecedent is infantiae.
humoring me "; or "I
became angry 41. Non . . . infans . . . farer:
" For I was not
at my elders, who, not aubject to me an in-fans (one not
and free, did not act as my slaves "; speaking), one who did not speak."
or
" I
became angry with my eldcrs, The clause qui . . . farer is a relative
who were unsubmissive to me and in clause of characteristic.
their freedom would not serve me." 42. didiceram : cf. § 96.
On chiastic ordcr, cf. § 35.
44. certo . . . doctrinae
" in any
35. de . . . vindicabam: cf. § 87d,
fixed order of instruction."
4.
45. ego ipse: se. me docebam.
36. ipsi: sc. infantes and take with
48. nec valerem: sc. edere, cf.
nescientes.
38. ab infantia huc pergens:
" pro- §89b.
ceeding from infancy up to the present 49. Prensabam memoria: " I was
point"; i.e., " in the course of my woDt to seize with my memory." An-
progress from infancy up to the pre- other reading is Pensabam memoria:
" I thought
sent time." the matter out with the
39. ipsa:itsantecedentispueritiam. aid of my memory."
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 73
X. 16 Et
tamen peccabam, domine deus meus, ordinator
50 et creator rerum omnium naturalium, peccatorum autem
tantum ordinator, domine deus meus, peccabam faciendo
contra praecepta parentum et magistrorum illorum. Pot-
eram enim postea bene uti litteris, quas volebant ut dis-
cerem, quocumque animo, illi 'mei. Non enim meliora
55 eligens inoboediens eram, sed amore ludendi, amans in
certaminibus superbas victorias et scalpi aures meas falsis
fabellis, quo prurirent ardentius, eadem curiositate magis
" and though such things are proper nator:
" the orderer and creator of all
to boys." things of nature, but of sins the
41. illos: i.e., the
" grownups." orderer merely"; i.e., God ordained
42. ludebam pila: ball-playing was (or ordered) and then created all
popular among schoolboys of the things, but sin he merely ordered or
time. For the various kinds of ball permitted; aliowed it a place in the
played, cf. Preston and Dodge, 155- divine order for the world, but did not
156; Sandys, 203. create it.
44. quibus . . . luderem: " with 54. quocumque animo :
" whatever
the aid of which, as a man (maior), I their purpose was."
would play more improperly"; i.e., 54. illi mei:
" these my (parents
the
" game " of rhetoric, with all the and masters) "; subject of volebant.
tricky devices characteristic " loving
of its 55. amans . . . scalpi: in
practice. the contests the proud victories and
44. idem ipse: i.e., the school- that my ears be tickled." On amans
master. with the infinitive, cf. § 89b.
49. ordinator . . . tantum ordi- 57. eadem . . . emicante in spec
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 77
I
With Thy cross and Thy salt was marked
from my birth and in boyhood illness did
cry for Thy grace, yet my mother's anxiety
deferred my baptism I
—and fell into what
evil ways, 0 my God.
shrine do not so much afford addod the studies of his youth, the literary
honor (honorem) to the false image it side seems an empty fiction, but the
contains as they conceal the falseness rudiments seem as truth itself.
(erroris) of the doctrine it represents, 153. venditores . . . emptores:
so the curtains employed by the many grammatici were avaricious.
grammatici do not so much afford Some of them refused to use the vela
added honor to their instruction as referred to above so that the exposed
they conceal the falseness of it. On schoolroom might attract the more
Latin schools and school buildings, cf. clients from the passing crowd. Cf.
Sandys, 230-232. On the omission of Sandys, 231. There is an added
the preposition with Iiminibus, cf. thrust in the word emptores.
§84a. 155. quod: introducing substantive
150. Non: cf. § 7Se. clause used as subject of sit; translate,
150. Non clament . . .: i.e., Let not " the fact that."
the grammatici censure me now that 159. verum placitum,
I value the learning to read and to
. . .
165. istis utilioribus: on istis = his, 172. peritus tezere: on the infin-
cf. § 68c, 1. itive, cf. §89e.
167. odiosa cantio:
" insufferable 174. Credo: parenthetical.
sing-song." 174. Vergilius: Vergil, the most im-
168. spectaculum vanitatis: cf. portant Latin textbook in the schools
of the Empire, was one of the obvious
§83b.
ipsius umbra Creusae:
169. atque
books for boys who were learning
exact quotation of Vergil, Aeneid 2,
Latin in Greek-speaking communities.
177. graecas: either a transferred
772.
epithet and, therefore, to be taken as
graecam etiam grammaticam:
171.
" Greek literature even" (i.e., if written omnes suavitates grae-
as well
carum fabulosarum narrationum, or it
as the rudiments) .
is an acknowledgment of the mature
172. Homerus: Homer, the most A. that there are Iiterary delights that
widely used school-text among the are peculiarly and exclusively Greek
Greeks, was one of the first works and that these delights are minimized,
studied in the course in Greek given if not lost, f or one not at home in the
in the Roman schools. Greek language.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 85
208. ingenio: A. writes frankly of the Trojans from Italy. Cf. Duff,
his ability, but not proudly; for he 23-41; Sandys, 233-235; Gwynn, 153-
immediately aeknowledges (munere 179; C. S. Baldwin, Ancient Bhetoric
tuo) that God has given it to him. and Poetic, New York, 1924, 90 ff.
209. in quibus . . . atterebatur: sc. 213. possit: we should ordinarily
ingenium as subject. On the mood, expect posset. The present subjunc-
cf. § 96. On in, cf. § 88b, 4. tive is kept for vividness. Cf . § 78c.
210. animae meae: construe as 213. Italia . . . regem: the words
dative of reference with inquietum. pccur in Vergil, Aeneid 1, 38.
211. praemio . . . metu: ablatives 214. figmentorum poeticorum: the
of cause explaining inquietum. protest of Conf. I, 13, 21.
212. dicerem verba Iunonis: two " free
216. solutis verbis: words ";
kinds of declamation were practiced i.e., released from the laws of metric.
in the rhetorical schools: the sua- Hence, a technical name for prose.
soriae, in which the deelaimer, repre-
217. laudabilius:
" with the more
senting himself as some illustrious
applause." The comparative rather
person, discoursed on a subject sug-
than the superlative is used here
gested by that person's career;
because the applause evoked by the
and the controversiae, argumentative
pieces in imitation of the advocate's successful declaimer is compared by
practice in the courtroom. The implication with the applause earned
suasoriae, requiring less maturity, by all the rest together.
217. in quo . . . eminebat:
" in
came first in a youth's rhetorical
training. Of this kind was the task whom the emotion of anger and of
here assigned to A. He was to im- sorrow, in accordance with the dignity
personate Juno, angry and sorrowful of the person represented, appeared
at not being able to keep the King of the more faithful."
88 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
1
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 89
est, oro te, deus meus. Nam haec ipsa sunt, quae a
250 paedagogis et magistris, a nucibus et pilulis et passeribus,
260. unitatis: i.e., the union of hia clearly conscious: his soul sought
father and mother, from which he repose in truth (veritate delectabar).
took his being. The following note Under all cireumstances his inner
from W-K. may make the passage being sought to penetrate to the
clearer:
" A. was filled with a strong essence of truth; this is the dominant
conseiousness of life (vivebam atque trait in the nature of A." Cf. § 25.
263. memoria vigebam:
" had a
I
sentiebam) and a conscious care to
preserve his ego, his personality, the strong memory."
image (vestigium) of the mysterious 267. et haec omnia ego:
" and all
union (of father and mother) from these (good things) was I."
which he had his origin (ex qua 269. illi exulto:
" I exult to Him."
eram) ; therefore he watched over the 269. quibus . . . eram: take quibus
integrity of his external senses with as an ablative of means.
£he clear-visioned eye of his intellect, 273. Gratias tibi: cf. note 257
and, while his childish thoughts above.
might be insignificant in themselves 276. quia . . . mihi: construe quia
and concerned with unimportant tu dedisti mihi et ut sim. On et,
matters, of one thing he was always cf. § 94a, 1.
92 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
LIBER SECUNDUS
IV. Adolescence
Out of love for Thee I
shall now recall the
bitter memories of my misspent youth.
II. 2 Et quid
erat, quod me delectabat, nisi amare et
amari? Sed non tenebatur modus ab animo usque ad
animum, quatenus est luminosus limes amicitiae, sed exhala-
bantur nebulae de limosa concupiscentia carnis et scatebra 15
III. 5 Et
anno quidem illo intermissa erant studia mea, 45
Cui narro haec? Neque enim tibi, deus meus: sed apud
te narro haec generi meo, generi humano — quantulacumque
45. mihi reducto: construe with but not poor. Patricius was a mem-
praeparabantur. ber of the municipal curia (i.e., the
46. Madauris: Madauri or Ma- local senate), an office that presup-
daura (to-day Mdaourouch) is situ- posed the possession of some wealth.
ated about twenty miles south of A.'s But the cost of maintaining A. in the
native village, Thagaste (to-day Souk- relatively distant and certainly ex-
Ahras). Birthplace of the Latin pensive Carthage called for consider-
writer, Apuleius, 200 years before, able foresight on Patricius' part; com-
and situated in a rich, well-watered pelled, in fact, the interruption of A.'s
valley, Madaura was still locally im- training for a year while the necessary
portant in the arts and sciences and funds were being assembled. The
still predominantly pagan when A. members of the curia in each munici-
went there to school. Such an at- pality were made responsible for the
mosphere was spiritually most unfor- local share of the imperial taxes.
tunate for the youthful A. He may These were so heavy in the fourth
even have been perverted to paganism ceirtury that Patricius may more than
there, as W-K. infer, from a reproach- once have been embarrassed by them.
ful passage in a letter written by a 52. quantulacumque ex particula: a
teacher of Madaura to A. later, viz., phrase used adjectivally to describe
a secta nostra deviasti. On the a supplied genus and adverbially to
use of the preposition a, cf. § 87a, 1. describe incidere. The whole clause
48. apud Carthaginem: = Cartha- quantulacumque . . . litteras is a
gine. Cf. § 86b. qualifying afterthought to generi
"
50. niunicipis: a citizen of the humano, to the human race — of
municipium of Thagaste, A.'s father however small a part (the race) can
"
enjoyed the civic rights of a Roman come upon my pages "; i.e., to the
citizen. Cf. Arnold, 246; Sandys, human race — (that is) in however
366-368; 371-379. small a part (the race) can come upon
50. admodum tenuis: i.e., modest, my pages."
96 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
53. Et ut quid hoc?: " And why but he would seem to be censuring him
(do I write) this?
"
On ut quid = for lack of interest in his son's spiritual
quid, cf. § 74. welfare.
55. de quam profundo: "from 62. qualis . . . tibi:
" of what sort
how (great) depths." Cf. Ps. 129: I was growing up to Thee"; i.e.,
1: De profundis clamavi ad te, " with what sort of character, in Thy
Domine, " Out of the depths Ihave sight, I was growing up." On the
cried to thee, O Lord." dative, cf. § 82d.
55. Et quid . . . ex fide est:
" And 03. disertus vel desertus: pare-
what (is) nearer to Thy ears, if a chesis. Cf. §42.
heart is penitent and life is according
" What is dearer to
63. cultura tua, deus: cf.
" you are God's husbandry."
I Cor.
to faith"; i.e., 3: 9,
Thy ears than a penitent heart, etc." On a, cf. § 87a, 2.
" be-
Cf. Rom. I: 17, Iustus autem ex fide 65. ex necessitate domestica:
vivit, " The just man liveth by faith." cause of lack of money at home."
61. non satageret . . . pater: A. is 67. excesserunt . . . libidinum: cf.
very grateful to his father for the Ps. 37: 5, " For my iniquities are gone
sacrifices which he had made for him, over my head."
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 97
IV.
Furtum certe punit lex tua, domine, et lex scripta
9 90
quis enim fur aequo animoanimo furem patitur? Nee Nec eopiosus
copiosus
adaetum inopia.
adactum inopia. Et ego furtum faeere
Et. facere volui et feei
feci nulla
eonpulsus
conpulsus egestate
egestate nisi penuria fastidio iustit.iae
penuria et fastidio iustitiae et sagina
95 iniquitatis. furatus sum,
Nam id furatus mihi abundabat
sum, quod mihi abundabat et
multo melius, nee
multo volebam frui, quam furto appetebam,
nec ea re volebam appetebam,
sed ipso furto et peccato.
peccato.
Arbor erat pirus
Arbor pirus in vicinia nostrae vineae pomis onusta onusta
nee forma nee
nec forma nec sapore inlecebrosis. Ad hanc
sapore inlecebro.sis. excutiendam
bane exeutiendam
looatque
100 asportandam nequissimi
atque asportandam adulescentuli perreximus
nequissimi adulescentuli perreximus
pestilentiae more in
intempesta, quousque ludum de pestilentiae
nocte intempesta,
areis
areis produxeramus, abstulimus inde onera ingentia
produxeramus, et abstulimus ingentia non
non
ad nostras epulas, sed vel proicienda etiamsi aliquid
proicienda porcis, etiamsi
comedimus, dum tamen
inde eomedimus, tamen fieret a nobis quod eo liberet,
liberet,
105 quo non liceret.
100
111. consortium eorum: A.'s re- 118. si satis esset: " if this were
marks on the " gang spirit " in him enough."
reveal again the keen psychologist. 120. nec: connects possem and
112. cum quibus: cf. § 87c. accenderem, which are in the same
113. illud: its antecedent is con- construction.
sortium. 120. confricatione . . . animorum:
114. qui inluminat cor meum: cf. "
" Ye that fear the by the interfrietion of guilty minds ";
i.e., " by the strong incentive arising
Eccles. 2: 10,
Lord, love him, and your hearts shall
be enlightened." from conscious association in evil."
116. quaerere: on the infinitive 123. consortium simul peccantium:
" the company of those sinning to-
with venit in mentem, cf. § 89c.
117. quia . . . possem: cf. § 97. gether (with me)."
100 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
LIBER TERTIUS
V. To Carthage
1^1
Veni Carthaginem, et circumstrepebat me undique
sartago flagitiosorum amorum. Nondum amabam et amare
amabam et secretiore indigentia oderam me minus indigen-
tem. Quaerebam quid amarem, amans amare, et oderam
31. ad ima infida: " to the depths I, 19, 30. Rhetoric, with a bad
of faithlessness "; i.e., either of moral name among its critics reaching back
faithlessness or of infidelity. to the schools of the Greek sophists in
31. circumventoria . . . daemoni- the fifth century B.c, deserved, in
orum: " (to) the decoitful service of the schools of A.'s youth, A.'s blunt
daemons." We cannot determine stricture against it here. The more
whether this context refers to a artful and successful the defense of an
formal participation in pagan rites unjust cause, the greater glory re-
or to moral delinquencies alone. It dounding to the schoolboy protagon-
may conceivably refer to both. ist.
The " daemons " here may be a meta- 37. maior . . . in schola:
" leader,"
phor for his immoralities. "
The no- head."
torious licentiousness of pagan rites 38. schola rhetoris: the rhetorical
at Carthage suggests that A. may school was the most important educa-
have been lured into taking a part in tional institution under the Empire.
them. The vagueness of the passage For an account, cf. Duff, 31—41.
is appropriate to a work that is first 38. tumebam tyfo: "Iwas swollen
of all prayerful. What is vague to us with vanity."
was known in all details to God and 39. quamquam : cf . § 76b.
the penitent A. 39. longe sedatior:
" much more
32. quibus . . . facta mea: cf. restrained (than others)."
" They sacrificed "
Deut. 32: 17, to 39. remotus . . . ab: removed
devils and not to God." from "; i.e.,
" having no connection or
34. Habebant litigiosa: " More-
. . . part in."
over, these studies, which were called 40. eversores:
" He (i.e„ A.) was
honorable, had their bent fixed upon disgusted, for instance, by the wild
the litigious fora"; i.e., " were con- follies of a set of undisciplined students
' '
ducted with an eye towards lawsuits who styled themselves wreckers
in the forum." For an account of (eversores) like the Mohawks of
these studies, cf. Gwynn, 82-92. seventeenth-century London, who
36. hoc laudabilior, quo fraudu- amused themselves by annoying
lentior: an elaboration of his protests freshmen, insulting strangers, and
against ancient Education in Conf. I, making themselves a nuisance gener-
9, 14; I, 14, 23; I, 17, 27; I, 18, 28; ally. A. had acquaintances among
104 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
sophical works were studied for their Hortensius, scattered at wide intervals
style rather than for their content. through A.'s theological writings, bear
3. per gaudia: per =
" on account witness to the esteem in which he held
of "; cf. §86c, 2. it even in his maturity. '
3. usitato . . . ordine:
"
in the 8. ad te ipsum: construe with
ordinary course of study." mutavit preces meas.
4 cuiusdam: by this depreciatory 10. Viluit mihi: cf. § 82d.
adjective, A. again professes his es- 10. inmortalitatem sapientiae: =
trangement from pagan studies (cf; inmortalem sapientiam. On the gen-
Conf. I, 13, 20), and yet Cicero's name itive, cf. §§29, 83c.
was as familiar to students of the Em- 11. aestu cordis incredibili:
" with
pire as is Shakespeare's to the modern an unbelievable yearning of heart."
student. 11. surgere coeperam: probably an
5. linguam . . . pectus non ita: echo from Luke, 15: 18, where the
pectus = " heart." A., trained in Prodigal Son says: " surgam, et ibo
rhetoric, could admire the style of the ad patrem meum ";
" I will arise,
and
great Roman master, Cicero, although I will go to my father."
he was not blind, of course, to defects 12. ad acuendam linguam: for pre-
of his character appreciated then as paring himself to be a rhetor.
well as to-day. 13. (id) quod videbar emere: the
7. Hortensius: a dialogue in two clause is in apposition with ad acuen-
books, of which only a few fragments dam linguam.
are extant and these mostly in A.'s 13. maternis mercedibus: i.e., with
own works. In it Cicero defends the the funds supplied by his mother.
study of philosophy against the 14. defuncto patre: A.'s mere pass-
strictures of the orator Hortensius; ing reference to the death of his
insists upon its superiority over the father is curious. In Conf. IX, 9,
study of oratory, which Hortensius is 19-22, we learn that Patricius became
defending, and praises it as the in- a Christian only a short time before
tellectual pursuit most efficacious for his death and that he was not a very
happiness. The fragments of the amiable character.
106 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
46. Itaque: A., under the influence becoming lofty, progressively, as one
of the Hortensius, now began to advances." The metaphor seems to
examine the Scriptures, but it is sig- be that of a building with a very low
nifioant of how distant he was from entrance, through which one passes to
the ideals of his childhood and of how an interior of constantly increasing
thoroughly he was steeped in the magnificence.
rhetoric of the time that he found 51. Non enim . . . scripturam:
them so repugnant. Unlike his mas- " For not as I now so speak did so I
ters and fellow students, he could go feel when I (first) turned seriously to
beyond the style of the Hortensius that Scripture."
to its thought, but the plainness of 52. ad illam scripturam : on the bald
the Scriptures was a barrier to his Latin versions of the Scriptures which
mind. Note how A.'s attitude here preceded St. Jerome's work and to
towards his earlier repugnance accords
which A. must refer here, cf. De
with the view of the Christian human-
Labriollo, 43-49. Cf. also §§59,
ists of antiquity that pagan classics
105.
were a propaedeutic to the Scriptures.
53. quam . . . conpararem: on the
Cf. De Labriolle, 25-28.
comparative clause without ut, cf.
47. rem non conpertam . . . ex-
celsam: " a thing not disclosed to the A-G., §535c.
" the
proud nor revealed to childien, but 53. Tullianae dignitati: state-
of Tully "
as to entrance, lowly; as to progress, liness (Cicero).
lofty "; i.e., " low as one enters, but 56. dedignabar esse: cf. § 89b.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 109
XI. Et
misisti manum tuam ex alto et de hac profunda
19
cahgine eruisti animam meam, cum pro me fieret
ad te mea mater, fidelis tua, amplius quam flent matres
20 corporea funera. Videbat enim illa mortem meam ex fide
7.
"
veritas et veritas": the Mani- 12. pulchritudo pulchrorum omni-
chaeans had the word
" truth " con-
um: cf. §§43, 83a.
stantly on their lips. 14. suspirabant tibi: cf. § 82b.
9. elementis huius mundi: in the 14. te . . . sonarent:
"
sounded
fantastic cosmology of the Mani- Thy name." On the subjunctive, cf.
chaeans, the world arose from the
§ 102a.
invasion of the eternal kingdom of 17. misisti . . . ex alto: cf. Ps.
light by wicked demons from the 143: 7,
" Put forth thy hand from
eternal kingdom of darkness. on high."
11. transgredi debui:
"
I should 18. eruisti animam meam: cf. Ps.
have passed by"; i.e., later (cf. " and thou hast delivered my
85: 13,
Con/. V, 3, 3, and V, 6, 11) A. turned
souI."
from the tenets of the Manichaeans
regarding the universe in an effort 18. fleret ad te: on ad, cf. § 86a,
3.
to find solid truth in the Neoplatonic " bodily
philosophers, but even then he was 20. corporea funera:
not prepared to go further and ex- deaths."
amine the teachings of the Christian 20. ex fide et spiritu: on the hendi-
faith. On causal prae, cf. § 87g, 2. adys, cf. § 38. On ex, cf. § 87e, 1.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 111
XII. 21 Et dedisti
alterum responsum interim, quod
recolo. Nam et multa praetereo, propter quod propero ad
ea quae me magis urguent confiteri tibi, et multa non
memini.
Dedisti ergo alterum per sacerdotem tuum, quendam 65
LIBER QUARTUS
In open pursuit of applause and pleasures,
in secret purgation from their physical
stain, my companions and I
spent. these
nine years together; seducing, and seduced
by, each other in turn.
appellantur boni, et eos sine dolo docebam dolos, non quibus 105
contra caput innocentis agerent, sed aliquando pro capite
nocentis. Et, deus, vidisti de longinquo lapsantem in
lubrico et in multo fumo scintillantem fidem meam, quam
exhibebam in illo magisterio diligentibus vanitatem et
quaerentibus mendacium, socius eorum. 110
non fingitur, qui vellent pro invicem simul mori, quia morte
Carthage fled. I
VII. O dementiam nescientem diligere homines hu-
12
maniter! O stultum hominem inmoderate humana patien-
tem! Quod ego tunc eram. Itaque aestuabam, suspira-
bam, flebam, turbabar, nec requies erat nec consilium.
5 Portabam enim concisam et cruentam animam meam
inpatientem portari a me, et ubi eam ponerem non invenie-
bam. Non in amoenis nemoribus, non in ludis atque
cantibus nec in suave olentibus locis nec in conviviis
apparatis nec in voluptate cubilis et lecti, non denique in
10 libris atque carminibus adquiescebat. Horrebant omnia et
68.nimis huic contrarius: " quite in a manner consistent with the pass-
different from this (of theirs)." ing character of all human relation-
ships and especially of man's mor-
IX. Carthage Once More tality.
2. humana:
" human things," i.e.,
O dementiam
1. . . .: on the ac-
cusative, cf. A-G., §397, d; G-L., the lot of man.
" raved "
I
§ 343, 1.
3. aestuabam: (as in a
homines humaniter . . . hom-
1. f ever) .
inem . . . humana: note the paro- 6. inpatientem portari: cf. § 89e.
nomasia. Cf. § 43. 9. in voluptate cubilis et lecti: i.e.,
1. humaniter:
" humanwise," i.e., in the pleasures of sensual enjoyment.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 123
bus per os, per linguam, per oculos et mille motus gratissimos
quasi fomitibus confiare animos et ex pluribus unum facere.
XVI. 31 0 domine deus noster, i n velamento alarum
II
40. pruriens in auribus: cf. Tim. 43. conloqui et conridere . . .
4: 3, coacervabunt sibi magistros, conflare . . . facere: all infinitives in
prurientes auribus: " they will heap the passage are in apposition with
to themselves teaehers, having itch- Alia. Cf. §89a.
ing ears." The Manichaean doctrine 44. vicissim benivole obsequi:
"
to
that sin was a physical, not a moral, be kindly deferential to one another."
evil; the consequent emancipation Cf . § 67.
from moral scruples; the living of this 45. dissentire . . . dissensione
doctrine and the enjoyment of this . .consensiones:
. note the parono-
emancipation by his Manichaean masia. Cf. § 43.
friends, so in harmony with the at- 48. invicem . . . ab invicem: cf.
mosphere of pagan Carthage, must §67. ^
have been a comfort and encourage- fomitibus confiare ani-
52. quasi
ment to the stricken A. Cut off from mos:
" to fuse our minds by
(such)
the consolations of Christianity by kindling material, as it were."
his deviation from the path that led 52. ex pluribus unum:
" one out of
to full faith and Baptism, only worldly many."
consolations were available -and A.'s
53. in . . . speremus: cf. § 88a, 3.
soul fairly itched in its eagerness to
53. velamento alarum . . . protege
take in the doctrine that gave a philo-
nos: cf. Ps. 16: 8, Sub umbra alarum
sophical sanction to such consolations. " Protect me
42. moreretur: cf. § 102c. the ex- tuarum protege me,
perience of his friend's mortality under the shadow of thy wings ";
should have ealled him from the Ps. 62: 8, et in velamento alarum
sophistries of Manichaeism. exultabo, " and I will rejoice under
42. Alia erant . . . facere: note the the covert of thy wings "; Ps. 35: 8,
delightful picture of the joys of fricnd- Filii autem hominum in tegmine
" But the
ship. alarum tuarum sperabunt,
126 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
LIBER QUINTUS
X. Faustus
children of men shall put their trust fall into ruin; but the eternal home of
under the covert of thy wings." the soul — heaven — remains imperish-
54. Tu portabis, tu portabis : anadi- able forever.
plosis. Cf. § 31. 61. ne non: cf. A-G, §564; G-L.,
55.et usque ad canos tu portabis: § 550, 2.
cf. Is. 46: 4,
" Even to your old age
I am the same, and to your grey hairs X. Faustus
I will carry you." " in the sight
58. aversi perversi . . . Re-
. . .
in conspectu dei:
1.
"
vertamur . . . evertamur: cf. §43. of God," before God." A common
59. ut non: = ne. Cf. § 75f. Scriptural phrase; cf. e.g., Ps. 67: 4.
" which (good) Cf.
61. quod tu ipse es: § 88b, 1.
art Thou Thyself." 3. episcopus:the Manichaean hi-
61. nontimemus . . . aeternitas erarchical organization resembled in
tua: i.e., if we neglect our earthly many respects that of the Roman
homes for any length of time, they Catholic Church.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 127
4. Faustus: the intellectual lumi- narum: i.e., all those studies which
nary of the Western Manichees at the formed the basis of a broad and varied
time; a native of Milevis in Numidia; education, among which the liberal
a man of such great reputation that arts proper (disciplinis liberalibus)
A., sometime after he had concluded were considered the most important.
his Confessions, found it necessary to Cf. Conf. IV, 1, 1 and p. 115, note 91.
write a Contra Faustum, in 33 books, Gwynn, 82-100; C. E„ I, s.v. Arts,
in refutation of a work of Faustus The Seven Liberal, pp. 760-765.
which had meanwhile appeared. Cf. 13. philosophorum: under this term,
C.E., IX, s.v. Manichaeism, p. 595. A., following the custom of antiquity,
4. laqueus diaboli: cf. I Tim. 3: 7, includes not only philosophers in our
" lest he fall into reproach and the modern sense, but also (and particu-
snare of the devil." larly in this passage) investigators in
5. in eo: note that A. keeps up the and writers on the natural sciences.
figure of Faustus as being a snare. He probably has in mind here the
6. discernebam: sc. quam as ob- astronomical works of Ptolemy and
ject. his interpreters. The Manichaean
7. quarum: refers strictly to rerum, imaginings (longis fabulis) on the
showing that a veritate rerum = a origin of the world, for instance, suf-
veris rebus. Cf. §§ 29, 83c. fered by contrast with the empirically
" and not in
7. nec . . . intuebar: founded theories of the astronomers,
what vessel of discourse, but what and A. was consequently anxious
knowledge . . . Faustus was setting about a question so fundamental to
before me to partake of did I look to." the Manichaean system. Cf. Conf.
On the gerundive construction here, V, 7, 12, below.
cf. §90b. 13. memoriaeque mandata retine-
9. Fama . . . quod esset: on the bam: "(them) committed to memory I
quod clause, cf. § 97. retained "; i.e., I
" still had them in
10. honestarum omnium doctri- my memory."
128 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
35. ingerere:" bringbefore, " "sub- grammar and literature was only the
mit to." Construe with curas below. superficial sort characteristio of the
3$. curas quaestionum mearum: contemporary rhetor.
" the cares of my problems," " the 42. Senecae: L. Annaeus Seneca
problems whieh were worrying me." (circa 4 B.c-65 A.D.), Stoic philoso-
36. accipiendo ac reddendo ser- pher and poet. His works, written
" by listening
monem: to discourse in a brilliant, sententious style, exer-
and replying (reddendo) (in turn)." cised a great influence in the Middle
37. Quod ubi potui: sc. facere. Ages and after, as well as in antiquity.
" and
37. et aures . . . disserere: Because of the loftiness of many of
when, with my friends, I began to his moral sayings, he was much ad-
busy his ears, and at such a time that mired by the Latin Fathers and was
it was not improper to enter into considered by some of them almost a
mutual discussion with him." Christian. Cf. Duff, 196-278.
38. dedeceret: subjunctive of char- 43. suae sectae: i.e., the Mani-
aeteristic. chaeans.
38. alternis: sc. vicibus
" by alter- 45. inde suppetebat eloquium:
nate changes,"
" alternately," " by "through this an eloquence was fur-
turns." nished him."
39. expertus sum . . . expertem: 46. moderamine ingenii: " by his
paronomasia. Cf. § 43. control of his talent."
40. nisi grammaticae . . . usitato 49. Coram te: cf. § 87b.
knowledge " direct," "
modo: i.e., his even of 50. agebas: lead."
130 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
inveniebam.
13 Refracto itaque studio, quod intenderam in Manichaei
litteras, magisque desperans de ceteris eorum doctoribus,
quando in multis, quae me movebant, ita ille nominatus
apparuit, coepi cum eo pro studio eius agere vitam, quo 80
XI. To Rome
VIII. 14 Egisti
mecum, ut mihi persuaderetur
ergo
Romam pergere et potius ibi docere quod docebam Car-
thagini.
Et hoc unde mihi persuasum est, non praeteribo confiteri
tibi, quoniam et in his altissimitui recessus et praesentissima »
in nos misericordia tu^/cogitanda et praedicanda est.
Non ideo Romam pergere volui, quod maiores quaestus
maiorque mihi dignitas ab amicis, qui hoc suadebant,
promittebatur — quamquam et ista ducebant animum tunc
meum — sed illa erat causa maxima et paene sola, quod 10
43. navigaret: sc. amicus as sub- the earth beneath her countenance."
ject. To conceal his real purpose, A. 50. memoria: a memorial chapel or
pretends that he is at the shore to see oratory in the vicinity of Carthage and
a friend off on a voyage. near the seasliore. It was the first
43. Et mentitus . . . evasi . . . church raised in or near the city in
sub vulto suo:
" And I lied to my honor of St. Cyprian, her great bishop,
mother even to such a (illi) mother, who had suffered martyrdom about a
and I escaped (i.e., the fatalities of century and a quarter (258) before the
the sea, or merely,
" I escaped from events here recorded. For a sketeh
her presence ") beeause Thou for- of St. Cyprian, cf. C. E., IV, s.v.
gavest even this, mercifully preserving Cyprian of Carthage, 583-589; and
me, though full of abominable un- De Labriolle, 132-108.
cleannesses, from the waters of the 52. orando et flendo: cf. § 91b, 1.
" excopt that," cf.
sea even to the water of Thy grace 53. nisi ut:
(i.e., Baptism), whereby, I having §' lOOb.
been washed, the rivers of my mother's 55. quod: sc. id.
tears might be dried, with which 57. subtraxit aspectibus nostris:
daily to Thee in my behalf she did wet on the dative, cf. § 82d.
136 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
for his sinful life and partioularly for them (i.e., inimicitias) on the cross
his recent conduct towards his mother. of a phantom — which I had believed
"
71. ibam iam ad inferos: for the of Him? To the Manichees Christ
expression, cf. Job 7: 9,
" so he that was a divine being who appeared on
shall go down to hell shall not come earth, but not in a human body. The
up." victim of the Crucifixion was an evil
73. super . . . vinculum: on super, spirit (phantasma) in disguise, mis-
cf. § 88d, 2. taken by the Jews for Christ. "How
73. omnesin Adam morimur: cf. could He have canceled these en-
I " And as in Adam all dic,
Cor. 15 : 22, mities by that cross, when, according
so also in Christ all shall be made to my belief at that time, there had
alive." been suspended only a phantom of
126. fidei: "of (their) promise." est offices in the Empire. Cf. prae-
127. prae . . . caritate: on prae, fectus tunc Symmachus below. Q.
cf. § 87g, 2. Aurelius Symmachus, as his nomen
128. perfecto odio: i.e., hatred suggests, was a member of one of the
proper to a person leading the life of most iHustrious Roman families,
perfection. His hatred was imperfect generally eminent because of hia
because he did not distinguish be- wealth, culture, and oratorical gifts;
tween the malice of their acts, the tenacious leader of the dying pagan-
proper object of " perfect " hatred, ism; companion of St. Ambrose in
and their persons. Cf. Ps. 138: 22, their youth and now his opponent in
" I have hated them with a perfect the struggle between paganism and
hatred." Christianity. He was Praefectus Ur-
bis from about the year 384. On the
XII. To Milan and St. Ambrose duties of the Praefectus Urbis, cf.
1. posteaquam missum est:-"After
Sandys, 295-297; Abbott, 224, 281.
(arequest) had been sent." Cf. § 77. On Symmachus, cf. Smith and Wace,
1. Mediolanio: from 296 the or- s.v. Symmachus (3) IV, 749-751.
dinary residence of the Western 3. inpertita . . . evectione publica:
" a post-warrant also being fur-
emperors.
2. praefectum urbis:
" Praefect of nished "; i.e., the right of traveling in
the City (of Rome)," one of the high- the carriage of the Imperial Post.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 141
XIII. Hesitations
Attracted at first by his language alone, the
doctrine of Ambrose I
grew to respect.
LIBER SEXTUS
And now that my mother had come up to
Milan and learned of my leaving the Man-
ichee sect, she doubled her prayers, resorting
to Ambrose, through whom she believed I
should soon turn to Thee.
44. Spes mea a iuventute mea: cf. way become dark and slippery."
"
Ps. 70: 5, For thou art my pa- 48. foris a me: cf. § 87f.
tience, O Lord: my hope, O Lord, 48. deum cordis mei: cf. Ps. 72:
from my youth." 26, ". . . thou art the God of my
45. quo recesseras: cf. Ps. 10: 1, heart, . . ."
" Why,
O Lord, hast thou retired 49. in profundum maris: cf. Ps.
afar off?
" 67: 23,
" I will turn them into the
45. discreveras . . . me feceras: depth of the sea."
for the thought, cf. Job 35: 11. 52. de te secura:
" safe from
47. Et ambulabam per tenebras et Thee"; i.e., " deriving her safety
lubricum: cf. Ps. 34: 6, " Let their from Thee."
146 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
58. ei cum indicassem : ei is placed i.e., she had been reassured of his
before its proper clause. return to the Faith in which she had
61. cum iam secura . . . viduae: instructed him as a child by the
dream recorded in Conf. III, 11,
" since she had already become as- 20.
sured as to this part of my misery One great step in that return she
(i.e., my being a Manichee), in which heard of now, but she was prepared
she was bewailing me as one dead but for it through nine years of expectancy .
(as one) destined to be revived by 62. resuscitandum tibi fiebat: cf.
Thee and she was offering (me) (to § 90a.
Thee) on the bier of her thought that 63. feretro: take as local ablative.
Thou mightest say to the son of the Cf. § 84a.
widow. . . ." The spiritual state of 64. iuvenis . surge: Luke 7: 14,
. .
73. . . . mihi. Tibi . . .: sc. some 78. sicut angelum dei: cf. Gal. 4:
form of dico, with Monnica as sub- 14,
" You despised not, nor rejected:
ject. but received me as an angel of God,
74. accelerares adiutorium tuum: even as Christ Jesus."
cf. Ps. 69: 2,
" 0 God, come to my 80. transiturum: construe with
assistance. . . ." praesumebat.
75. inluminares tenebras meas: cf. 80. per quam . . . intercurrente
Ps. 17: 29, " . . .; O my God, en- . . . vocant:
" through which would I
lighten my darkness." pass from sickness to Iiealth, (with a
76. currere . . . suspendi: historical period of) deeper peril intervening,
infinitives. Sc. Monnica as subject. through the paroxysm, as it were,
76. ad fontem . . . aeternam: cf. which physicians call the critical
John 4: 14, " But the water that I one "; i.e., the
" crisis."
will give him, shall become in him a 82. certa: sc. Monnica.
fountain of water, springing up into Nec iam: " And not yet";
83.
life everlasting." ad fontem is in i.e., not yet did A. perceive that the
apposition with in Ambrosi ora. solution of his difficulties lay in fervent
suspendi: " prayer.
Render as to a foun-
tain. . . ." On in, cf. § 88a, 3. 83. orando: cf. % 91b, 1.
148 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
accusative
. .
147. medicum: the figure of the 155. relicta . . . non secutura matre:
physician, good and bad, is a favorite " having left a mother not inclined to
metaphor among ancient writers, both follow him." A grateful allusion, by
pagan and Christian. way of contrast, to Monnica, who
148. valetudo animae meae:
" the
bravely had made the difficult journey
state of health of my soul." from Africa and was now with A. in
153. Nebridius: construe as subject
Milan. Cf. Conf. VI, 1, 1.
of suspirabat . . . fluctuabat below. 156. nisi ut . . . viveret: on nisi
153. etiam: i.e., in addition to one
Alypius from A.'s native town,
ut, cf. | lOOb.
160.trium egentium: i.e., Alypius,
Thagaste. Alypius had studied under
Nebridius, and A.
A. there and afterwards at Carthage.
He had preceded A. to Rome as a 161. sibimet invicem: on this form
student of law, had formed a close of expressing reciprocal relation, cf.
friendship with him there, and had §67.
expectantium :
te
"
wait-
accompanied him to Milan, where he 161. ad
ing for Thee," i.e.,
" with eyes turned
was following in some fashion his
profession and, even as A., was dis- expectantly to Thee." On ad, cf.
turbed spiritually meanwhile. § 86a, 3.
152 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
LIBER OCTAVUS
XIV. The Life of St. Anthony
At length I
did learn of the Hermit of
Egypt, and the two high officials his Life
turned to Thee.
—
absens Nebridius cum ecce ad nos domum venit ad me et
Alypium Ponticianus quidam, civis noster, in quantum
Afer, praeclare in palatio militans, nescio quid a nobis
volebat. Et consedimus, ut conloqueremur. Et forte
supra mensam lusoriam, quae ante nos erat, adtendit 30
Longmans, Green and Co., 1929, 53- the dignity of a colonia by Claudius,
58. it had been from the time of Diocletian
in " a center of imperial authority, being
42. eo sermone: in this dis-
" i.e., in this part of his dis-
cussion ; the focal point of frontier adminis-
cussion. tration in the West, the headquarters
45. mirabilia tua: for the ex- of the Western Caesar, and necessarily
pression, cf. Ps. 144: 5,
" and (they) the frequent residence of the emperor
shall tell thy wondrous works." amid the frontier problems of the de-
49. mores suaveolentiae tuae:
" the clining Empire. On apud, cf. § 86b.
customs of Thy sweet odor"; i.e., 5(3. deambulatum: supine. Cf. §93.
the holiness of the ascetie life of the 58. unum secum . . . digressos:
monks, a sweet odor, so to speak, of i.e., having formed two groups of
the Divine Life. two, they separated, walking in dif- ,
54. nescio quando:
" do not know
I feient directions.
"
when "; i.e., at one time or other." 59. illos: refers to alios duos.
"
55. apud Treveros: i.e., at 60. spiritu pauperes . . . regnum
Treves," on the right bank of the caelorum: cf. Matt. 5: 3,
" Blessed
Moselle. Founded as a Roman town, are the poor in spirit; for theirs is the
probably by Augustua, and raised to kingdom of heaven."
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 157
84. aedificabant turrem: for the 89. quoque modo . . . orta est:
thought, cf. Luke 14: 28-30. on the indicative here, cf. § 96.
" 91. adiungi: used in a middle sens.e,
sumptu idoneo relinquendi:
84. at
" to join themselves Cf.
the cost (alone) appropriate of aban- (to them)."
doning." §77.
'
86. qui:i.e., his comrade. Occa-
91. Isti: i.e., Ponticianus and his
friend. On isti = hi, cf . § 68c, 1.
sionally a subject in the singular to " trailing
94. trahentes cor in terra:
which is attached an ablative with
their hearts on the earth "; i.e., " with
cum, governs a plurai verbby synesis. to earthly
their minds attached
Cf. A-G., § 317, note. things."
89. narrato placito . . . quoque 100. dum nollem: on the subjuno-
modo: on the ablative absolute, cf.
"
tive with dum in the sense of while
"
or
" because," cf. § 98f.
§84c.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 159
VIII.
Tum in illa grandi rixa interioris domus meae,
19
quam fortiter excitaveram cum anima mea in cubiculo
nostro, corde meo, tam vultu quam mente turbatus invado
Alypium, exclamo: "Quid patimur? Quid est hoc, quod
audisti? Surgunt indocti et caelum rapiunt, et nos cum 5
143. remanserat: on the tense, cf. construe nos after ubi. The prolep-
§78a. sis helps to emphasize A.'s deep
143. et quasi mortem reformidabat humiliation.
. .restringi: " and it feared to be
. 6. sine corde:
" without heart ";
kept back as if (it were fearing) i.e., without the warmth of faith.
death." 7. pudet: sc. nos. On nec saltem
144. in mortem: i.e., spiritual = ne . . . quidem, cf. § 75d.
death. 10. Neque enim solita sonabam:
" I
XV. In the Garden did not voice my customary
" I did not speak as
5. caelum rapiunt: cf. Matt. 11: 12, (sounds) "; i.e.,
" usual."
the kingdom of heaven suffereth
violence, and the violent bear it 11. loquebantur animum meum:
"
away." bespoke my mind"; i.e.', bespoke
5. nos cum doctrinis , . . sanguine: what was passing within me.
162 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
16. impediret: the clause is char- tered into a covenant with thee, saith
acteristic; hence the subjunctive. the Lord God."
"
17. donec exiret . . . sciebas: until 27. eundum esse: sc. mihi.
it should issue in which way Thou 27. omnia ossa mea clamabant:
knewest." cf. Ps. 34: 10,
" All my bones shall
18. insaniebam . . . vitaliter: oxy- say."
moron; cf. §40. "I was healthily 27. et in caelum tollebant: sc.
insane and was dying after a living quod (pactum tecum).
manner"; i.e., "I was mad with a 28. illuc: i.e., in pactum tecum.
distress that was healthy for my soul 29. quantum . . . ubi sedebamus:
"
and was dying to the life according to even as far as I had gone from the
this world in a manner that meant my house to that place where we were
living according to God." sitting."
21. pedem post pedem: sc. secutus 32. sed fortiter et integre: sc. ire.
est or the like. 33. voluntatem: construe as object
22. Neque . . . aderat:
" For not of versare et iactare.
even when he was near was my secret 33. parte adsurgente . . . luctan-
"
not (a secret)." tem: struggling, while one part is
26. quod non irem . . . et pactum advancing, with the other that is
tecum: cf. Ezech. 16: 8,
" and I en- falling back."
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 163
vomen mentioned above. Sc. facere 88. Narrant tibi . . . dei tui: cf.
"
potuerunf. Cf. § 68c, 2. Ps. 118: 85, The wicked have told
80. in se ipsis:
" in themselves me fables, but not as thy law."
" " by "
(jilone)," i.e., of themselves," 90. non nisi: (was) not unless";
" was entirely."
their own powers." On in, cf. § 88b, 3. i.e.,
166 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
-
§
29. primum caput: assimilated into tonium and construe with audieram
le relative clause. Construe as ob- above. Note that A. in the indirect
ct of legerem. discourse here employs the non-
30. Audieram . . . quod . . ad- Classical quod clause and the Clas-
.
onitus fuerit: on the quod clause sical infinitive with subject accusative
the accusative and the infinitive, after the same verb audieram, and
r
6, §
LIBER NONUS
XVII. Cassiciacum
clares his intention of quietly resigning the severity of the struggle he has
his professorship of rhetoric at the endured, so A., after his conversion,
beginning of the Vindemiales Feriae, shows by the ostentatious style of the
the Vintage Holidays, which extended works he was then composing, the
from August 22 to October 15. A struggle he had had against the pomp
serious ailment in his throat and of this world.
lungs, but particularly the conviction 7. superbiae scholam: i.e., rhetoric
that the profession of rhetoric was as then practiced tended to iustill
incompatible with his new choice of false pride in its devotees, hence
"
iife, urged this decision upon him. school of pride."
2. unde iam cogitatu solutus eram: 8. libri disputati cum praesentibus:
i.e., by his new sympathies so at i.e., the books which grew out of tho
variance with rhetoric as then prac- discussions with his associates at
ticed. On unde = a qua, cf. § 73. Cassiciacum: Contra Academicos, De
4. in villam . . . omnibus: i.e., to Beata Vita, and De Ordine. Cf. De
the villa of his friend Verecundus at Labriolle, 402.
"
Cassiciacum near Milan. The little 9. (libri disputati) cum ipso me
company included his mother Mon-
solo: i.e., A.'s Soliloquia, composed
nica, his brother Navigius and his
during this time.
son Adeodatus; his two cousins Las-
10. testantur epistulae: in the
tidianus and Rusticus, his friend
Alypius, his pupils Licentius, son of Benedictine edition of A.'s letters,
Romanianus, and Trygetius, a Tha- Nos. 3, 4, 7, and 9-14 are addressed
gastan." G-M. to Nebridius, and Nos. 5, 6, and 8
7. sed adhuc superbiae . . .
are from Nebridius to A. Wo have
anhelantibus :
" but still exhaling, as only a fraction of a copious corre-
it were, the school of pride, during spondence.
the period of rest "; i.e., just as the 12. in illo tempore: cf. §§88b, 2.
athlete, in the period of rest after the 13. properanti: construe with mihi
conflict, shows by his heavy breathing above.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTiNE 171
XVIII. Baptism
32. affectus pietatis: on the geni the Basilica to the Arians, who had
tive, cf. § 83b. no place of public worship in Milan.
33. bene mihi erat cum eis: i.e., He refused. The Empress spent the
" it waa good for me to weep." rest of the year trying to persuade or
36. fratrum concinentium . . . et to force Ambrose. Finally, in Holy
cordibus : St. Ambrose had introduced Week of 386, she ordered him to
not long before the practice, already leave the city. Ambrose, however,
familiar in the Orient, of the anti- proceeded with services in the Basilica
phonal singing of psalms and hymns. as usual and was thus besieged, to
36. Nimirum annus erat: A. was gether with a congregation, during
baptized at Easter, 387. The out the succeeding Easter Week. Many
break mentioned here occurred during of the besieging troops finally joined
Easter Week of the preceding year. in the singing from within the walls
Ambrose had been consecrated Bishop and the Empress was thereby worsted.
of Milan in 374 and the four-year-old Cf. C. E., I, s.v. Ambrose, Saint, p.
Valentinian II had come to the throne 385; and for a more detailed account,
in 375, on the sudden death of his De Labriolle, Life and Times of
orthodox father, Valentinian I. His
St. Ambrose, New York, 1928, pp.
unorthodox and Arian mother, Jus-
39-65. On the Ambrosian Basilica at
tina, thus put in control of affairs,
Milan, cf. C. E., I, s.v. Ambrosian
was abetted by Arian heretics at
Basilica, pp. 388-389.
Court in the efforts which she im
39. Excubabat: the siege lasted for
mediately inaugurated to strengthen
the Arian heresy in the West. Thus, several days.
40. plebs:
" the Christian People,"
she had come into a long and losing
" the Faithful People of God," as so
conflict with Bishop Ambrose. Dur
ing the early part of 385, Ambrose often in Ecclesiastical Latin.
was summoned before the Imperial 40. mori parata: on the infinitive,
Court and was requested to give over cf. § 89e.
CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE 177
44. poterat amplius: sc. bibere or 55. vigitaret super nos: vigilaret
sorbere. super is Scriptural. Cf. Jer. 31: 28,
"
and as I have watched over them,
44. sensu recusante:
"
her desire
(or her sense of taste) refusing to pluck up, . . . so will I watch over
(more)." them, to build up." On super, cf.
45. sed quibusdam . . . ebul- also § 88d, 1.
liunt: " but
because of the over- 56. tu praesens: sc. eras.
flowing aberrations of (that) age, as 56. creasti . . . vocas: sc. nos as
it were, which express themselves object.
(lit., bubble forth) in absurd actions." 62. putredinem illam: i.e., Mon-
"
47. maiorum pondere: by the nica's evil habit.
firmness (or authority) of elders." 64. domina minore
" her
(natu) :
50. qui modica . . . decidit (The young (lit., younger) mistress."
Vulgate has decidet): cf. Eccles. 19: 65. vocans meribibulam (eam) :
" " calling The
1, and he that contemneth small her a winebibbess."
things, shall fall by little and Iittle." word occurs only here in ancient Latin
54. tua medicina: i.e., Thy grace. literature.
182 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
cf. Matt.
" But I say unto gloriatur
12: 36, 17. qui . . . glorietur:
you that every idle word that men cf. IICor. 10: 17,
"
But he that
shall speak, they shall render an ac- glorieth, let him glory in the Lord."
count for it in the day of judgment." 18. laus mea: cf. Ps. 117: 14,
"
10. veritate: antonomasia. Cf.§33. The Lord is my strength and my
10. si quis dixerit . . . gehennae praise."
ignis: cf. Matt. 5: 22, " And whoso- 18. deus cordis mei: cf. Ps. 72:
ever shall say (to his brother), Thou " thou art the God of my
26, heart."
fool, shall be in danger of hell fire." "
21. exaudi me: cf. Ps. 68: 14, In
11. et vae etiam . . . discutias the multitude of thy mercy hear me,
eam: for the thought, cf. Ps. 142: 2, in the truth of thy salvation."
"
And enter not into judgment with 21. per medicinam vulnerum no-
thy servant: for in thy sight no man
strorum: i.e., through Christ. On
living shall be justified," and Ps.
" If thou, O Lord, wilt mark antonomasia, cf. § 33.
129: 3,
22. ad dexteram tuam . . . pro
iniquities: Lord, who shall stand it?"
On dative with vae, cf. § 82d.
nobis: cf. Rom. 8: 34, " who is at the
16. O si cognoscant . . . homines:
right hand of God, who also maketh
" O if men would know that they are intercession for us."
The use of si to in- 24. operatam (esse) : sc. matrem
(but) men."
troduce a wish is poetic in Class. meam as subject.
Latin; cf. A-G., § 442a. For a pos- 24. dimisisse debita debitoribus
suis: cf. Mait. 6: 12,
" and forgive us
sible Scriptural source, cf. Ps. 9: 21,
"
that the Gentiles may know them- our debts, as we also forgive our debt-
selves to be but men." ors."
192 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
debit dimissa debita sua ab eo, cui nemo reddet, quod pro
nobis non debens reddidit.
37 Sit ergo in pace cum viro, ante quem nulli et post
quem nulli nupta est, cui servivit fructum tibi afferens
cum tolerantia, ut eum quoque lucraretur tibi. Et 55
was against us, which was contrary 48. leo et draco: cf. Ps. 90: 13,
"
to us." and thou shalt trample under foot
42. qua: sc. victima. the lion and the dragon."
42. hostis: i.e., Satan. For the 49. neque enim . . . callido:
" and
thought, cf. Apoc. 12: 10,
" Now is indeed she will not answer that she
come salvation . . . and the power of owes nothing, lest she be convicted
his Christ: because the accuser of our and be obtained by the crafty ac-
brethren is cast forth, who accused cuser."
them before our God day and night." 50. sed respondebit . . . reddidit:
in illo: cf. " but she will reply
43. et nihil inveniens that her debts
John 14: 30, " For the prince of this have been acquitted by Him to Whom
world cometh, and in me he hath not no one repays what He Who Owes
anything." Nothing paid for us." Cf. § 33.
44. innocentem sanguinem: cf. 53. ante quem . . . nupta est:
Matt. 27: 4, "Ihave sinned in be- widows who did not remarry were
traying innocent blood." honored in the Early Church. Cf.
45. auferat ei: ei refers to hostis I Tim. 5: 9.
above for its antecedent. 54. fructum . . . tolerantia: cf.
46. Ad cuius pretii nostri sacra-
"
Luke 8: 15, "... hearing the word,
mentum: And to the mystery of this keep it, and bring forth fruit in
(cuius) redemption of ours"; i.e., patienee."
" 55. ut eum . . . tibi: cf. 1 Peter 3:
to the mystery of this, our redemp-
" In like manner, also, let wives be
tion." 1,
47. Nemo . . . dirrumpat eam: for subject to their husbands: that if any
a possible Scriptural source, cf. John believe not the word, they may be
10: 28-29. won without the word, by the con-
48. Non se interponat: on non for versation ( = manner of life) of the
ne in a prohibition, cf. § 75e. wives."
194 CONFESSIONS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
'
56. inspira servis tuis: on the
'
brethren
'
as children of the Ca-
dative, cf. § 82b. tholic mother ' and his fellow-citizens
57. quibus et corde . . . servio: in the heayenly city." G-M.
" whom I serve by 64. cui suspirat . . . populi tui:
(all the love of)
"
my heart and by my voice (i.e., by for which the pilgrimage of Thy
my preaching) and by my writings." people sighs." A. refers to the
W-K. Christian conception of our life here
59. Monnicae : St. Monnica is men- below as from beginning to end a
tioned by name in the Confeasions pilgrimage preliminary to our proper
here only. abode in Heaven. On the dative,
63. fratrum . . . civium: fratrum cf. §82b.
" 66. illa: i.e., Monnica.
and civium both refer to Patricius
and Monnica, who, while his parents
" through
67. per orationes meas:
in this transitory life, are also his my prayers (alone)."
VOCABULARY
Abbreviations Used in Vocabulary
196
VOCABULARY
A abscedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum,
a (ab, abs), prep. with abl., with 3.v.n., go away, depart
words or ideas expressing separa- abscondo, -ere, -condi, -conditum,
tion, from, away from; Conf. II, 3.v.a., conceal, hide
2, 4, abs te, away from Thee; of absens, -ntis, part. adj., absent
place, at, on, from; of cause, from, absentia, -ae, /., absence
because of; of time, after, from, absum, abesse, afui, afuturus, irr.
V,
since; iam inde ab, even from; of v.n., be away, be absent; Conf.
agency, by; of relation, in regard 9, 17J Absit, far be (the thought)
to; Conf. III, 1, 1, ab interiore from me
cibo, with respect to . . . ; ab absurde, adv., absurdly, illogically
invicem, from one another; Conf. absurdus, -a, um, adj., absurd
VIII, 11, 27, ab ea parte, on this abundo, l.v.n., abound in, overflow
side with, be in abundance
-a, -um, part. adj., con- /.,
-i,
gird on; in pass. with middle adhuc, adv., until now, hitherto, aa
sense, arm one's self, gird one's self yet, still, more, even
accipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3.v.a., adigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.a.,
take, receive, learn, hear force, compel
accusatio, -onis, /., accusation adipiscor, adipisci, adeptus sum,
accusator, -oris, m., accuser 3.v.dep., arrive at, reach, obtain
accuso, l.v.a., accuse adiungo, -ere, -iunxi, -iunctum,
acer, -cris, -cre, adj., subtle, pene- 3.v.a., join; pass. with middle sense,
trating join one's self to
acerbe, adv., bitterly adiutor, -oris, m., helper
acies, -ei, /., glance, look; acuteness adiutorium, -ii, n., help, aid
of mind adiuvo, l.v.a., help, aid
acriter, adv., strongly, deeply admirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful
acsi, conj. and adv., as if admiror, l.v.dep., wonder at, marvel
at
f.,
of
Conf. IX, actu, in fact mit
4,
7,
place, near to, in vicinity of, at, admonitio, -onis, /., admonition
before, in the presence of; admoveo, -e/e, -movi, -motum,
of
purpose, for, for the purpose of; 2. v.a., move; move up; pass. with
manner, according to; ad lit- middle sense (o/ time), draw near;
of
Conf.
addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3.v.a., say hensum, 3.v.a., seize, lay hold
in addition, add upon
Adeodatus, -i, m., Adeodatus, son adprime, adv., first of all, especially
of
in, find rest in; acquiesce, be advenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, 4.v.n.,
satisfied come, come near
adsensio, -onis, /., assent adventus, -us, m., arrival, coming
adsequor, -sequi, -secutus sum, adversor, l.v.dep., oppose, resist
3.v.n.dep., gain, obtain adversus, prep. with acc., against
adsertor, -oris, m., defender adversus, -a, -um, adj., adverse;
adsolet, -ere, 2.v.semidep.impers., it n. pl. as subst., adverse things,
is customary; especially in phrase adversity
ut adsolet, as is wont to happen, adverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3.v.a.,
as is customary, as is usual - animadverto, observe, note
adsto, -are, -stiti, no sup., l.v.n., aedes, -ium, /. pl., house
stand near, be present, be aedifico, l.tuz., build
adsum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, irr.v.n., aegritudo, -inis, /., sickness, illness
be present, be at hand aegroto, -are, -avi, -atum, l.v.n., be
adsurgo, -ere, -surrexi, -surrectum, ill, be sick
3.v.n., rise up, rise Aegyptius, -ii, m., an Egyptian
adtendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, aemulatio, -onis, /., envy
3.v.a., with or without animum, Aeneas, -ae, m., Aeneas, a Trojan
direct the attention towards, ap- prince, hero of VergWs Aeneid
ply the mind to, observe, mark aenigma, -atis, n., obscure passage,
adtero, see attero crux
adtineo, see attineo aequo, l.v.a., equal, compare to,
adtingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, 3.v.a., make equal; in pass., Conf. V, 14,
touch, reach 24, be equal
adtonitus, see attonitus aequus, -a, -um, adj., fair, just;
adtraho, -ere, -traxi, -tractum, 3.v.a., quiet, contented; aequo animo,
attract patiently, with resignation, calmly
adulans, -ntis, part. adj., flattering, aerumnosus, -a, -um, adj., full of
fawning hardship, painful
adulescens, -ntis, m., a youth, aestimo, l.v.a., value, estimate, judge
young man aestuo, l.».ra., lit. boil, seethe; fig.
adulescentia, -ae, /., youth, young boil, seethe (with passion), be
manhood excited, be concerned, rave, burn,
adulescentulus, -i, m., a youth, a be violently ill
very young man aestus, -us, m., glow, ardor; Conf.
adulterinus, -a, -um, adj., adulterous, VI, 3, 3, deep agitation of mind,
impure deep anxiety, mental anguish
adultero, l.v.a., commit adultery aetas, -tatis, /., age
with, defile aeternitas, -tatis, /., eternity
adumbratus, -a, -um, part. adj., aeternus, -a, -um, adj., eternal; in
represented, characterized aeternum, forever
200 VOCABULARY
aio, v.def., say; 2nd pers. sing. perf., altitudo, -inis, /., depth
aisti, Conf. I, 19, 30 altum, -i, n., height, depth; ex alto,
ala, -ae,/., wing from on high
alacer, -cris, -cre, adj., eager, happy, altus, -a, -um, adj., deep
cheerful Alypius, -ii, m., Alypius, a young
alibi, adv., elsewhere friend of Augustine
VOCABULARY 201
only in 3rd person; quod (quan- away, avert; p.p. as adj., turned
tum) attinet ad, as regards, in away, withdrawn from
respect to, Conf. V, 13, 23 and aviditas, -tatis, /., eagerness, desire,
Conf. IX, 10, 26 avidity, greediness
attingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactum, 3.v.a., avidus, -a, -um, adj., longing, eager
touch, reach to avoco, l.v.a., call away, divert
attonitus, -a, -um, part. adj.,
astonished, amazed, terrified B
-i,
auctor, -oris, m., author balneum, n., bath
auctoritas, -tatis, /., authority, baptismum (and -us), -i, n. (and m.),
power; of medicine, efficacy Baptism
aucupor, l.v.dep., strive for, seek to baptizo, l.v.a., baptize
catch barbarismus, -i, m., barbarism
a
audeo, -ere, ausus sum, 2.v.semidep., basilica, -ae,/., basilica
dare beatus, -a, -um, adj., blessed, happy
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, i.v.a., hear, bene, adv., well; comp., melius;
learn superl., optime
auditor, -oris, m., hearer, auditor benedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, 3.v.n.,
aufero, -ferre, abstuli, ablatum, bless
irr.v.a., snatch away, pull away, beneflcium, -ii, n., benefit
take away, carry away, steal benevole, adv., kindly
augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, 2.v.a., benevolentia, -ae, /., good will,
increase kindness
aura, -ae, /., air benignus, -a, -um, adj., kind,
auris, -is, /., the ear benevolent
aurum, -i, n., gold benivole, see benevole
ausus, -us, m., act of daring benivolentia, see benevolentia
aut, conj., introducing an altemative, bibo, -ere, bibi, no sup., 3.v.a.,
usually exdusive, or, or else; aut drink, drink in
. . . aut, either . . . or biennium, -ii, n., period of two years,
autem, conj., introducing an antir two years
thesis or a transition, but usually bilis, -is, /., gall, bi\e;fig., anger
with some idea of contrast, but, on bis, adv., twice
the contrary, again, furthermore blandimentum, -i, n., usually pl.,
auxilium, -ii, n., help, aid flattering words, blandishments
avarus, -a, -um, adj., avaricious blandior, -iri, -itus sum, l.v.dep.,
avello, -ere, -velli, and -vulsi, attract, invite
-vulsum, 3.v.a., drive away blandus, -a, -um, adj., flattering,
aversor, l.v.dep., turn away, shun, alluring, kind
avoid blasphemia, -ae, /., blasphemy
averto, -ere, -ti, -sum, 3.v.a., turn bonitas, -tatis, /., goodness
204 VOCABULARY
-i,
bonum, n., good capio, -ere, cepi, captum, 3.v.a.,
a
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good, noble, take, occupy
virtuous, rich; comp., melior, capitulum, -i, n., chapter
superl., optimus; n. pl. comp. captus, -us, m., capacity
meliora as subst., better things, caput, capitis, n., head; life; chapter
a
better course cardo, -inis, m., a hinge; the chief or
breviter, adv., briefly cardinal point
care, adv., dearly
careo, -ere, -ui, -iturus,
C
2.v.n., be
cadaver, -eris, n., corpse without, dispense with
cado, -ere, cecidi, casum, 3.v.n., fall caritas, -tatis, /., love, charity
caecitas, -tatis, /., blindnes3 carmen, -inis, n., song, poem, poetry
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind carnalis, -e, adj., of the flesh, carnal
caedo, -ere, caesi, caesum, 3.v.a., carnaliter, adv., carnally
strike, beat carneus, -a, -um, adj., fleshly, carnal
caelibatus, -us, m., celibacy caro, carnis, /., flesh; the body, the
caelum, -i, n., heaven, Heaven; also flesh, os opposed to the soul
in m.pl., caeli, -orum, the heavens, Carthago, -inis, /., Carthage, the
Heaven metropolis North Africa in
of
calamitas, -tatis, /., calamity, mis- Augustine's time, and one
of
the
fortune most famous cities the ancient
of
caliculus, -i, m., cup world
a
caligo, -inis, /., mist, darkness carus, -a, -um, adj., dear
callidus, -a, -um, adj., crafty casa, -ae,/., hut
calor, -oris, m., heat castitas, -tatis, /., chastity
calumnia, -ae, /., calumny castus, -a, -um, adj., chaste, pure
cani, -orum (sc. capilli), m.pl., grey catechumenus, -i, m., catechumen
a
cano, -ere, cecini, cantum, 3.v.a., caterva, -ae, /., crowd, throng
sing catholicus, -a, -um, adj., Catholic;
canticum, -i, n., song as siibst. m., Catholicus, -i,
a
13,
22, sing-song causa, -ae, /., cause, reason; affair,
cantito, l.v.a., sing repeatedly concern; abl., causa, with gen., on
canto, l.v.a., chant, sing of, sing, account of, for the sake of
repeat caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, 2.v.n. and
cantus, -us, m., song, singing, sing- a., take care, guard against
ing tone -ce, inseparabh strengthening demon-
capax, -acis, adj., capacious; sus- strative particle joined to adveibs
ceptible, fit and pronouns
capillus, -i, m., hair cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 3.v.n.,
a
VOCABULARY 205
cur, interrog. adv., why? wherefore? decerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretum, Z.v.a.,
cura, -ae, /., care, solicitude decide, resolve, resolve upon
curatio, -onis, /., healing, cure decet, decere, decuit, 2.v.impers., it
curiositas, -tatis, /., curiosity is becoming, it is fitting
curo, l.v.a., care for, have concern decido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., 3.v.n.,
for, watch over; heal, cure fall
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursum, 3.v.n., decimus, -a, -um, adj., tenth
run decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, Z.v.a.,
cursus, -us, m., course deceive
custodio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.a., declino, -are, -avi, -atum, l.v.n.,
guard, protect decline, depart
custos, -odis, m., guardian, pro- decorus, -a, -um, adj., beautiful
tector decrepitus, -a, -um, adj., very old,
Cyprianus, -i, m., Cyprian, bishop of decrepid
Carthage, martyred 258 A .D. decumbo, -ere, -cubui, no sup.,
3.v.n., fall ill
D dedecet, -decere, -decuit, 2.v.im-
pers., it is unbecoming, it is unfit-
daemon, -onis, m., demon ting
daemonium, -ii, n., demon, devil
dedecus, -coris, n., disgrace, shame,
damnabilis, -e, adj., worthy of
dishonor, infamy
condemnation, damnable, detest- dedignor, l.v.dep., disdain, scorn,
able
refuse
damno, l.v.a., condemn dedoceo, -ere, -docui, -doctum,
David, indecl., m., David 2. v.a., cause one to unlearn, un-
de, prep. urith abl., from, down from,
teach
away from, out of; in partitive
deduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3.v.a.,
sense, from, of, out of; of cause,
lead down, bring down
on account of, from; fig., con- defectus, -us, m., defect, want,
cerning, of, in regard to, as to falling off, failing; Conf. IX, 11,
deambulo, l.v.n., take a walk
27, defectus animae, a swoon
debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2.v.a., owe, defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensum,
be indebted to, ought, must; p.p.
3. V.a., defend
as adj., debitus, -a, -um, due; n.
defensio, -onis, /., defense
as subst., debitum, -i, a debt defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, irr.v.a.,
debitor, -oris, m., debtor render, defer, give
decem, indecl. num., ten deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3.v.n.,
decennium, -ii, n., a period of ten fail, be wanting; Conf. V, 6, 10,
years be unable to answer; Conf. VI, 4,
decenter, adv., decehtly, properly 6, with ex nullo, be wanting in
deceptor, -oris, m., deceiver nothing
VOCABULARY 211
diuturnus, -a, -um, adj., long domus, -us, house, home; family,
divinitas, -tatis, /., Godhead household; loc., domi, at home
divinitus, adv., from Heaven, by donec, adv., until
Divine Command dono, l.v.a., give, present; sin,
of
dormio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.n., ebrius, -a, -um, adj., drunk, intoxi-
sleep cated
dorsum, -i, n., the back; Conf. VIII, ebullio, -ire, i.v.n., bubble up, boil
7, 16, a dorso meo, from behind up or over
my back ecce, interj., behold!, lo!, see!
draco, -onis, m., dragon ecclesia, -ae, /., a church, the
dubitatio, -onis, /., doubt, uncer- Church
tainty ecclesiasticus, -a, -um, adj., of or
dubito, l.v.n. and o., doubt, hesitate belonging to the Church, ec-
duco, -ere, duxi, ductum, 3.w.o.,lead, clesiastical
attract, influence; pass., Conf. VI, eculeus, -i, m., wooden rack used as
3, 3, move an instrument of torture
ductus, -us, m., connection, direc- edisco, -ere, -didici, no sup., 3.v.a.,
tion, bent learn, learn thoroughly
dulce, adv., sweetly, pleasantly, edo, -ere, edidi, editum, 3.v.a.,
charmingly put forth, utter, express; o/ games,
dulcedo, -inis, /., sweetness give, put on
dulcesco, -ere, 3.v.n., become sweet edomo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 3.v.a.,
dulciloquus, -a, -um, adj., sweetly break in
speaking educo, l.v.a., rear, educate
dulcis, -e, adj., sweet, pleasant effero, -ferre, extuli, elatum, irr.v.a.,
dulciter, adv., agreeably, sweetly carry out, carry to the grave
dulcitudo, -inis, /., sweetness effervesco, -ere, -ferbui, no sup.,
dum, conj., while, until, as long as; 3.v.n., boil up or over, rage
provided that, if only; in final effigies, -ei, /., image, likeness
sense, in order that effio, l.v.a., and n., breathe out
dummodo, conj., provided, provided effluo, -ere, -fluxi, no sup., 3.v.n.,
only flow on, pass away, flow forth
dumtaxat, adv., to this extent, only effodio, -ere, -fodi, -fossum, 3.v.a.,
duo, duae, duo, num.adj., two dig up
duodecim, indecl., twelve effugio, -ere, -fugi, no sup., 3.v.n.
duodetricensimus, -a, -um, adj., and a., flee; flee from, avoid
twenty-eighth effundo, -ere, -fudi, -fusum, 3.v.a.,
duplex, -icis, adj., double, twofold pour out, pour forth
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard egens, -ntis, part. adj., poor, needy
dux, ducis, m., guide egeo, -ere, -egui, no sup., 2.v.n., be
in want of, need
egestas, -tatis,/., want, need, neces-
E
sity
ebrietas, -tatis, /., drunkenness, ego, mei, pers. pron., I, myself
inebriation ei (also hei), interj., an exclamation
VOCABULARY 215
of grief orfear, ah! alas!; with mihi, reason; eo quod, for the reason
ah me! woe is me! that, because; Conf. II, 4, 9, eo
eiulo, l.v.n., wail, lament . . . quo, for this reason, that;
eiusmodi, see modus with comp., the more, and correl-
electus, -a, -um, part. adj., select, atively with quo, the more . . .
choice; m.pl. as subst., electi, the more
-orum, the chosen ones, the elect eo, ire, ivi (ii), itum, irr.v.n., go
elementum, -i, n., element episcopaliter, adv., in the manner of
elemosyna, -ae,/., alms a bishop
eligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, 3.v.a., episcopus, -i, m., bishop
choose, select epistula, -ae, /., letter, epistle
eliquo, l.v.a., distil, filter epulae, -arum, f.pl., feast, feasting
eloquentia, -ae, /., eloquence, ora- equus, -i, m., horse
tory eradico, l.v.a., uproot, root out
eloquium, -ii, n., manner of speech, erga, prep. with acc., towards
eloquence, declaration, pro- ergo, adv., then, therefore, now (H-
nouncement; pl., eloquent dis- lative)
courses eripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptum, 3.v.a.,
eloquor, -loqui, -locutus sum, 3.v. tear away, free, rescue
dep., speak out, express erro, l.v.n., wander, stray; fig. err,
eluceo, -ere, -luxi, no sup., 2.v.n., be in error
shine out; fig., be apparent, be error, -oris, m., wandering; fig., er-
manifest ror, fault
emico, l.v.n., dart forth, leap forth erubesco, -ere, -rubui, no sup.,
emigro, l.v.n., go out from, depart 3.v.n. and a., blush with shame,
emineo, -ere, -ui, no sup., 2.v.n., feel ashamed
stand out, be conspicuous, excel erudio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.a.,
emo, -ere, emi, emptum, 3.v.a., buy, .
instruct, educate
purchase eruditus, -a, -um, part. adj., learned,
emptor, -oris, m., buyer, purchaser erudite
enim, conj., explaining a preceding eruo, -ere, -rui, -rutum, 3.v.a., tear
statement, namely, for, in fact, in- away, rescue, deliver
deed eruptio, -onis, /., a bursting forth
enodate, adv., clearly, plainly Esaias, -ae, m., Isaias
enumero, l.v.a., number, enumerate esca, -ae, /., frequently in pl., food,
enuntio, l.v.a., disclose, announce, victuals
express esurio, -ire, no perf., -itum, i.v.n., be
enutrio, -ire, -ivi, -itum, 4.w.c, rear, hungry
bring up et, conj., and, also; freguently as
eo, adv., to that place, there; to that exact equivalent of etiam, also,
point; on that account, for this even; et . . . et, both . . . and;
216 VOCABULARY
3,
5,
etiam, conj., now, still; and
even ance with . . . Conf. III, 11,
;
furthermore, even, also, likewise 19, ex fide, by virtue of . .
;
VI,
if,
etiamsi, conj., even although nullo, in
6,
ex
4,
Conf. no
if,
etsi, conj., even although respect; ex invicem, upon one
Eva, -ae,/., Eve another
evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, 3.v.n. exaestuo, l.v.n., be excited, be
and o., escape, avoid stirred
evanesco, -ere, -nui, no sup., 3.v.n., exagito, l.v.a., disquiet, excite,
vanish away trouble
evangelicus, -a, -um, adj., of or exardesco, -ere, -arsi, no sup., Z.v.n.,
belonging to the Gospel blaze up; burn, be parched (o/
evangelium, -ii, n., the Gospel thirst); fig., be inflamed, burn
evectio, -onis, /., a post-warrant (with desire)
evenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, i.v.n., exaudio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 4.v.a.,
happen hear, hear favorably, listen to
eversio, -onis,/., overturning, (wan- excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3.v.n.
ion) act of destruction, hazing, and a., withdraw, depart; go be-
escapade yond, transgress; Conf. II,
3,
6,
eversor, -oris, m., overturner, overtop, rise above
wrecker excellens, -ntis, part. adj., lofty, ex-
everto, -ere, -verti, -versum, 3.v.a., cellent
overturn, overthrow, destroy excellenter, adv., excellently, in
a
evigilo, l.v.n., wake, awake superior manner
evinco, -ere, -vici, -victum, 3.v.a., excellentia, -ae, /., superiority, ex-
prevail ovcr, overcome
cellence; preeminence, exalted sta-
Evodius, -ii, m., Evodius, a feUow
tion
townsman and friend St. ugus-
of of
from; time, from, since; ex quo excito, l.v.a., arouse, excite, stimu-
o/
on account of; partitively, out of, exclamo, l.v.n., shout out, cry out
of; Conf. VI, with regard to; excludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, 3.i>.a.,
1,
1,
large degree; Conf. IX, 12, 32, excrucio, l.«.o., torture, torment
VOCABULARY 217
excubo, -are, -bui, -bitum, l.v.n., experior, -iri, -pertus sum, i.v.dep.;
keep watch, stand guard put to the test, experience, find
excuso, l.v.a., excuse expers, -ertis, adj., wanting in,
excutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 3.v.a., without, having no knowledge of
shake, shake down, shake off, tear expeto, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 3.v.a.,
away seek out; long for, desire, long
exemplum, -i, n., example expleo, -ere, -plevi, -pletum, 2.v.a.,
exeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum, irr.v.n., fulfill, complete, gratify
go out, depart; come out, issue explico, l.v.a., explain, interpret,
exerceo, -ere, -cui, -citum, 2.v.a., express
train, practice; used of disease, exploro, l.v.a., search out, examine;
attack, rack p.p. as adj., confirmed, established,
exercitatio, -onis, /., practice certain
exercitatus, -a, -um, part. adj., prac- expolitus, -a, -um, part. adj.,
ticed, well-versed, trained polished, elegant
exhalo, l.v.a., breathe out, exhale expono, -ere, -posui, -positum,
exbibeo, -ere, -hibui, -hibitum, 3.v.a., expound, explain
l.v.a., show, manife^t exquiro, -ere, -qufsivi, -quisitum,
exhorresco, -ere, -horrui, no sup., 3.v.a., search out, examine
3.v.a., shudder at, be horrified at exsecrabiliter, adv., execrably
exhortatio, -onis, /., exhortation exsecrandus, -a, -um, adj., abomin-
exigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.a., de- able, detestable
mand, exact exstinguo, -ere, -stinxi, stinctum,
exiguus, -a, -um, adj., small, slender, 3.v.a., quench, destroy
n.sing. as subst., a little, a little bit extendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum,
exilio, -ire, -ui (3rd pers. sing. aho 3.v.a., extend, stretch out, stretch
exilivit), no sup., i.v.n., leap up, forth; p.p. as adj., extentus, -a,
leap -um, prolonged, intense
eximo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, 3.v.a., extinctio, -onis, /., extinction, an-
remove, deliver nihilation
existimo, l.v.a., think, judge exto, -are -titi, no sup., l.v.n., stand
exitus, -us, m., a going forth, de- out, be conspicuous; be
parture; exit, way out; outcome, extollo, -ere, exsustuli, no sup.,
issue 3.v.a., praise, extol
exordium, -ii, n., beginning extra, prep. with acc., outside
expavesco, -ere, -pavi, no sup., extremus, -a, -um, superl. adj., last;
3.v.n., be terrified n. sing. as adv., extremum, for the
expecto, l.v.a., await, expect, look last time
forward to exudo, l.v.n., sweat out
expedio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.a., exulo, l.v.n., be an exile, live in exile
explain, settle exultatio, -onis,/., exultation
218 VOCABULARY
fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr.v.a., bear, finis, -is, m., end; purpose, design
carry, take up, endure; extol; in fio, see facio
pass., be carried along, go firmitas, -tatis,/., firmness, strength
ferrum, -i, n., iron; an iron instru- firmo, l.v.a., secure, establish,
ment; hence Conf. IX, 8, 18, strengthen
medicinale ferrum, a surgeon's firmus, -a, -um, adj., firm
knife flagello, l.v.a., scourge, chastise
/.,
ferula, -ae, rod or ferule, used in fiagellum, -i, n., whip, scourge
administering punishment flagitiosus, -a, -um, adj., shameful
ferveo, -ere, ferbui, no sup., 2.v.n., flagitium, -ii, n., shame, infamy, vice
burn, glow; pres. part. as adj., flagito, l.v.a., demand, ask ardently;
glowing, fervent with ab, de, of, from
fervor, -oris, m., heat fiagrans, -ntis, part. adj., eager,
fessus, -a, -um, adj., tired, weary ardent
festinabundus, -a, -um, adj., hasten- flagrantia, -ae, /., ardor
ing, quick flagro, l.v.n., burn, (o/ on odor)
festiuo, l.v.n., hasten spread into the air; burn, be
ficus, -i,/., the fig tree ardent, be filled with enthusiasm
fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, true, genu- flebilis, -e, adj., tearful
ine, loyal, of or belonging to fleo, -ere, flevi, fletum, 2.v.n. and a.,
Faith; as subst., m. orf., afaithful weep, mourn; bewail, lament
Christian, faithful servant of fletus, -us, m., weeping
a
germanitus, adv., faithfully, truly gravidus, -a, -um, adj., full, heavy
germanus, -a, -um, adj., true gravis, -e, adj., heavy, grievous;
gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, 3.v.a., grave, serious, venerable
carry in one's self, have; of age, graviter, adv., heavily, violently,
pass, be in; carry out, discharge; seriously, deeply
in pass., be done, come to pass gressus, -us, m., step, stage, progress
Gervasius, -ii, m., Gervasius, a grex, gregis, m., flock, multitude,
martyr whose body was found by congregation
St. Ambrose gula, -ae, /., the guUet, throat; fig.
glacialis, -e, adj. , covered with ice, icy gluttony
gloria, -ae,/., glory gurges,-itis, m., abyss, whirlpool
glorior, l.v.dep., glory, pride one's gymnasium, -ii, n., school
self in, boast
gnarus, -a, -um, adj., knowing,
H
having knowledge of habena, -ae, /., rein
gradatim, adv., step by step, gradu- habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2.v.a., have,
aUy hold, possess, enjoy; account,
Graecus, -a, -um, adj., of the Greeks, consider, judge
Greek habito, l.v.n., dwell
grammatica, -ae,/., grammar; gram- habitus, -us, m., dress
matica graeca, Greek literature hac, adv., here, on this side, on the
grammaticus, -a, -um, adj., of or one hand; hac atque hac, hither
relating to grammar or to a and thither, on this side and on
grammarian; grammaticus, -i, m., that
a teacher of grammar haereo, -ere, haesi, haesum, 2.v.n.,
grandis, -e, adj., huge, great, grand cling, cleave
granditer, adv., strongly haeresis, -is,/., heresy
grandiusculus, -a, -um, adj., pretty haesitatio, -onis,/., hesitation
well grown up, rather big haesito, l.v.a., stick fast; hesitate
gratia, -ae, /., favor, benefit, grace; harena, -ae, /., sand; arena
especially in pl., thanks; gratias haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, i.v.a.,
agere, to give thanks; abl., gratia, drink down, drain
for the sake of, on account of hebetudo, -inis,/., dulness, stupidity
gratis, ab. pl. of gratia as adv., for herba, -ae, /., herb
nothing, gratis, without provoca- heremus, -i,/., desert
tion hic, adv., here
gratulatorie, adv., in a congratulat- hic, haec, hoc, dem. adj. and pron.,
ing manner this (o/ what is near in time, place,
gratulor, l.v.dep., rejoice or thought), this one, he, she, it;
gratus, -a, -um, adj., pleasing, hoc est, that is, namely
pleasant Hierusalem, indecl., /., Jerusalem
222 VOCABULARY
/.,
infelicitas, -tatis, misfortune, un-
increpo, -are, -ui, -itum, l.v.n. and happiness
a., utter rebuke, make reproach infelix, -icis, adj., unhappy
against, blame inferus, -a, -um, adj., low; superl.,
incumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubitum, infhnus and imus, lowest, deepest,
3.v.n., lean upon the depths of; m. pl. as subst., the
incuriosus, -a, -um, adj., uncon- lower regions, Hell
cemed, careless infidus, -a, -um, adj., unfaithful, un-
incurro, -ere, -curri (-cucurri), true; false; n. pl., as subst. Conf.
-cursum, 3.v.n., run upon; with in III, false things, i.e. infidelity
3,
5,
and acc., fall in with, chance upon (in respect to beliefs and practie.es
incutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, 3.v.a., contrary to the Christian Religion)
strike into, inspire in infirmitas, -tatis, /., infirmity; Conf.
indago, l.v.a., search out, seek for, VI,
3,
trouble, difficulty
3,
I,
14, 23,
inrisor, -oris, m., mocker instabatur mihi, was threatened
I
inrumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, 3.v.n., instruo, -ere, -struxi, -structum,
break in, burst in 3.v.a., instruct
inruo, -ere, -rui, no sup., 3.v.n., rush insultatio, -onis, /., insult, insolence
into; enter integre, adv., wholly, entirely
/.,
insania, -ae, /., madness, insanity integritas, -tatis, integrity
insanio, -ire, -ivi and intellectus, -us, m., meaning, sense
ii,
-itum, <l.v.n.,
rage, be beside one's self, be mad intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, 3.v.a.,
insanus, -a, -um, adj., unsound in know, perceive, understand
mind, mad, insane, senseless intemperans, -ntis, adj., intem-
insatiabilis, -e, adj., that cannot be perate, unrestrained
intemperantia, -ae,/., intemperance,
satisfied, insatiable
unrestraint
inscribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scriptum,
intempestus, -a, -um, adj., unseason-
3.v.a., inscribe, entitle
able; nocte intempestiva, at the
insector, l.v.dep., attack, rail at,
dead of night
mock insolently
intendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentum, 3.v.a.,
insero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, 3.v.a.,
strain, extend, direct; with ani-
put in, introduce, insert
mum, apply one's mind, direct
insidiae, -arum, pl., deceit, fraud
/.
one's thoughts to
insigne, -is, n., mark, badge intente, adv., attentively
insinuo, l.v.a., introduce, make intentio, -onis, attention, intention
/.
IX,
,
known, inform;
4,
6,
15,
14, harm midst of, during
9,
VOCABULARY 227
interblandiens, -ntis, part. adj., giv- introeo, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, irr.v.n.,
ing a caress for, returning thanks go into, enter
for intueor, -eri, -tuitus sum, 2.v.dep.,
intercido, -ere, -cidi, no sup., 3.v.n., look at, gaze at, look to, consider,
fall down, collapse, perish give attention to
intercurro, -ere, -cucurri and -curri, intus, adv., within, inside
-cursum, 3.v.n., intervene inusitatus, -a, -um, adj., unusual,
interdum, adv., sometimes strange
interea, adv., meantime, meanwhile; invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, 3.v.a.,
nevertheless rush upon, rush in upon
intericio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, 3.v.a:, invalesco, -ere, -valui, no sup.,
put between 3.v.n., become heavy, weigh down
interim, adv., meanwhile, for a time invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum
interior, -oris, adj., interior, inner; i.v.a., find, discover
n. pl. as subst., depths; Conf. III, inventio, -onis, /., finding, discovery
5, 9, deeper or hidden meaning investigabilis, -e, adj., not to be
intermissio, -onis, /., respite, inter- traced, unsearchable
ruption investigo, l.v.a., investigate, search
intermitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, into
3.v.a., interrupt invicem, adv., reciprocally, one
internus, -a, -um, adj., internal another; ex invicem, upon one
interpello, l.v.a., make intercession another
to invideo, -ere, -vidi, -visum, 2.v.n.
interpono, -ere, -posui, -positum, and o., envy, be jealous of
3.v.a., interpose invidia, -ae, /., hatred, jealousy, ill-
interpretatio, -onis, /., interpreta- will
tion, explanation invisibilis, -e, adj., invisible
interpretor, l.v.dep., interpret, con-
invito, l.v.a., invite
clude
invitus, -a, -um, adj., unwilling,
interrogo, l.v.a., ask, question, in-
against one's will
quire of
invocatio, -onis, /., invocation
intime, adv., most deeply, from one's
invoco, l.v.a., invoke
innermost being
involvo, -ere, -volvi, -volutum,
intimus, -a, -um, superl. adj., in-
most, most secret; n. pl. as subst.,
3.v.a.,roll about, entangle
intima, -orum, the innermost iocum, -i, n., joke, jest, pleasantry
parts ipse, ipsa, ipsum, intens. pron., self,
intra, prep. with acc., within even; himself, herself, itself; em-
intro, 1.w.o. and n., go into, enter phatic, he, she; sometimes with force
introduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, of hic, ille, is, or idem
3.v.a., introduce ira, -ae, /., anger
228 VOCABULARY
L
lent hic and
is
of
the
gods, consort Jupiter a., be concealed, be hidden; be
of
last quarter the Jfti Century .D. latus, -eris, n., side
of
A
VOCABULARY 229
-i,
a praiseworthy manner lignum, n., wood, tree
laudo, l.v.a., praise ligo, l.v.a., tie, bind
laus, laudis,/., praise limen, -inis, n., threshold, door, en-
lavacrum, -i, n., bath (o/ Baptism), trance
Conf. I, 11, 17 limes, -itis, m., boundary, bound,
lavo, l.v.a. and n., wash limit
laxo, l.v.a., loosen, slacken, relax limosus, -a, -um, adj., muddy, slimy
lectio, -onis,/., reading limus, -i, m., shme, mire
lectus, -i, m., bed lingua, -ae, /., tongue, language
legitimus, -a, -um, adj., lawful; n. pl. linguosus, -a, -um, adj., wordy,
as subst., legitima, -orum, pre- tonguey
cepts, commands lis, litis, /., contest, struggle
lego, -ere, legi, lectum, 3.v.a., read litigiosus, -a, -um, adj., litigious;
lenio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 4.».o., fora litigiosa, lawsuits in the
soften, make smooth forum
leo, -onis, m., lion litigo, l.v.n., quarrel
lepor (lepos), -oris, m., grace, charm littera, -ae,/., letter of the alphabet;
lex, legis,/., law; the Law pl., litterae, -arum, letters (one's
levo, l.v.a., raise B C's, Conf. 13), rudi-
8,
I,
A
a
liber, libri, m., book letter, epistle; literature; Conf.
I,
liber, -era, -erum, adj., free 13, 20, litterae graecae, the Greek
libere, adv., freely, openly Language
liberalis, -e, adj., liberal litteratura, -ae,/., literature
liberi, -orum, m. pl., children litteratus, -a, -um, adj., learned
libero, l.v.a., liberate, set free, de- litus, -oris, n., the seashore
liver locus, -i, m., place, position; a place
libertas, -tatis, /., liberty, freedom or passage in book
a
libet, -ere, libuit, or libitum est, locutio, -onis, /., speaking, manner
l.v.n.impets., it pleases, it is of expression, style
agreeable longe, adv., far, far away, far off;
libido, -inis, /., passion, inordinate with comp., far, by far; longe,
a
I,
-i,
lusionment maximus
ludo, -ere, lusi, lusum, 3.v.n., play, malivolus, -a, -um, adj., malicious,
play at malevolent
ludus, -i, m., a game, sport; pl., the malo, malle, malui, irr.v., prefer
public games, spectacles malum, -i, n., evil, misfortune
lumen, -inis, n., light malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, evil;
luminosus, -a, -um, adj., luminous comp., peior; superl., pessimus
luna, -ae, /., the moon mancipium, -i, n., slave
lusorius, -a, -um, adj., used for play, mando, l.v.a., entrust, commit,
gaming enjoiri
lutum, -i, n., mire, filth mane, adv., in the morning
lux, lucis, /., light, the light of day, maneo, -ere, mansi, mansum, 2.».n.,
life remain, stay, abide
VOCABULARY 231
8,
as subst., Manichaei, -orum, the memoro, l.v.a., mention
Manichaeans mendacium, -ii, n., lie, falsehood,
manifesto, l.v.a., make manifest, deception
reveal mendax, -acis, adj., lying, deceitful
manifestus, -a, -um, adj., manifest, mens, mentis, /., mind, intellect
clear, evident mensa, -ae, /., table; mensa
mano, l.v.n., flow, run lusoria, gaming table
manus, -us,/., hand mentior, -iri, -itus sum, i.v.dep., lie
mare, -is, n., the sea merces, -cedis, /., money, allow-
marinus, -a, -um, adj., of or relating ance, fee, salary, recompense, re-
to the sea ward
marito, l.v.a., impregnate meribibula, -ae,/., winebibbess
maritus, -i, m., spouse, husband meritum, -i, n., reward, merit
martyr, -yris, c., martyr merso, l.v.a., immerse
mater, -tris, /., mother merum, -i, n., wine (unmixed with
maternus, -a, -um, adj., of or relat- water)
ing to a mother, matemal -met?
an emphatic enclitic svffix ad-
matrimonium, -ii, n., marriage, ded to personal pronouns
matrimony meticulosus, -a, -um, adj., terrify-
maxime, superl. adv., especially ing, fear-inspiring
medicamentum, -i, n., medicine, metuo, -ere, -ui, -utum,3.w.o. and n.,
remedy fear, dread
medicina, -ae, /., medicine metus, -us, m., fear, dread
medicinalis, -e, adj., of or pertaining meus, -a, -um, poss. adj. and
to medicine, medical pron., my, mine, my own; m. sing.
-i,
minor, comp. adj., see parvus modo, adv. of time, but now, now,
minus, camp. adv., less, not; see just now
-i,
parum modus, m., measure, mean, man-
mirabilis, -e, adj., admirable, won- ner, way, fashion; Conf. III,
9,
5,
derful, marvelous, extraordinary, simple style; eiusmodi, of this
strange; n. pl. as subst., wondrous kind, of that kind; huiuscemodi
works and huiusmodi, of this kind, of
miraculum, -i, n., wonder, miracle such a kind, such
miror, l.v.dep., wonder at, admire, moenia, -ium, n. pl., walls
marvel moleste, adv., with trouble or diffi-
mirus, -a, -um, adj., strange, won- culty; moleste habeo, take it ill,
derful be annoyed
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtum, 2.v.a., molestia, -ae, /., impatience
mix, mingle, intermingle molestus, -a, -um, adj., annoying,
miser, -era, -erum, adj., unfortun- disagreeable, be opposed
ate, wretched mollitia, -ae,/., weakness
miserabilis, -e, adj., miserable, momentum, -i, n., moment
wretched monachus, -i, m., monk
miserabiliter, adv., miserably monasterium, -ii, n., monastery
miseratio, -onis, /., pity, compas- moneo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2.v.a., ad-
sion, mercy vise, admonish, warn
misere, adv., miserably, wretchedly monitus, -us, m., warning, admoni-
misereor, -eri, misertus sum, tion
2.v.dep., feel pity for, take pity on
qf
Monnica, -ae,/., Monnica, mother
miseria, -ae, /., misery, affliction St. Augustine
misericordia, -ae, /., mercy, pity
mons, montis, m., mountain
misericorditer, adv., mercifully
monumentum, -i, n., monument
misericors, -cordis, adj., merciful
morbus, -i, m., disease, malady
miseror, l.v.dep., pity, have com-
morigerus, -a, -um, adj., obsequious,
passion on
benevolent
mitigo, l.v.a., mitigate, soften
morior, mori (moriri), mortuus sum
mitis, -e, adj., gentle, kind, mild
(moriturus), 3.v.dep., die
mitto, -ere, misi, missum, 3.v.a.,
mors, mortis,/., death
send; put forth
moderamen, -inis, n., control, direc- mortalis, -e, adj., mortal
tion mortalitas, -tatis,/., mortality
moderate, adv., moderately, simply mortifico, l.v.a., mortify
modeste, adv., modestly mortuus, -a, -um, adj., dead; Conf.
modicus, -a, -um, adj., moderate, V, 14, deadly, death-bringing
8,
nego, l.v.a., say no, say . . . not, non, adv., no, not
deny nondum, adv., not yet
negotiosus, -a, -um, adj., busy, nonne, interrog. adv., expecting an af-
occupied with business firmative answer, (is) not? (does)
negotium, -ii, n. business, affair, not?
task; Conf. II, 3, 5, concern, nonnullus, -a, -um, adj., some,
sacrifice several
nemo, -inis, c, no one, nobody nonus, -a, -um, adj., ninth
nempe, adv., forsooth, to be sure nosco, -ere, novi, notum, 3.v.a.,
nemus, -oris, n., a wood, grove become acquainted with; learn;
nepos, -otis, c, grandchild in perfect ienses, know; with infin.,
nequam, adj., indecl. in positive, vile, know how
dissolute, worthless, wicked; su- noster, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. and
perl., nequissimus, -a, -um pron., our, ours, of us
nequaquam, adv., by no means, in no noto, l.v.a., censure
wise notus, -a, -um, part. adj., known,
nescio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), no sup., 4.».a., well-known
not know, be ignorant, be unac- novem, indecl., nine
quainted with; nescio quis, — novitas, -tatis, newness, novelty
cuius, etc.,I know not who, some, novus, -a, -um, adj., new, novel,
some . . . or other; Conf. VIII, strange
6, 15, nescio quando, some time or nox, noctis, /., night
other nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptum, 3.v.n.,
nihil, indecl., nothing; as adv., not at marry, (used of the woman)
all, by no means nudo, l.v.a., uncover, disclose, re-
nimie, adv., very, exceedingly veal
nimirum, adv., doubtlessly, certainly nudus, -a, -um, adj., bare
nimis, adv., too much, too, exces- nugae, -arum, /. pl., trifles, play
sively, exceedingly nugatorius, -a, -um, adj., trifling,
nisi, conj., unless, if not, except; worthless; n. pl. as subst., siUy
nisi quia, except because, unless things, trifling things
that; nisi cum, unless when, ex- nugor, l.v.dep., jest, trifle
cept when nullus, -a, -um, adj., no, none; m.
nocens, -ntis, part. adj., guilty, and f. as subst., no one, nobody
wicked; as m. subst., guilty person numero, l.v.a., number, enumerate
nodus, -i, m., knot numerus, -i, m., number; in pl.,
nolo, nolle, nolui, irr.v., be unwilling, Conf. V, 7, 12, mathematics,
not wish astronomy
nomen, -inis, n., name, appellation numquam, adv., never, by no means,
nominatus, -a, -um, part. adj., not at all
renowned, celebrated numquid, inierrog. particle used to
I
VOCABULARY 236
offero, -ferre, obtuli, oblatum, v.irr. opulentus, -a, -um, adj., rich,
a., present, offer opulent
officina, -ae,/., workshop opus, n. indecl., necessity, need; opus
officium, -ii, n., courtesy, kindness, est, it is neceSsary, there is need
duty, office opus, -eris, n., work, toil, deed,
olens, -ntis, pari. adj., smelling, action
fragrant oraculum, -i, n., oracle
oleum, -i, n., oil oratio, -onis,/., oration; prayer
olim, adv., now for a long time, once oratoria, -ae, /., the oratorical art,
omnimodus, -a, -um, adj., of every oratory
kind, in every way orbis, -is, m., circle; orbis terrae
omnino, adv., entirely, wholly, cer- and orbis terrarum, the world,
tainly, indeed mankind
omnipotens, -entis, adj., omnipotent ordinator, -oris, m., ordainer, one
omnis, -e, adj., all, every; n. pl., all who ordains, orderer
things, everything ordinatus, -a, -um, part. adj.,
onero, l.v.a., weigh down, oppress orderly, regular
onerosus, -a, -um, adj., burdensome ordino, l.v.a., ordain; Conf. I, 6, 7,
onus, oneris, n., burden, load foreordain
onustus, -a, -um, adj., loaded, laden ordo, -inis, m., order, arrangement,
operor, l.v.dep., work, act course, cycle
opes, -um, /. pl., wealth, resources Orestes, -ae, and -is, m., Orestes,
opifex, -ficis, m., artisan son of Agamemnon and Clytaem-
(in an argument, etc.) paucus, -a, -um, adj., mostly pl., few
particula, -ae,/., small part, particle paulatim, adv., little by little,
partior, -iri, partitus sum, i.v.dep., gradually
share paulisper, adv., little while
a
shortly; as adv., a little, for a perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, 3.v.a., lose
little while perdomo, -are, -domui, -domitum,
Paulus, -i, m., Paul l.v.a., conquer, subdue completely
pauper, -eris, adj., poor; m. pl. as perduco, -ere, -duxi, -ductum, 3.v.a.,
subst., the poor lead, bring to
pausatio, -onis, /., rest, period of peregre, adv., in a foreign country,
rest abroad
pax, pacis, /., peace peregrinatio, -onis,/., sojourn, stay;
peccator, -oris, m., sinner coming, journey, pilgrimage
peccatum, -i, n., sin peregrinor, l.v.dep., sojourn
pecco, l.v.n., commit a fault, sin peregrinus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,
pectus, -oris, n., breast, heart strange
pecunia, -ae, /., money pereo, -ire, -ivi(-ii), -itum, irr.v.n.,
pello, -ere, pepuli, pulsum, 3.».o., perish, be lost
drive out, expel perexiguus, -a, -um, adj., very little
pendeo, -ere, pependi, no sup., perfectus, -a, -um, part. adj., perfect
2. v.n., hang, hang down; fig., perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, 3.v.a.,
Conf. IV, 4, 8, depend on; be in perform, complete, accomplish
suspense, be hesitant pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrectum,
pendo, -ere, pependi, no sup., 3.v.n., 3.v.n., proceed, advance
hang;/i</. wilh ex, depend on periclitor, l.v.dep., be in danger, be
penetro, l.v.a. and n., penetrate, in peril
pierce into, enter periculosus, -a, -um, adj., dan-
penitus,a<2y., entirely, wholly, deeply gerous, perilous
penuria, -ae, /., want, need, in- periculum, -i, n., danger, peril
digence peritus, -a, -um, adj., experienced,
per, prep. with acc, through, over, expert, skilful at, well versed in;
across; o/ time, through, during; as m. swbst. with iuris, one skilled
o/ agency, means, eause, and or lcarned in the law
manner, through, by means of, on permaneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansum,
account of l.v.n., remain, continue
perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.a., permittD, -ere, -misi, -missum,
complete, finish, end 3.v.a., permit
percipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, 3.v.a., perniciosus, -a, -um, adj., pernicious
aequire, learn, receive perpetior, -peti, -pessus sum, 3.v.a.,
percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussum, endure, put up with
3.v.a., strike persequor, -sequi, -secutus sum,
perditio, -onis, /., ruin, perdition 3.v.dep., persecute
perditus, -a, -um, part. adj., thor- persona, -ae, /., person, character,
oughly corrupt, abandoned, pro- personage; ex persona, under the
fligate name of
VOCABULARY 239
.
perventio, -onis, /., arrival Christian people, the faithful
perversitas, -tatis, /., perversity people of God
perverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, plecto, -ere, 3.v.a., punish
3.v.a., destroy, pervert, overturn plenitudo, -inis,/., fulnesa
pes, pedis, m., foot plenus, -a, -um, adj., full, full of
pestifer, -fera, -ferum, adj., deadly, plerumque, adv., generally, often
pernicious, mortal plerusque, -aque, -umque, adj.,
pestilentia, -ae, /., pestilenee, un- usually in pl., very many, many
wholesomeness ploratus, -us, m., weeping
petitio, -onis, /., request, petition ploro, l.v.n. and a., lament, cry for
peto, -ere, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 3.v.a., grief weep over, grieve for
;
acquaintance
of
-i,
populus, m., the people; especiaUy praecido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, 3.v.a.,
in sense the Christian people cut off, cut away
of
porcus, -i, m., pig praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum,
porro, adv., forward, further; again, 3.v.a., admonish, teach
moreover praecipitium, -i, n., precipice
portio, -onis, /., portion, part praeclare, adv., excellently; in
a
porto, l.v.a., carry high position or capacity
posco, -ere, poposci, no sup., 3.v.a., praecordia, -orum, n. pl., the breast,
ask, request heart
possum, posse, potui, irr.v.n., can, praeda, -ae,/., prey
be able, have power praedestino, l.v.a., predestine, or-
post, adv., after, afterwards; as prep. dain beforehand
with acc., after praedicator, -oris, m., preacher
postea, adv., afterwards praedico, l.v.a., predict, foretell;
posteaquam, conj., after that say, proclaim, glorify, preach;
postmodum, adv., after, afterwards praise, commend
potens, -entis, adj., powerful, praedico, -ere, -dixi, -dictum, 3.v.a.,
mighty; having power, able announce before, predict
potestas, -tatis, /., power; in pl., praeditus, -a, -um, adj., endowed,
Conf. VI, high authorities, furnished
3,
3,
puella, -ae,/., girl what sort?, what kind of?; rel., as,
puer, -eri, m., boy, child such; talis . . . qualis, such . .- .
puerilis, -e, adj., boyish, youthful, as
childish quam, adv.; interrog., how?, how
pueritia, -ae,/., boyhood much?; rel., as much as, than; with
puerulus, -i, m., little boy, child superl., as possible; correlatively
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, adj., beauti- with tam, as, as much . . . so
-i,
ful, noble; n. as subst., pulchrum, much
beauty quamdiu, interrog. adv., how long?
pulchritudo, -inis,/., beauty quamquam, conj., although, and yet
pulso, l.v.a., beat, knock at quamvis, adv. and conj., however,
punctum, -i, n., point, moment however much, although
(o/ time) quando, adv. and conj.; temporal,
punio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 4.v.a., when; causal, Conf. IV, be-
4,
8,
punish cause, since
purgo, l.v.a., purge, cleanse, purify; quandoquidem, conj., because, since,
p.p. as adj., purgatus, -a, -um, when
purified, pure quanto, see quantus
puto, l.w.o., think, consider, suppose; quantuluscumque, -acumque, -um-
occasionaUy used parenthetically cumque, adj., however small, how
putredo, -inis, /., putridity, rotten- little soever
nes3 quantum, see quantus
Pylades, -ae, and -is, m., Pylades, quantus, -a, -um, interrog. and rel.
adj., how much, how great, what
of
friend Orestes
a; as great as; correlative with
tantus, as; n. acc. sing. as adv.,
Q
were
acc. or absol., beg, entreat quatenus, adv., how far, up to what
quaestio, -onis, /., question, prob- point
lem, inquiry quattuor, indecl., four
quaestiuncula, -ae,/., petty question -que, enclitic conj., and
quaestus, -us, m., emolument, in- quemadmodum, interrog. and rel.
come adv., in what manner?, how?; just
qualis, -e, pron. and adj.; interrog., of as, as
244 VOCABULARY
reliquiarium, -ii, n., remnant, her- 3.v.a., seek, seek for, desire, call
itage on
remaneo, -ere, -mansi, -mansum, res, rei, /., thing, matter, affair,
2.v.n., remain fact, circumstance, undertaking;
remeo, no sup., l.v.n., go back, pl., nature, circumstances, prop-
return erty; re vera, indeed, in truth,
remissio, -onis,/., remission truly
remitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, 3.v.a., resarcio, -ire, -sarsi, -sartum, 4.i>.a.,
remit repair, restore; fill again
remote, adv., afar off, at a distance resisto, -ere, -stiti, no sup., 3.v.n.,
removeo, -ere, -movi, -motum, resist, oppose
2. v.a., remove; p.p. as adj., resolutio, -onis, /., dissolution
remotus, -a, -um, removed, afar resolvo, -ere, -solyi, -solutum, 3.v.a.,
off, not connected with deliver, resolve
renascor, -nasci, -natus sum, resorbeo, -ere, 2.v.a., suppress,
3.v.dep., be born again repress
renitor, -niti, 3.v.dep., oppose, resist respicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectum,
renuntio, l.v.n., report, announce 3.v.a. and n., look back at, look
reparo, l.v.a., renew, restore, repair behind, observe, reflect upon
repello, -ere, repuli, -pulsum, 3.v.a., respiro, l.v.a. and n., take breath,
spurn, reject breathe in
repente, adv., suddenly, unex- respondeo, -ere, -spondi, -sponsum,
pectedly 2. v.a., reply, answer, respond
-i,
liable, one who J3 in danger rus, ruris, n., the country, country
(because of wrongdoing) estate
revalesco, -ere, -valui, no sup.,
S
3.v.n., grow strong again, regain
strength sacerdos, -otis, m., priest
-i,
revelo, l.v.a., reveal sacramentum, n., sacrament, rite,
reverbero, l.v.a., check mystery
reverto, -ere, -verti, -versum, and sacrificium, -ii, n., sacrifice
revertor, -verti, -versus sum, sacrifico, l.v.a. and n., offer sacrifice,
3.v.n., come back, return sacrifice; impers., Conf. 17, 27
I,
revivesco, -ere, revixi, no sup., sacrilegus, -a, -um, adj., sacrilegious
3.v.n., be restored to life saecularis, -e, adj., secular, worldly
revoco, l.v.a., recall saeculum, -i, »., age, generation; the
revolo, l.v.n., fiy back workl, especially in the phrase hoc
rex, regis, m., king; Conf. IX, 7, 15, saeculum, this world, as opposed
emperor to Heaven and Eternity; in saecu-
rhetor, -oris, m., rhetor, teacher lum, forever
of rhetoric saepe, adv., often
rhetorica, -ae, (sc. ars),/., rhetoric saevio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.n.,
rhetoricus, -a, -um, adj., of or be furious, rage, be violently
belonging to rhetoric, rhetorical angry
rideo, -ere, risi, risum, 2.v.a. and saevus, -a, -um, adj., cruel, harsh,
n., laugh, laugh at savage
rigo, l.v.a., moisten, wet sagax, -acis, adj., sagacious, shrewd
rimoi,l.v.dep., search into, penetrate sagina, -ae, /., surfeit, superfluity
into sal, salis, m., salt
rixa, -ae, /., quarrel, struggle salio, -ire, salui, saltum, i.v.n.,
robuste, adv., strongly, firmly spring up, leap
rodo, -ere, rosi, rosum, 3.v.a., eat saltem, adv., at least, at all events;
away, gnaw, consume nec saltem, not even
rogo, l.v.a., ask, inquire of; beseech, saluber, -bris, -bre, adj., healthful,
pray salutary
Roma, -ae,/., Rome salubriter, adv., wholesomely,
rudis, -e, adj., inexperienced healthily, in a salutary manner
rumino, l.v.a., ruminate, feed upon salus, -utis, /., safety, health,
rumpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum, 3.v.a. and salvation
n., break, break asunder, burst salutaris, -e, adj., salutary
ruo, -ere, rui, rutum, 3.v.n., rush salutifer, -fera, -ferum, adj., salutaiy
blindly, fall down, fall to ruin salvator, -oris, m., saviour; espe-
rursum, adv., again, anew cially, Our Saviour, Jesus Christ
rursus, adv., again, anew salvus, -a, -um, adv., well, sound
248 VOCABULARY
'
sanctus, -a, -um, adj., sacred, holy; sparkle, gleam, flash
m. pl. as subst., sancti, -orum, scio, scire, scivi, scitum, i.v.a.,
saints know, know how
sane, adv., clearly, ccrtainly sciscitor, l.v.dep., ask, inqulre into
sanguis, -inis, m., blood scribo, -ere, scripsi, scriptum,
sanitas, -tatis, /., health, soundness 3.v.a., write; scriptum est (re-
of mind, sanity ferring Scripture), written
is
it
to
sano, l.v.a., heal scriptito, l.v.a., copy often
sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound, healthy, scriptum, -i, n., a writing; scripta
wholeiome; with ab, free from, vetera, the books of Scripture, the
unaffected by Old Testament
sapidus, -a, -um, adj., savory scriptura, -ae, /., a writing; espe-
i
sapiens, -entis, adj., wise cially, sing. and pl., the Scripture,
'
sapientia, -ae,/., wisdom the Scriptures
sapio, -ere, -ii, no sup., 3.v.a., taste scrutator, -oris, m., investigator,
,
of, savor of ; hold, harbor examiner
sapor, -oris, m., taste secedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, 3.v.n.,
sarcina, -ae, /., burden, load go apart, withdraw
sartago, -inis, /., frying-pan, kettle secludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, 3.v.a.,
satago, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.n., be shut off, keep away
anxious, be solicitous secreto, adv., secretly, in private
satio, l.v.a., satisfy, satiate, fill secretum, -i, n., secret, mystery
satis, adv., enough, sufficiently, secretus, -a, -um, adj., remote,
|
concealed, hidden, secret, mys-
quite
terious, deep
saucio, l.v.a., wound
secta, -ae, /., school or sect of
a
-i,
seductio, -onis, /., seduction sepulchrum, n., grave, sepulchre
seductorius, -a, -um, adj., seductive, sequor, sequi, secutus sum, 3.v.dep.,
attractive follow, pursue
sedulo, adv., busily, zealously serenitas, -tatis, /., clearness, se-
segnis, -e, adj., slow, slothful, Iag- renity
gard serenus, -a, -um, adj., tranquil,
semen, -inis, n., seed serene
semisaucius, -a, -um, adj., half- sermo, -onis, m., speech, conversa-
wounded tion, discourse; word; sermon
semper, adv., always, forever sermocinor, l.v.dep., converse, dis-
sempiternus, -a, -um, adj., eternal, cuss, discourse
everlasting serpens, -ntis, c, serpent
Seneca, -ae, m., Seneca, great Latin servio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, i.v.n.,
philosopher and poet, c. 4 B.C. — 65 serve, obey, be a slave; Conf. VI,
A.D. with infirmitatibus, give
3,
3,
sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretum, 3.v.a., stupefactus, -a, -um, part. adj.,
spurn, despise astounded, astonished
spero, l.v.n. and a., hope, hope for; stupeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., 2.v.n. and
with in and abl. (also with in and a., be astonished, be amazed;
acc.), hope in wonder at, be amazed at
spes, spei,/., hope suadeo, -ere, suasi, suasum, 2.v.a.,
spiritalis, -e, adj., spiritual advise, recommend
spiritaliter, adv., spiritually, in a suave, adv., sweetly, pleasantly
spiritual sense suaveolentia, -ae, /., sweet odor,
spiritus, -us, m., breath; Conf. I, fragrance
13, 20, wind; a (bad) spirit; suaviloquentia, -ae, /., sweetness of
especiatty, urith or without sanctus, speech
the Holy Spirit, the Holy Ghost suavis, -e, adj., sweet
spiro, l.v.n., breathe suavitas, -tatis, /., sweetness, pleas-
splendidus, -a, -um, adj., shining, antness, charm
radiant, resplendent sub, prep. with acc. and abl., under,
sponsa, -ae, /., betrothed woman, beneath
fiancee ■ subditus, -a, -um, part. adj., subject
stabilis, -e, adj., stable, unchanging subdoceo, -ere, -docui, -doctum,
statim, adv., at once, immediately 2. v.a. and n., to teach as an assist-
statuo, -ere, statui, statutum, 3.v.a., ant, to act as an assistant teacher
deteimine, resolve subeo, -ire, -ii, -itum, irr.v.a., go
statura, -ae, /., stature under, take upon one's self
sterilis, -e, adj., sterile subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.a.,
sterno, -ere, stravi, stratum, 3.v.a., subdiie, subject
cast down, prostrate subito, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly
stimulus, -i, m., spur, goad sublimitas, -tatis, /., elevation,
:
sto, -are, steti, statum, l.v.n., stand honor
stoliditas, -tatis,/., stolidity, dulness submitto, -ere, -misi, -missum,
stomachus, -i, m., stomach 3. v.a., lower, let down
strenue, adv., actively, zealously submurmuro, l.v.n., murmur softly
strepitus, -us, m., noise, tumult; subrepo,-ere, -repsi, -reptum, 3.v.n.,
bustle; Conf. III, 6, 10, rattle steal upon, grow upon unawares
stridor, -oris, m., clanking substantia, -ae, /., substance
studeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., 2.v.n., substerno, -ere, -stravi, -stratum,
be eager, be diligent, apply one's 3.v.a., strew or spread beneath
self , study, be a student substomachor, l.v.dep., besomewhat
studiose, adv., studiously, zealously angry or vexed
studium, -ii, n., zeal, effort; pursuit, subsum, -esse, -fui, irr.v.n., be at
study, interest hand, exist
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish, stupid subtilis -e adj., subtle
252 VOCABULAB.Y
I
VOCABULARY 253
suspiro, l.v.n., sigh for, sigh after; much; as great, as much; n.acc.
breathe out sing. as adv., tantum, only, merely;
sustentaculum, -i, n., nourishment abl., tanto, with comp., by so
suus, -a, -um, poss. pron., his, her, much, the more; correlatively ivith
its, their; his own, her own, etc. quanto, the more . . . the more;
syllaba, -ae, /., syllable in tantum, to such degree; non
a
Symmachus, -i, m., Symmachus tantum . . verum etiam, not
.
only . . . but also
T tardo, l.v.a., and n. delay
tardus, -a, -um, adj., tardy, late
tabesco, -ere, tabui, no sup., 3.v.n., tegimentum, -i, n., covering, covcr
waste away tego, -ere, texi, tectum, 3.v.a., cover
taceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, 2.v.n. and a., temere, adv., rashly
be silent; keep silent about, pass temperantia, -ae,/., modesty
over in silence temporalis, -e, adj., temporal
tacite, adv., silently, in silence temptatio, -onis, /., suffering, trial;
taediosus, -a, -um, adj., disgusting, temptation
loathsome tempto, l.v.a., attempt, try
taedium, -ii, n., weariness, impa- tempus, -oris, n., time, point of
tience, loathing time; pcriod; the (proper) time,
talis, -e, pron. adj., such, of such a occasion
kind temtamentum, -i, n., temptation
tam, adv., so, so much, so very; tam temulentus, -a, -um, adj., drunken
. . . quam, so much . . . as tenebrae, -arum, f.pl., darkness
tamdiu, adv., correlatively with donec, teneo, -ere, tenui, tentum, 2.v.a.,
etc., so long have, hold, keep; with memoria
tamen, adv., yet, still, nevertheless,
(also without memoria), remem-
however ber, recall
tametsi, conj., even
if,
as
it
Conf. I, 14, 23, threatening ex- deliver over, give; hand down,
pressions relate
tertius, -a, -um, adj., third tragicus, -a, -um, adj., of or belong-
testatus, -a, -um, part. adj., at- ing to tragedy, tragic, terrible;
tested, manifest n. pl. as subst., tragic things
testimonium, -ii, n., testimony, traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, 3.v.a.,
proof draw, trail, attract
testor, l.v.dep., bear witness tranquillus, -a, -um, adj., tranquil,
Teucri, -orum, m. pl., the Trojans at peace, calm
texo, -ere, texui, textum, 3.v.a., transeo, -ire, -ii (-ivi), -itum,
weave; jig., construct, compose irr.v.a. and n., cross, cioss over,
Thagastensis, -e, adj., of or belong- pass, pass over to; time, pass
o/
ing to Thagaste, a city in Numidia transfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum,
theatricus, -a, -um, adj., of or be- irr.v.a., transfer, remove
longing to the theater, theatrical transfluo, -ere, -fluxi, no sup., 3.v.n.,
thesaurus, -i, m., treasure, treasury flow out
Tiberinus, -a, -um, adj., of or be- transgredior, -gredi, -gressus sum,
longing to the Tiber; Ostia 3.v.dep.a., pass over
Tiberina, Ostia at the mouth of transgressor, -oris, m., a transgres-
the Tiber sor; Conf. 17, 27, with adjectival
I,
timeo, -ere, -ui, no sup., 2.v.a. and force, transgressing
n., fear, dread; be afraid transigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, 3.v.a.,
timor, -oris, m., fear complete, finish, perform; p.p. as
tolerantia, -ae, /., patience adj., transactus, -a, -um, com-
tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, 3.v.a., pleted, past
take up, take; lift up, extol transilio, -ire, -ui, (-ii), no sup.,
-i,
Conf.
7,
of
undevicensimus and undevicesimus, purpose, in order that, that, to;
-a, -um, adj., nineteenth resuli, so that, that; of con-
of
undique, adv., from all sides; on all cession, although
sides, everywhere uterque, utraque, utrumque, pron.
unguentum, -i, n., ointment adj., each (of two), both
ungula, -ae, /., iron claw (used as an uterus, -i, m., the womb
instrument of lorture) utilis, -e, adj., useful, profitable
unicus, -a, -um, adj., only utilitas, -tatis, /., use, advantage,
unigenitus, -a, -um, adj., only- usefulness, utility
begotten utiliter, adv., usefully, profitably
unitas, -tatis, /., unity utique, adv., indeed, in fact, certainly
universitas, -tatis,/., universe, world utor, uti, usus sum, 3.v.dep., use,
universus, -a, -um, adj., altogether, employ, make use of, enjoy, have
whole, entire ut quid, (used as an equivalent
of
unquam, adv., ever; nec unquam, quid or cur), why, for what reason
and never utrum, conj., whether; utrum . . .
unus, -a, -um, num. adj., one an, whether . . . or
unusquisque, unaquaeque, unum- utrumnam, conj., whether
quodque (and -quidque), indef. uxor, -oris,/., wife
pron., each one, each and every
V
one, each
urbanitas, -tatis, /., urbanity, fine vaco, l.v.n., be idle, be free from, be
manners at leisure
/.,
14, to the point of; Conf valde, adv., very, very much, ex-
9, 6,
.
.
-i,
able, can; pres. part. as adj., ventus, m., wind;vento facto,
valens, -ntis, able, strong, capable when a- (favorable) wind had
of arisen
valetudo, -inis, /., health, state of vepres, -is, m., thornbush, briar
health verber, -eris, n., usuaUy in pl., whip,
valide, adv., strongly scourge
vanitas, -tatis, /., emptiness, vanity
-i,
verbum, n., word, expression,
vanito, l.v.n., be vain; used ordy in saying
pres. part. pl. assubst., Conf. VIII, vere, adv., truly, really
11, 26, vanitates vanitantium, verecundia, -ae, /., modesty, bash-
vanity of vanities (lit., vain fulness, timidity
things) Verecundus, -i, m., Verecundus,
vanus, -a, -um, adj., vain, empty; n. an old grammar and
of
teacher
pl. as subst., vain things, vanities Augustine who oumed a
of
friend
vapulo, l.v.n., be whipped, be country estate at Cassiciacum near
beaten Milan
varius, -a, -um, adj., various, Vergilius, -ii, m., Vergil, the great
diverse, different, changing Roman poet, author the Aeneid
of
vasculum, -i, n., vessel veridicus, -a, -um, adj., veracious,
-ve, enclitic, or, or perhaps true
vehemens, -ntis, adj., strong, stern, veritas, -tatis, /., truth
re3olute vero, adv., in truth, really; but, but
vehementer, adv., severely, vio- in fact
lently, vehemently, exceedingly verso, l.v.a., turn hither and thither,
vel, conj., or (not exclusive); vel . . . twist
vel, either . . . or; neque . . . versus, -us, m., verse
vel, neither . . . nor; even, in- versutus, -a, -um, adj., subtle,
deed, surely deceitful
velamentum, -i, n., covering, veil verto, -ere, verti, versum, 3.v.a. and
vellico, l.v.a., pluck at n., turn
velo, l.v.a., envelop, veil verum, adv., but, but in truth, still,
velum, -i, n., sail, covering, curtain yet; verum tamen, notwith-
velut, adv., as, even as, just as, as it standing, nevertheless; non solum
were . . verum etiam, not only . .
.
.
vainglorious evening
258 VOCABULARY
vester, -tra, -trum, poss. adj. and vigilo, l.v.n., awake, wake, be
pron., your, yours awake; watch
vestigium, -ii, n. trace, track; Conf. vilesco, -ere, vilui, no sup., 3.v.n.,
I, 20, 31, impression, copy,image become worthless, fade away
vestio, -ire, -ivi (-ii), -itum, 4.w.o., vilis, -e, adj., vile, worthless, base
cover, clothe, adorn; Conf. I, 17, villa, -ae, /., villa, country house
27, become, fit vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, 4.i>.a.,
vestis, -is, /., garment bind
veto, -are, vetui, vetitum, l.v.a., pre- vinco, -ere, vici, victum, 3.v.a.,
vent, forbid conquer, vanquish, defeat
vetus, -eris, adj., old, ancient vinculum, -i, n., bond, fetter
vetustas, -atis, /., age, decay, Conf. vindemialia, -ium, n. pl., the Vintage
I, 4, 4, in vetustatem perducens, Festival
leading into decay = making vindico, l.v.a., claim; with de, take
weak, humiliating vengeance on; impers. with in and
vexo, l.v.a., trouble, torment acc., Conf. I, 9, 15, punishment
via, -ae,/., way, roa.d;fig., Conf. 1,9, was exacted of
14, ways (o/ knowledge); way, vinea, -ae, /., vineyard
manner vinulentia, -ae,/., fondness for wine,
viator, -oris, m., traveller winebibbing
vicinia, -ae, /., vicinity vinum, -i, n., wine
vicinus, -a, -um, adj., near, neigh- violenter, adv., violently, by force
boring; fig., Conf. III, 11, 20, violentus, -a, -um, adj., violent,
specious impetuous, strong; with consue-
vicissim, adv., in turn tudo, all-powerful
victima, -ae,/., victim vir, viri, m., man, husband
victoria, -ae, /., victory virga, -ae,/., rod
victoriosus, -a, -um, adj., victorious virginitas, -tatis,/., virginity
victrix, -icis, /., victress; as adj., virgo, -inis,/., virgin, maiden
victorious virilis, -e, adj., of or belonging to a
videlicet, adv., evidently, of course, man
namely virtus, -utis, /., virtue, power
video, -ere, vidi, visum, 2.v.a., see, vis, vis, /., strength, force, violence,
behold; pass., seem, appear, seem influence
best viscera, -um, n.pl., viscera, vitals
vidua, -ae, /., widow viscum, -i, n., bird-lime
vigeo, -ere, 2.v.n., thrive, flourish, visio, -onis, /., a vision
be strong visum, -i, n., a vision
vigilans, -ntis, pari. adj., watchful, vita, -ae, /., life, existence
vigilant vitalis, -e, adj., of or relating to life,
vigilia, -ae, /., watch vital
VOCABULARY 259
fi,
vitaliter, adv., vitally; after a living voluntas, -tatis, will, wish, desire
manner voluptas, -tatis, /., pleasure, delight,
vitiosus, -a, -um, adj., corrupt, enjoyment
wicked voluto, l.v.a., roll, turn, tumble
vitium, -ii, n., vice about
vituperatio, -onis,/., blame, censure, volvo, -ere, volvi, volutum, 3.».o.,
vituperation roll, set in motion; throw head-
vitupero, l.v.a., blame, censure long; pass. with middU sense, roll,
vivifico, l.v.a., quicken, make alive revolve
viyo, -ere, vixi, victum, 3.v.n., live vorago, -inis, /., abyss, whirlpool
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely votum, -i, n., vow, prayer; wish, de-
vocatio, -onis, /., a calling Bire
voco, l.v.a., call, name vox, vocis,/., voice, cry, sound; word
volatile, -is, n., a flying thing, bird vulnero, l.v.a., wound
volo, velle, volui, no sup., irr.v.a., vulnus, -eris, n., wound
wish, will, desire, mean vultus, -us, m., expression, coun-
volubilis, -e, adj., mutable, change- tenance
able
Z
volumen, -inis, n., roll, book
voluntarius, -a, -um, adj., volun- zelo, l.v.a. and n., be jealous, love
tary; n. pl., as subst. free offerings with a jealous love
J
INDEX
J
INDEX
Ablative, use of in place relations Aquilius Severus, 13
without prepositions, 34; of dura Arians, heresy of, 176
tion of time, 34-35; special fea Aristotle, comparison of A. with,
tures in use of ablative absolute, 10, 1 1 ; views of on the drama, 101
35 Assessores, 154
Abstracts, use of in Late Latin, Asyndeton, 18
21-22, 25 Athanasius, St., 8, 155
Academics, see New Academy Augustine, St., outline of life of,
Accusative, extension in use of with 3-8; place of in world of thought,
verbs, 31 9-12; style of, 14-17; familiarity
Adeodatus, 7, 117, 170, 174; part of of with the Scriptures, 52; prob
in De Magistro, 175 lem of the conversion of, 53-55;
Adjectives, substantival use of, 25; criticism of rhetorical studies by,
use of positive of for superlative, 74, 82-83, 87, 103, 116, 173;
27 knowledge of Greek of, 85; school
Adverbs, summary of use of, 27-29; days of at Madaura, 95; reflec
adjectival, 27; of time, 27; of tions of on boyhood theft, 98-99;
place, 27-28; of interrogation, 28; arrival of in Carthage, 100 ft\;
of negation, 28-29 views of on the drama, 101 ; head
Agentes in Rebus, 157 of class in school, 103; influence
Alliteration, 17 of the Hortensius on, 105; early
Alypius, 8, 151, 154, 170, 171 distaste of for the style of the
Ambrose, St., influence of on A., 6; Scriptures, 108; a Manichaean
20; 65, 67; 136; opponent of Sym- disciple, 109 ff.; return of to
machus, 140; historical signifi Thagaste, 111; a Manichaean
cance of, 141; manifold duties of "Hearer," 115; professor of rhet
as bishop, 148; silent reading by, oric at Carthage, 116; suffering of
on death of friend, 121 ff.; life of
148; introduction of antiphonal
at Carthage, 125; association of
singing by, 176; struggle of with
with Faustus, 131; journey of to
Empress Justina, 176; and hym-
Rome, 133 ff.; called to Milan as
nography, 177; hymn of, Deus
professor of rhetoric, 141; influ
Creator Omnium quoted by A., 189 ence of St. Ambrose on, 142 ff.;
Ambrosian Basilica, 176 resumption of Catechumenate by,
Anadiplosis, 17 144; resignation of professorship
Anthony of Egypt, St., 7; 8; life of, by, 169-170; inability of to under
155; 167 stand Isaias, 173; discourse of
Antimetathesis, 17 with St. Monnica at Ostia, 182-
Antonomasia, 18 183
203
264 INDEX
.J
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