Cambio de Variable o Sustitución

Herramienta fundamental I

Antonio José Guirao

Objetivos:
I Recordar el Cambio de Variable en el cálculo de primitivas.
I Aplicar el cambio de variable.
Objetivos:
I Recordar el Cambio de Variable en el cálculo de primitivas.
I Aplicar el cambio de variable.

Requisitos:
I Concepto de Primitiva y primitivas inmediatas.
 Cambio de variable
Z
f (t) dt =
 Cambio de variable
Z  
f (t) dt =
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z
f (t) dt =
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))
dt = g 0 (x) dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

Z p
x x 2 + 1 dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

Z p Z
x x 2 + 1 dx = dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

Z p Z
x x 2 + 1 dx = dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (x 2 + 1) 2 dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (x 2 + 1) 2 dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

1
Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x 2 + 1) 2 dx
2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

1
Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x 2 + 1) 2 dx
2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

1
Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x 2 + 1) 2 dx
2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

1
Z Z
1
p
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x 2 + 1) 2 dx
2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1
Z Z
1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2
2 dt = 2xdx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1
Z Z
1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2
2 dt = 2xdx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z
1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2 =
2 dt = 2xdx 2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
1
=
2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =
2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1t2
=
2 32
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =
2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1t2
= +C
2 32
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =
2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1t2 1√ 3
= 3
+C = t +C
2 2 3
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1
 
1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx =
2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1t2 1√ 3
= 3
+C = t +C
2 2 3
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1

1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx = 2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1√ 3
p
1t2 ( )3
= 3 +C = t +C = +C
2 2 3 3
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1


1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx = 2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1√ 3
p
1t2 (x 2 + 1)3
= 3 +C = t +C = +C
2 2 3 3
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x) dx

Ejemplo: Pseudoinmediata

t = x2 + 1


1 1
Z Z Z
1 1
p
2
x x 2 + 1 dx = (2x)(x + 1) dx = 2 = t 2 dt
2 dt = 2xdx 2
3
1√ 3
p
1t2 (x 2 + 1)3
= 3 +C = t +C = +C
2 2 3 3
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

1
Z
dx =
ex + e −x
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

 
1 t=
Z
dx =
e + e −x
x
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1
Z
dx =
e + e −x
x
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1
Z
dx =
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1
Z Z
dx = =
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1
Z Z
dx = =
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1
Z Z
dx = = dx
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1 1
Z Z
dx = = dt
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t t
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1 1
Z Z
dx = = dt
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t t
1
Z
= dt
1 + t2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1 1
Z Z
dx = = dt
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t t
1
Z
= dt = arctan(t) + C
1 + t2
 Cambio de variable
 
t = g (x)
Z Z
f (t) dt = = f (g (x))g 0 (x)dx
dt = g 0 (x)dx

Ejemplo

t = ex
 
1 1 1
Z Z
dx = = dt
e + e −x
x dt = e x dx t + 1t t
1
Z
= dt = arctan(t) + C
1 + t2
= arctan(e x ) + C .
Repaso: Somos capaces
Repaso: Somos capaces
I Aplicar el método de cambio de variable.
Repaso: Somos capaces
I Aplicar el método de cambio de variable.
I Empezar a entender el cálculo integral más como
un arte que cómo un proceso definido.