How to solve?

Test of continuity
Properties of limit

Continuity 𝑦=𝐿
Conjugate
What is it?
𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ Vertical asymptote
lim ቈ ቉=𝐿
𝑥→±∞ 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ
lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝐿 Horizontal asymptote
𝑥→𝑎

Limit at infinity

lim ሾ𝑐 ∙ 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝑐 ∙ lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ lim ቂඥ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻቃ = ට lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ

lim 𝑐 = 𝑐 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 lim ቈ ቉ = 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
𝑥→𝑎

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ ± 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ ± lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ ∙ 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ ∙ lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim ሺ𝑥 𝑛 ሻ = 𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎
𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ +∞ Intuitive
lim ቈ ቉=ቄ
lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝐿 𝑥→𝑎 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ −∞
𝑥→∞
𝑥=𝑎 Asymptote

One-sided limit lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = ∞

𝑥→±∞

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = ∞ 𝑂𝑅 − ∞ 𝑂𝑅 ± ∞
𝑥→𝑎
Limit at infinity
lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim+ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝑓ሺ𝑎ሻ does not exist
𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎
Factorisation
Limit Substitution
Highest power of Infinite limit lim ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝑎
𝑥→𝑎
x in denominator
 Limit
How to solve? Properties of limit

What is it?

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝐿 lim 𝑐 = 𝑐

Intuitive 𝑥→𝑎
One-sided limit 𝑥→𝑎

Factorisation lim ሺ𝑥ሻ = 𝑎

𝑥→𝑎

Substitution
lim ሺ𝑥 𝑛 ሻ = 𝑎𝑛
𝑥→𝑎
Conjugate
Highest power of
𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ lim ሾ𝑐 ∙ 𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝑐 ∙ lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
x in denominator +∞ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Infinite limit lim ቈ ቉=ቄ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ −∞

lim ቂඥ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻቃ = ට lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ
Limit at infinity lim ቈ ቉=𝐿
𝑥→±∞ 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ
lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ ± 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ ± lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ ∙ 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ ∙ lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = ∞ 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Limit at infinity 𝑥→±∞

does not exist

𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻ lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
lim ቈ ቉ = 𝑥→𝑎
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻ lim ሾ𝑔ሺ𝑥ሻሿ
𝑥→𝑎

Asymptote
Vertical asymptote Horizontal asymptote

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = ∞ 𝑂𝑅 − ∞ 𝑂𝑅 ± ∞ lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝐿

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→∞

𝑥=𝑎 𝑦=𝐿

Continuity

Test of continuity

lim ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = lim+ሾ𝑓ሺ𝑥ሻሿ = 𝑓ሺ𝑎ሻ

𝑥→𝑎 − 𝑥→𝑎