Cooling Load Calculations Reference

COOLING LOAD CALCUALTIONS
Climatic Conditions of the Philippines (Key Cities)
Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Percent

Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Relative
Key Cities High °F High °C Low °F Low °C Humidity
(%RH)
Baguio 79 26 59 15 60
Olongapo 86 30 75 24 60
Manila 88 31 77 25 70
Puerto Princesa 89 32 70 25 85
Tacloban 91 33 79 26 75
Cebu 90 32 77 25 75
Iloilo 90 32 75 24 75
Bacolod 86 30 75 24 75
Zamboanga 91 33 77 25 80
Davao 90 32 75 24 75
General Santos 90 32 73 23 75
Cagayan de Oro 90 32 72 22 75
Source: Accu Weather Almanac.com
°F – 32/ 1.8 = °C
°C x 1.8 + 32 = °F
The design outdoor condition of Davao City based on the climatic conditions of
the Philippines is assumed to be 90°F DB (Dry Bulb) and 75°F WB (Wet Bulb).
The design indoor conditions are 78°F DB (Dry Bulb), 65°F WB (Wet Bulb) and
58% RH (Relative Humidity). By locating the two points on the Psychrometric
Chart, the remaining design data can be identified and filled in.
PSYCHROMETRIC CHART
Outdoor Air 90°F DB (Dry Bulb)
75°F WB (Wet Bulb).
Indoor Air 78 °F DB (Dry Bulb)
65 °F WB (Wet Bulb)
Mixture Air 79.2 °F DB (Dry Bulb)
Room (R) 72°F
50 % RH
Grains of Moisture/
Pound of Dry Air 125
Design Requirements:
Type of Establishment :
Total Floor Area (Air Conditioned Space)

Floor Floor
Level Description Area Served Floor Area Elevation Remarks
No. (Square (Average)
Meter)
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
L11
L12
L14
L15
L16
The design cooling load estimate of each Floor Level and the methods to
calculate these loads will be properly discussed and reflected later in this
chapter.
Conduction Heat Gains
The transfer of heat by conduction is a molecular transmission. Heat is

transferred from particle to particle within a material. The transmission is always
from a higher temperature to a lower temperature.
1.0 Heat Gains Calculations Through Building Walls, Ceilings, Doors, Windows,
and Flooring
From Equation 53, Pages 11-37, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

Two Volume, Power Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury.
Q = u A ΔT (Equation 53)
where;
Q = Heat quantity in Btu per hour
u = Coefficient of heat transmission in Btu per hour

per degree of temperature difference
3
A = Surface area in square feet
ΔT = Dry bulb temperature difference between two

Spaces separated by structure
Heat Gains Calculations Through Building Walls, Ceilings, Doors, Window Glass,
and Flooring

where;
u = Coefficient of heat transmission in Btu per hour

per degree of temperature difference
ΔT = Dry bulb temperature difference between two

Spaces separated by structure
Table- 5 Wall Materials Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two

Volume, Power Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury. Pages 12-08~12-09,
Coefficient of
Wall Component Material Description Transmission, U
Inside Surface (Still Air) Ordinary Non- reflective Materials 1.65
Outside Surface(15 mph wind

velocity) Ordinary Non- reflective Materials 6.00
Interior FinishesMetal Lath and

Plaster Plaster thickness ¾- in 4.40
Air Space Bounded by Ordinary

Materials Vertical, ¾- in or more in width 1.10
Sheathing and Siding Gypsum Board ½ - in 2.82

Masonry Materials Concrete Hollow, Gravel Aggregate 4 – in
Blocks 1.00
Therefore, solving for the value of u (coefficient of transmission) for Upper

Ground Floor Level Walling.

Q A = u A (to – ti)
U A = _________ 1_______________
_1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_
fi C1 C2 a C3 fo
where;
fi = 1.65, Heat transfer from inside surface
fo = 6.00, Heat transfer from outside surface
C1 = 4.40, Heat transfer by conduction from non-

homogeneous material 1


a = 1.10 Air spaces for building construction

thus;
UA = _________ 1_______________
_1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_
1.65 4.40 1.00 1.10 2.82 6.00
UA = _________ ___ 1_______________

0.606 + 0.227 + 1 + 0.909 + 0.355 + 0.167
UA = _ 1__ ___Btu ___

3.264 (hr) (ft²) (°F)
UA = 0.306 ___Btu ___

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
5
Therefore, solving the Conduction Heat Gains of Walls for Upper Ground Floor
Tower Building, QFL
Q FL = UA A (to – ti)
where;
UA = 0.306 ___Btu ___

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
A north = 40.0 m x 3.65 m
A north = 146.0 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²
A north = 1,570.96 m²
A south = 22.5.0 m x 3.65 m²
A south = 82.13 m²
A west = 85.55 m x 3.65 m
A west = 299.77 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²
A west = 3,225.53 ft²
A east = 3,225.53 ft²
A wall total = (1,570.96 + 82.12 + 3,225.53 + 3,225.53) ft²
A wall total = 8,104.14 ft²
to = 90°F (Outside temperature)
ti = 78°F (Inside temperature)
thus;
Q FL = UA A (to – ti)
Q FL = 0.306 ___Btu ___ x 8,104.14 ft² x (90°F - 78°F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q FL = 0.306 ___Btu ___ x 8,104.14 ft² x (12°F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q FL = 29,758.4 Btu/hr
For Conduction Heat Gain Through Glass; Q FL

QFL = u A CLTD
where;
u = Over-all coefficient of heat gain through glass

transmission per degree of temperature difference

6
CLTD = Cooling Load Temperature Difference
for conduction through glass
Design Information and Requirements
Design Indoor Temperature = 78°F (25.5°C)
Design Outdoor Temperature = 90°F (32°C)
Daily Temperature Range = 21°F (-6.11°C)
Daily Average Temperature = 35°F (29.4°C)
Glass Windows Specification
Dimension: Length = 40.0 m
Width = 3.00 m
Description: Flat Glass (Single)
U-Factor (Indoor Shade) = 0.81
Total Glass Surface Area, A glass
A glass = 40 m x 3.0 m
A glass = 120.0 m²
A glass = 120.0 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²
A glass = 1,291.2 ft ²
Table 6 Cooling Load Temperature Difference for Conduction Through Glass

Part 3- Glass Transmission and Conduction, Page 23, Cooling Load Estimate
Handbook, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Solar Time (Hour)
6 7 ~ 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
AM AM AM AM AM AM AM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM MN
-2 -2 ~ 0 2 4 7 9 12 13 14 14 13 12 10 8 6 4 3 2
°F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F °F
CLTD (Cooling Load Temperature Difference)
Table 6 contains the cooling load temperature difference (CLTD) for conduction
through glass. Similar to the wall and roof CLTD tables, this data is based on the
same indoor temperature of 78°F, and outdoor temperature of 90°F, and a daily
temperature range of 21°F. Assuming the conditions of this requirement meet the
conditions of the table, the CLTD for 2:00 PM (1400 hours) is 13.
Table 7 Over-all Coefficients of Heat Transmission (U- Factor) of Windows

and Skylights, Btu/ (hr) (ft²) (°F)
Summer Summer
Description
(No Shade) (Indoor Shade)
U U
Single Glass 1.04 0.81
Insulating Glass Double
3/16” –in., air space 0.65 0.58
¼” – in. Air space 0.61 0.55
½” – in. Air space 0.56
½” – in. Air space, low emittance coating 0.52
e = 0.20 0.38 0.37
e = 0.40 0.45 0.44
e = 0.60 0.51 0.48
Insulating Glass Triple
¼” – in. Air space 0.44 0.40
½” – in. Air space 0.39 0.36
Storm Windows
¼” – in. Air space 0.50 0.48
½” – in. Air space 0.50 0.48
By obtaining all the data taken from the Tables and specified design information
and requirements, we can design and calculate for conduction heat gains though
glass,
For Conduction Heat Gain Through Glass;
Q = u A CLTD
where;
U = 0.81___Btu ___
(hr) (ft²) (°F)
AFL = 1,291.2 ft ²
CLTD = 13 °F
By substituting the given values stated,
Q = U A CLTD
Q = 0.81___Btu ___ x 1,291.2 ft ² x 13 °F

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q = 12,550.46 Btu/hr
For Transmission Heat Gain Through Glass;
Q = U shading x A x SHGF x CLF
where;
U shading = Shading coefficient for glass
SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor, Btu/ (hr) (ft ²)
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
Table 8 Shading Coefficient (U shading) with Indoor Shading

Part 3 – Glass Transmission and Conduction, Page 24, Cooling Load Estimate
Handbook , The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Type of Shading
Venetian Blinds Roller Shade
Nominal Solar Opaque Translucent
Thickness Trans.
Medium Light Dark White Light
Clear 3/32 ~1/4 0.87 ~0.80
Clear 1/4 ~1/2 0.80 ~0.71
Clear Pattern 1/8 ~1/2 0.87 ~0.79 0.64 0.55 0.59 0.25 0.39
Heat Absorbing 1/8 __
Pattern
Tinted 3/16~7/32 0.74 ~0.71
Heat Absorbing 1/8 ~1/2 0.46
Heat Absorbing 1/8 __ 0.57 0.53 0.45 0.30 0.36
Pattern
Tinted 3/16~7/32 0.59 ~0.45
Heat Absorbing __
or Pattern 0.44~0.30 0.54 0.52 0.40 0.28 0.32
Heat Absorbing 1/8 0.34
Heat Absorbing __ 0.29 ~0.15
or Pattern 0.24 0.42 0.40 0.36 0.28 0.31
Reflective
Coated
Glass
SC = 0.30 0.25 0.23
= 0.40 0.33 0.29
= 0.50 0.42 0.38
= 0.60 0.50 0.44
Table 9 Maximum Solar Heat Gain Factors (SHGF), Btu/ (hr) (ft ²)
40° N Latitude
Month N NE/NW E/W SE/SW S Horizon
January 20 30 154 241 234 133

February 24 50 186 246 241 180
March 29 93 218 236 206 223
April 34 140 224 203 154 252
May 37 165 220 175 113 265
June 48 172 215 161 95 268
July 38 163 216 170 109 262
August 35 135 216 196 149 247
September 30 87 205 226 200 215
October 25 49 180 238 234 177
November 18 20 151 237 250 132
December 18 18 135 232 252 112
Table 10 Cooling Load Factors For Glass with Interior Shading
Part 3 – Glass Transmission and Conduction, Page 25, Cooling Load Estimate
Handbook, The Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Solar Time, Hr
N Room 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Latitude Construction
LIGHT 0.05 0.70 0.65 0.65 0.74 0.81 0.87 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.84 0.77 0.80 0.92 0.27
N MEDIUM 0.07 0.73 0.66 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.86 0.89 0.89 0.86 0.82 0.75 0.78 0.91 0.24
HEAVY 0.09 0.75 0.67 0.66 0.74 0.80 0.86 0.89 0.88 0.85 0.80 0.73 0.76 0.88 0.23
LIGHT 0.02 0.55 0.76 0.75 0.60 0.39 0.31 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.06
NE MEDIUM 0.02 0.56 0.76 0.74 0.58 0.37 0.29 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.06
HEAVY 0.04 0.57 0.77 0.74 0.58 0.36 0.28 0.26 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.06
LIGHT 0.01 0.45 0.71 0.80 0.77 0.64 0.43 0.29 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.10 0.06
E MEDIUM 0.02 0.47 0.72 0.80 0.76 0.62 0.41 0.27 0.24 0.22 0.20 0.17 0.14 0.11 0.06
HEAVY 0.03 0.48 0.72 0.80 0.75 0.61 0.40 0.25 0.22 0.21 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.10 0.06
LIGHT 0.01 0.29 0.56 0.74 0.82 0.81 0.70 0.52 0.35 0.30 0.26 0.22 0.18 0.13 0.08
SE MEDIUM 0.02 0.30 0.57 0.74 0.81 0.79 0.68 0.49 0.33 0.28 0.25 0.22 0.18 0.13 0.08
HEAVY 0.04 0.31 0.57 0.74 0.81 0.79 0.67 0.48 0.31 0.27 0.23 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.07
LIGHT 0.02 0.08 0.15 0.22 0.37 0.58 0.75 0.84 0.82 0.71 0.53 0.37 0.29 0.20 0.11
S MEDIUM 0.03 0.09 0.16 0.22 0.38 0.58 0.75 0.83 0.80 0.69 0.50 0.35 0.27 0.19 0.11
HEAVY 0.04 0.11 0.17 0.24 0.39 0.59 0.75 0.82 0.79 0.67 0.49 0.33 0.26 0.18 0.10
LIGHT 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.22 0.38 0.59 0.76 0.84 0.83 0.72 0.48 0.18
SW MEDIUM 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.14 0.16 0.19 0.22 0.38 0.59 0.75 0.83 0.81 0.69 0.45 0.15
HEAVY 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.20 0.23 0.39 0.59 0.75 0.82 0.80 0.68 0.43 0.14
LIGHT 0.02 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.17 0.30 0.53 0.72 0.83 0.83 0.63 0.19
W MEDIUM 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.16 0.17 0.31 0.53 0.72 0.82 0.81 0.61 0.16
HEAVY 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.31 0.54 0.71 0.81 0.80 0.59 0.15
LIGHT 0.02 0.06 0.10 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.30 0.52 0.73 0.83 0.71 0.19
NW MEDIUM 0.03 0.07 0.11 0.14 -.17 0.19 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.30 0.52 0.73 0.82 0.69 0.16
HEAVY 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.15 01.8 0.20 0.21 0.22 0.23 0.30 0.52 0.73 0.81 0.67 0.15
LIGHT 0.02 0.10 0.26 0.43 0.59 0.72 0.81 0.87 0.87 0.83 0.74 0.60 0.44 0.27 0.15
HOR MEDIUM 0.03 0.12 0.27 0.44 0.59 0.72 0.81 0.85 0.85 0.81 0.71 0.58 0.42 0.25 0.14
HEAVY 0.05 0.13 0.29 0.45 0.60 0.72 0.81 0.83 0.84 0.79 0.70 0.56 0.40 0.23 0.13
By obtaining all the data taken from the Tables and specified design information
and requirements, we can design and calculate for conduction heat gains
though glass,
For Transmission Heat Gain Through Glass;
Q = U shading x A x SHGF x CLF
where;
U shading = Shading coefficient for glass
SHGF = Solar Heat Gain Factor, Btu/ (hr) (ft ²)
CLF = Cooling Load Factor
By substituting the given values stated,
Q = 0.64 x 1,291.2 ft ² x 140 ___Btu ___ x 0.53

(hr) (ft ²)
Q = 61,316.51 Btu/hr
Therefore,
Q glass = Conduction Heat Gain + Transmission Heat Gain

Q glass = 12,550.46 Btu/hr + 61,316.51 Btu/hr
Q glass = 73,866.97 Btu/hr

10
Design and Calculation Load of Conduction Heat Gains through Ceilings

Q ceiling = u A ΔT
Table 23 Transfer Function Coefficients for Ceilings and Floors (Time

Interval = 1.0 hr) (From Trane Cooling Load Estimate Handbook, Part 2-
Conduction Heat Gains, Page 9).
U- Value
Description No. Construction Description
Btu/ hr ft² °F
1 4- in clay tile with 0.75- in plaster 0.374
2 4- in l.w. common brick with 0.75- in 0.314
plaster
3 4- in h.w. concrete cement with 0.75- in 0.421

plaster
4 4- in common brick with 0.75- in plaster 0.406
5 4- in h.w. concrete block with 0.75- in 0.492

plaster
6 4- in clay tile with 0.75- in plaster 0.274
7 4- in l.w. concrete cement with 0.75- in 0.246

plastered both side
Q ceiling = u A ΔT
where;
u = 0.421 Btu/ hr ft² °F
A = 4,008.68 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²
A = 43,133.40 ft²
ΔT = to - ti
to = 90 °F (outside temperature)
ti = 72 °F (inside temperature) From Table 1, 12 – 03
Therefore, substitute all the given values to solve the Conduction Heat Gains
through ceiling;
Q ceiling = u A ΔT
Q ceiling = 0.421 ___Btu ___ x 43,133.40 ft² x (90 °F - 72 °F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q ceiling = 0.421 ___Btu ___ x 43,133.40 ft² x (18 °F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q ceiling = 326,864.91 Btu/hr

11
Design and Calculation Load of Conduction Heat Gains through Floorings

Q flooring = u A ΔT
Substitute given values taken from Table 23 Transfer Function Coefficients for
Ceilings and Floors, Page 11(From Trane Cooling Load Estimate Handbook, Part
2- Conduction Heat Gains, Page 9).
where;
u = 0.421 Btu/ hr ft² °F
A = 4,008.68 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²
A = 43,133.40 ft²
ΔT = to - ti
to = 90 °F (outside temperature)
ti = 72 °F (inside temperature) From Table 1, 12 – 03
Therefore, substitute all the given values to solve the Conduction Heat Gains
through ceiling;
Q ceiling = u A ΔT
Q ceiling = 0.421 ___Btu ___ x 43,133.40 ft² x (90 °F - 72 °F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q ceiling = 0.421 ___Btu ___ x 43,133.40 ft² x (18 °F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q ceiling = 326,864.91 Btu/hr
Design and Calculation Load for Internal Heat Gains

Heat Gains Internal to the Occupied Floor Level
 Occupants ............................Latent Heat, Sensible Heat
 Lighting Fixtures ....................Sensible Heat
 Equipment/ Appliances ........Latent Heat, Sensible Heat
 Motors (Electric Driven) ........Sensible Heat
Calculation Load for Occupancy Heat Gains
Upper Ground Floor Maximum Capacity : number of person (NP)
Person contributing heat rate
Sensible Heat : 255 Btu/ hr

Latent Heat, : 255 Btu/ hr
12
Therefore,
Sensible Heat NP x 255 Btu/hr = Btu/hr
Latent Heat, NP x 255 Btu/hr = Btu/hr
Total Occupancy Heat Gains Btu/hr
Table for Sensible Heat Cooling Load Factors (CLF) for People
Period 4 – Internal Heat Gains, Page 26, Cooling Load Estimate Handbook, The
Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Hours After Each Entry in Space
Total Hours in Space 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2 0.49 0.58 0.17 0.13 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.0
4 0.49 0.59 0.46 0.71 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.14 0.11 0.10 0.0
6 0.50 0.60 0.67 0.72 0.76 0.79 0.54 0.26 0.21 0.18 0.1
8 0.51 0.61 0.67 0.72 0.76 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.38 0.30 0.2
10 0.53 0.62 0.69 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.4
12 0.55 0.64 0.70 0.75 0.79 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.89 0.9
14 0.58 0.66 0.72 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.9
16 0.62 0.70 0.73 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.92
18 0.66 0.74 0.79 0.82 0.85 0.87 0.89 0.90 0.92 0.91 0.94
Assume a space is occupied from 8:00 o’clock in the morning up to 5::00 o’clock
in the afternoon, or a total of nine hours (9) hours, and the cooling load is to be
calculated for 2:00 o’clock in the afternoon, or 6 hours after the person/s
occupied the room. By consulting the table, the cooling load factor (CLF) is 0.80
for the 6th (6) hour after entry.
Substituting this factor into the previous sensible heat load calculation:
Sensible Heat NP x 255 Btu/hr x 0.80 = Btu/hr
Latent Heat, NP x 255 Btu/hr x 0.80 = Btu/hr
Total Occupancy Heat Gains Btu/hr
Calculation Load for Lighting Fixtures Heat Gains
The equation used to determine the cooling load contributed by lighting
Q = watts x 3.41 x % usage (Equation- 1)
Q = (number of lighting fixtures x watts) x 3.41Btu/hr x % usage
Q = 300 pieces x 40 watts/piece x 3.41 Btu/hr x 80%

Q = 300 pieces x 40 watts/piece x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.80
13
Q = 32,736 Btu/hr
The equation used to determine the heat gains from, approximately 20% is
added to recognize the heat generated by the ballast.
Q = watts x 3.41 x % usage x 20% (Equation 1-a)

\
Q = (number of lighting fixtures x watts) x 3.41Btu/hr x % usage x Ballast
Q = 300 pieces x 40 watts/piece x 3.41 Btu/hr x 80% x 20%
Q = 300 pieces x 40 watts/piece x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.80 x 1.20
Q = 39,283.2 Btu/hr
Calculation Load for Additional Lighting Fixtures Heat Gains
The equation used to determine the cooling load contributed by lighting

(chandelier) (2- units)
Q = 75 pieces x 25 watts/piece x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.60 x 2-units
Q = 12,787.5 Btu/hr
The equation used to determine the cooling load contributed by Concealed

Fluorescent Lighting Fixtures
Q = 13,640 Btu/hr
The equation used to determine the cooling load contributed by Focus

Lighting Fixtures (Par- 38)
Q = 1,364 Btu/hr
Heat gains for several electrical appliances commonly found during function
events. All of these items add to the internal heat gain and must be included in
the cooling load calculation.
14
Using the Equation
QS = watts x 3.41 (Btu/hr) x 33% (Equation 1)
where,
33% = Approximate sensible component of the gross input
QL = watts x 3.41 (Btu/hr) x 17% (Equation 2)
where,
17% = Approximate latent component of the gross input
Table For Heat Gains from Electric Appliances

Part 4 – Internal Heat Gain, Page 34, Cooling Load Estimate Handbook, The
Trane Company, La Crosse, Wisconsin
Manufacturers Probable Recommended Rate
Input Rating Maximum of Heat Gain
Appliances Capacity Boiler Hourly
Dimension Miscellaneous Hp Input W/o Hood With Hood
. Data or Btu/h Btu/h
Watts S L Total All
Sensible
Dry Food
Warmer 240 820 400 320 80 400 130
Hot Plate 18x20x13 5,200 17700 8000 5300 3600 8900 2800
Coffee
Brewer
/ Burner
/ Warmer 623 2130 1000 770 230 1000 340
Automatic 100 545 300 230 70 300 90
240 27x 21x22 4-burner + 5,000 8500 8500 6400 2000 8500 1700
cups/hr water heater
Coffee Urn 3 gals 2,000 6800 3400 2550 850 3400 1100
5 gals 3,000 10200 5100 3000 1250 5100 1600
8 gals 4,000 13600 6800 2800 6000 9400 2100
Egg Boiler 1,100 3700 1900 1100 700 1900 3200
Griddle 2,700 9200 4600 6000 3600 4500 3200
Deep Fat 14 lbs 13x 22x10 5,500 18700 9400 2800 6600 9400 1500
Fryer 21 lbs 16x 22x10 8,000 27300 13700 4100 9600 13700 3000
Griller 18x20x13 6,000 20400 10200 6600 3600 10300 4300
Calculation Load Heat Gain for Dry Food Warmer (8 -units), Q SF
QSF = 320 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 33%
QSF = 320 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.33 x 8- units
QSF = 2,880 Btu/hr
QLF = 80 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 17%
QLF = 80 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.17 x 8- units
QLF = 371.0 Btu/hr
Calculation Load Heat Gain for Hot Plate, (2- units) Q HP
QSP = 5,300 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 33%
QSP = 5,300 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.33 x 2- units

15
QSP = 11.928.18 Btu/hr
QLP = 3,600 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 17%
QLP = 3,600 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.17 x 2- units
QLP = 4,173.84 Btu/hr
Calculation Load Heat Gain for Coffee Brewer, (4- units) Q CB
QSB = 770 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 33%
QSB = 770 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.33 x 4- units
QSB = 3,465.92 Btu/hr
QLB = 230 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 17%
QLB = 230 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.17 x 4- units
QLB = 533.32 Btu/hr
Calculation Load Heat Gain for Coffee Urn (4- units), Q CU
QSU = 2,530 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 33%
QSU = 2,530 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.33 x 4- units
QSU = 11,388.04 Btu/hr
QLU = 850 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 17%
QLU = 850 Watts x 3.41 Btu/hr x 0.17 x 4- units
QLU = 1,971.0 Btu/hr
Total Heat Gains of Several Electrical Appliances, Q T
QT = QST + QLT
where;
QT = Total Heat Gains of Several Electrical Appliances
QST = Total Sensible Heat Gains of Several Electrical Appliances
QLT = Total Latent Heat Gains of Several Electrical Appliances
Thus;
QST = QSF + QSP + QSB + QSU
QST = (2,880 + 11.928.18 + 3,465.92 + 11,388.04), Btu/hr
QST = 29,661.96 Btu/hr
To calculate QLT
QLT = QLF + QLP + QLB + QLU

16
QLU = 492.75 Btu/hr

Therefore;
QLT = (371.0 + 4,173.84 + 533.32 + 1,971.0)
QLT = 7,049.16 Btu
Therefore, substitute the values of the Total Sensible and Latent Heat Gains of
Several Electrical Appliances respective electrical appliances
QT = QST + QLT
QT = 29,661.96 Btu/hr + 7,049.16 Btu/hr
QT = 36,711.12 Btu/hr
Calculation Load for Equipment Heat Gains
The general equation for calculating heat gain through equipment
Q = Motor Horsepower, Hp x 2545 _Btu_

% Motor Efficiency hr
Motor Hp = Assume 5.0 Horsepower motor is operated for a total

of 12 hours consumed at the Upper Ground Floor Level
% Motor Efficiency = 80%
Thus;
Q = 5.0 Hp_ x 2545 Btu/hr

80%
Q = 5.0 Hp_ x 2545 Btu/hr

0.80
Q = 15,906.25 Btu/hr
This heat gain calculation assumes the motor load is equal, or

nearly to its nameplate rating. If the motor operates something less
than its name plate rating, an appropriate factor must be entered to
reflect operation condition.
Therefore,
Q = 5.0 Hp_ x 2545 Btu/hr x 75%

80%
Q = 5.0 Hp_ x 2545 Btu/hr x 0.75

0.80
QT = 11,929.69 Btu/hr
Design and Calculation of Conduction Heat Gains for Entrance and Exit
Doors
Single Door = units
Double Door = units

17
Single Door
Dimension: 2.10 m x 0.90 m = 1.89 m ² (6 units)
Area = 11.34 m²
Double Door
Dimension: 2.10 m x 1.60 m = 3.36 m ² (4 units)
Area = 13.44 m²
Door Area = Single Door + Double Door
Door Area = 11.34 m² + 13.44 m²
Door Area = 24.78 m² x 10.76 ft² / m²
Door Area = 266.63 m²
Materials used in Guestroom and Hallway Doors, from Pages 12-08 ~ 12-09,
Table- 5, Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two Volume, Power
Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury.
Table- 5-1 Door Materials Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two

Volume, Power Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury. Pages 12-08~12-09.
Coefficient of
Wall Component Material Description Transmission, U
Inside Surface (Still Air) Ordinary Non- reflective Materials 1.65
Outside Surface(15 mph wind

velocity) Ordinary Non- reflective Materials 6.00
Woods Fir Sheathing & Yellow Fine Lap Siding 0.50
Air Space Bounded by Ordinary

Materials Bounded by Ordinary Materials 1.10
Sheathing Fir, Plus Building Material 0.86
Therefore, solving for the value of u (coefficient of transmission) for Guestroom

and Hallway Doors, U door

Q door = U door A (to – ti)
U door = _________ 1_______________

_1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_
fi C1 C2 a C3 fo
where;
fi = 1.65, Heat transfer from inside surface
fo = 6.00, Heat transfer from outside surface

18

a = 1.10 Air spaces for building construction
Figure 2
U (coefficient of transmission)
fo (inside surface)
Non- Homogeneous
Material Non- Homogeneous
Material
Air Space
Air Space
Non- Homogeneous
Material
fi (outside surface)
thus;
U door = _________ 1____________

_1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_ + _1_
1.65 0.50 1.10 0.86 6.00
U door = _________ 1____________

0.606 + 2 + 1 + 1.163 + 0.167
U door = __ 1__ ___Btu ___

4.936 (hr) (ft²) (°F)
U door = 0.203 ___Btu ___

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Therefore, solving the Conduction Heat Gains for Guestroom and Hallway Doors
where;
U door = 0.203 ___Btu ___

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
A door = 266.63 ft ²
to = 90°F (Outside temperature)
ti = 78°F (Inside temperature)

thus;
Q door = 0.203 ___Btu ___ x 266.63 ft ² x (90°F - 78°F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
19
Q door = 0.203 ___Btu ___ x 266.63 ft ² x (12°F)

(hr) (ft²) (°F)
Q door = 649.51 Btu/hr
Design and Calculations of Infiltration Heat Gains
There are two methods if calculating and estimating the quantity of air entering
by infiltration; the crack and the air change method.
The crack method is based upon the average quantity of air known to enter
through cracks and windows and doors when the velocity is constant
The air change method is quicker but less accurate than the crack method. It
involves the use of tables that show the number of air changes per hour that can
be expected in rooms with various exposures.
Infiltration Heat Gains Using The Crack Methods
From Equation 4, Page 12 -11, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

Using the Equation – 4
QI = 1.085 x VA x (to – ti) Equation 4
where;
QI = Heat loss due to Infiltration, Btu/ hour
VA = Volume of air entering (crack method), ft³/ min
to = 95 °F (Outdoor Dry Bulb Temperature)
ti = 78 °F (Indoor Dry Bulb Temperature)
From Equation 4, Page 12 -11, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two Volume, Power
Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury.
QI = 1.085 x VA x (to – ti) (Equation 4)
Where;
Table- 11 Infiltration Due to Windows of Various Types
Page 12 -10, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two Volume, Power

Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury
Infiltration, cubic feet of air/ hour/ foot of crack
Wind Velocity Wind Velocity Wind Velocity
Type of Window 5 mph 15 mph 30 mph
Double- Hung wood sash windows:
Per foot of crack around sash and meeting rail
1. Without weather strips 6.6 39.3 103.7
2. With weather strips 4.3 23.6 63.4
Double- Hung metal sash windows:
1. No weather strips ,window locked 20 70 154
2. No weather strips, window unlocked 20 74 170
3. Without weather strips, window unlocked 6 32 76
Rolled- Section steel windows:
1. Industrial type 52 176 372
2. Architectural type 20 88 208
3. Residential type 14 52 128
4. Heavy casement type 8 38 96
Window Figure and Dimension
The window is made of steel construction, double hung sash window, no window
strips and locked.
Window Proper = 24 inches x 48 inches (600 mm x 1200 mm)
Window Frame = 30 inches x 54inches (750 mm x 1350 mm)
Crack Method Equation
Crack Length x __Leakage Rate , ft³/ hr = cfm (ft³/ min)

60 mins/ hr
Window = (3 x 2) + (2 x 4) = 14.0 feet
Frame = (2 x 2.5) + (2 x4.5) = 14.0 feet

20
Therefore, in this calculation and figure shown above, both the window and the
frame have the same 14 linear feet of crack
Window Identification for the respective walls
Window facing North Wall = 1.20 m x 14.0 m
Window facing South Wall = none
Window facing East Wall = none
Window facing West Wall = none
Where;
Length = 14.0 m x .3.281 ft/ m
Length = 45.93 feet
Thus getting the calculation of linear feet of cracks for window and frame;
Window = 14 feet x 45.93 feet
= 643.02 linear feet of crack
Frame = 14 feet x 45.93 feet
= 643.02 linear feet of crack
Using the Crack Method Equation to calculate the volume of air entering
Va = Crack Length x __Leakage Rate, ft³/ hr

60 mins/ hr
Solving for volume of air entering the window, Va w
Va Window = 643.02 x __70 ft ³/ hr__

60 mins/ hr
Va Window = 750.19 ft ³/min
Solving for volume of air entering the frame, Va f
Va Frame = 643.02 x __70 ft ³/ hr__

60 mins/ hr
Va Frame = 750.19 ft ³/min
Therefore, total volume of air entering from the windows and frames, Va t
Vat = Va window + Va Frame
Vat = 750.19 ft ³/min + 750.19 ft ³/min
Vat = 1,500.38 ft ³/min
Using the Equation–4 to calculate the Sensible Heat Gain from infiltrated air, Q SH
QSH = 1.085 x VA x (to – ti) Equation–4
Where;

21
QSH = 1.085 x = 1,500.38 ft ³/min x (90 °F - 78 °F)
QSH = 1.085 x = 1,500.38 x (12)
QSH = 19,534.95 Btu/hr
Using the Equation – 4 to calculate the Latent Heat Gain from infiltrated air, Q LH
QLH = 0.7 x VA x (Wo – Wi) (Equation – 4)
Where;
Wo = Humidity ratio of the outdoor air, grains of moisture/ pound

of dry air
Wi = Humidity ratio of the indoor air, grains of moisture/ pound

of dry air
Psychrometric Chart
Outdoor Design Conditions; Db = 90 °F
Wb = 75 °F
Indoor Design Conditions; Db = 78 °F

Wb = 65 °F
From the Psychrometric Chart reading, the humidity ratio of the indoor air (W i ) is
found to be 72 grains and the outdoor air (Wo) is found to be 102 grains.
Therefore, substituting the information taken from the Psychrometric Chart using
the Equation – 4 to get the Latent Heat gain from infiltrated air, Q LH
QLH = 0.7 x VA x (Wo – Wi)
QLH = 0.7 x 1,500.38 ft ³/min x (102 – 72)
QLH = 0.7 x 1,500.38 (30) Btu/hr
QLH = 31,507.98 Btu/hr
For the Total Load Calculation of Heat Gain of Infiltrated Air, Q T
QT = QSH + QLH
QT = 19,534.95 Btu/hr + 31,507.98 Btu/hr
QT = 51,042.93 Btu/hr
22
Design and Calculations of Ventilation Heat Gains
Design requirement for the Upper Ground Floor Level Tower Building
Upper Ground Floor Capacity = 300 person or 300 pax
Design Outdoor Conditions = 90 °F Db
= 75 °F Wb
Design Indoor Conditions = 78 °F Db
= 65 °F Wb
Table – 1 Outside Air Ventilation Requirements
Page 12 -71, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two Volume, Power

Volume, Edition 12, by J Kenneth Salisbury
Ceiling Height, Feet
Cubic Feet/
Type of Application Minute/ Person 8 10 12 16 20
Minimum Preferred Air Change Per Minute
Apartment 10 15 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Banking Space 7½ 10 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Barber Shop 7½ 10 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Beauty Parlor 7½ 10 3 2 1½ 1 2¼
Broker’s Board Room 20 30 8 6 4½ 3 1¾
Cafeteria 15 20 6 4½ 3½ 2½ 2¼
Cocktail Bar 20 30 8 6 4½ 3 ¾
Churches 5 7½ 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Department Store 7½ 15 3 2 1½ 1 2¼
Director’s Room 30 40 8 6 4½ 3 ¾
Drug Store (with counter) 7½ 3 2 1½ 1 1½
Drug Store (No counter) 10 5 3¾ 3 2 ¾
Funeral Parlor 5 3 2 1½ 1 2¼
Gambling Rooms 20 8 6 4½ 3 ¾
Hospital Room 10 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Hotel Room 10 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Office, General 10 4 3 2¼ 1½ 1
Office, Private 10 5 3¾ 3 2 1½
Restaurant 12 5 3¾ 3 2 1½
Shop, Retail 7½ 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
Theater/ Function Rooms 5 7½
Residence 3 2 1½ 1 ¾
For General Applications;
Each person not smoking 5
Each person smoking 20
From Equation 4, Page 12 -11, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

QVLH = 1.085 x VO x (to – ti) (Equation 4)
Where;
QVLH = Heat loss due to Infiltration, Btu/ hour
VO = Volume of outside air, ft³/ min
= 10.0 ft³/ min x 300 person = 3,000 ft³/ min

23
Substituting the value to calculate the Sensible Heat Gain from Ventilation, Q VSH
QVSH = 1.085 x VO x (to – ti)
QVSH = 1.085 x 3,000 ft³/min x (90 °F - 78 °F)
QVSH = 1.085 x 3,000 x (12 °F)
QVSH = 1.085 x 3,000 x (12) Btu/hr
QVSH = 39,060.0 Btu/hr
Using the Equation – 4 to calculate the Latent Heat Gain from Ventilation, Q VLH
QVLH = 0.7 x Vo x (Wo – Wi) Equation – 4
where;
Wo = Humidity ratio of the outdoor air, grains of moisture/ pound

of dry air
Wi = Humidity ratio of the indoor air, grains of moisture/ pound

of dry air
Psychrometric Chart
Outdoor Design Conditions; Db = 90 °F

Wb = 75 °F
Indoor Design Conditions; Db = 78 °F
Wb = 65 °F
From the Psychrometric Chart reading, the humidity ratio of the indoor air (W i ) is
found to be 72 grains and the outdoor air (Wo) is found to be 102 grains.
Therefore, substituting the information taken from the Psychrometric Chart using
the Equation – 4 to get the Latent Heat Gain from Ventilation, Q VLH
QVLH = 0.7 x Vo x (Wo – Wi)
QVLH = 0.7 x 60.0 ft³/min x (102 – 72)
QVLH = 0.7 x 3,000 x (30)
QVLH = 63,000 Btu/hr
For the Total Calculation of Heat Gain from Ventilation, Q T
QT = QVSH + QVLH
24
QT = 39,060.0 Btu/hr + 63,000 Btu/hr
QT = 102,060 Btu/hr
Summary Conduction Heat Gains for Tower Building
No. Calculation Load Summary

1.0 Conduction Heat Gains through Walls
2.0 Conduction Heat Gain Through Glass
3.0 Transmission Heat Gain Through Glass
4.0 Conduction Heat Gains through Ceilings
5.0 Conduction Heat Gains through Floorings
6.0 Occupancy Heat Gains
7.0 Lighting Fixtures Heat Gains
8.0 Additional Lighting Fixtures/Equipment Heat Gains
9.0 Lighting Fixtures Heat Gains (Generated by Ballast)
10.0 Equipment Heat Gains
11.0 Heat Gains for Hallways and Doors
12.0 Load Calculation of Heat Gain of Infiltrated Air
13.0 Calculation of Heat Gain from Ventilation
Total Load Heat Gain BTU/HR
Cooling Measured in Tons of Refrigeration, TOR
Obtain the Cooling Load in Btu per hr (Btu/ hr), by converting the load into Tons
of Refrigeration (TOR)
Note: 1- Ton of Refrigeration = 12,000 Btu/ hr
Cooling Load Requirements for Guestroom Floors and Hallways for Upper
Ground Floor Annex Building (Typical Typical Guest Floor Levels)
Load in Tons = _________Btu/hr

12,000 Btu/hr/ton
Load in Tons = Tons of Refrigeration for Tower Building
REFERENCES
Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two Volume, Power Volume, Edition

12, by J Kenneth Salisbury. Wiley Engineering Handbook Series, John Wiley and
Sons, Inc.
Cooling Load Estimate Handbook, The Trane Company, Pammel Creek Road La
Crosse, Wisconsin.
Air Conditioning Clinic, Applications Engineering, The Trane Company, Pammel

Creek Road La Crosse, Wisconsin.
1997 AHSRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Engineers) Fundamental Handbook.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology by Whitman and Johnson Mc

621.56 R25 2009 C-11 (Mechanical Engineering Reference Manual).
1987 AHSRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning

Engineers) HVAC Systems and Applications Handbook.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Jordan Richard and Priester Gayle.

Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice and Hall, Inc.
Thermodynamics Sixth Edition, Virgil Moring Faires and Clifford Max Simmang.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, 2nd Edition, William F Stoecker and Jones, Mc
Graw- Hill.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineering, Horace J. Mac Intire and W. F.

Hutchinson, New York, London: John Wiley and Sons.
Water Chiller Unit Front Perspective
Water Chiller Unit Back Perspective
WATER COOLED WATER CHILLER (WCWC)

Type : Centrifugal
Brand : Trane
Design Capacity : 350 Tons of Refrigeration
Cooling Towers Left Side Perspective
Cooling Towers Front Side Perspective
Cooling Towers Left Side Perspective
COOLING TOWER
Type : Cross Flow Multi- Cell
Brand : Approved Equivalent
Design Capacity : 450 Tons of Refrigeration
Primary Chilled Water Pumps (PCHWP)
Type : Centrifugal
Secondary Chilled Water Pumps (SCHWP)

Type : Centrifugal
CHILLED WATER PUMPS (CHWP)
Condenser Water Pumps (Left Side Perspective)
Condenser Water Pumps (Front Perspective)
Condenser Water Pumps (Right Side Perspective)
CONDENSER WATER PUMPS (COWP)

Type : Centrifugal
Air Handling Unit Perspective
Air Handling Unit Perspective
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)

Type : Horizontal Draw Thru (Up Blast)/
Horizontal Draw Thru(Front Discharge)
Brand : Trane

Cooling Load Calculations Reference

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COOLING LOAD CALCUALTIONS

Climatic Conditions of the Philippines (Key Cities)

Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Outdoor Percent

Source: Accu Weather Almanac.com

Outdoor Air 90°F DB (Dry Bulb)

75°F WB (Wet Bulb).

Indoor Air 78 °F DB (Dry Bulb)

Mixture Air 79.2 °F DB (Dry Bulb)

Room (R) 72°F

Total Floor Area (Air Conditioned Space)

Conduction Heat Gains

The transfer of heat by conduction is a molecular transmission. Heat is

From Equation 53, Pages 11-37, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

u = Coefficient of heat transmission in Btu per hour

A = Surface area in square feet

ΔT = Dry bulb temperature difference between two

From Equation 53, Pages 11-37, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

u = Coefficient of heat transmission in Btu per hour

A = Surface area in square feet

ΔT = Dry bulb temperature difference between two

Table- 5 Wall Materials Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in Two

Outside Surface(15 mph wind

Interior FinishesMetal Lath and

Air Space Bounded by Ordinary

Sheathing and Siding Gypsum Board ½ - in 2.82

Therefore, solving for the value of u (coefficient of transmission) for Upper

From Equation 53, Pages 11-37, by Kent’s Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook, in

fo = 6.00, Heat transfer from outside surface

C1 = 4.40, Heat transfer by conduction from non-

C2 = 1.00, Heat transfer by conduction from non-

C3 = 2.82, Heat transfer by conduction from non-

a = 1.10 Air spaces for building construction

UA = _________ ___ 1_______________

UA = _ 1__ ___Btu ___

UA = 0.306 ___Btu ___

UA = 0.306 ___Btu ___

A north = 40.0 m x 3.65 m

A north = 146.0 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²

A south = 22.5.0 m x 3.65 m²

A west = 85.55 m x 3.65 m

A west = 299.77 m² x 10.76 ft²/ m²

A west = 3,225.53 ft²

A east = 3,225.53 ft²

A wall total = (1,570.96 + 82.12 + 3,225.53 + 3,225.53) ft²

A wall total = 8,104.14 ft²

to = 90°F (Outside temperature)

ti = 78°F (Inside temperature)

Q FL = 0.306 ___Btu ___ x 8,104.14 ft² x (90°F - 78°F)

Q FL = 0.306 ___Btu ___ x 8,104.14 ft² x (12°F)

For Conduction Heat Gain Through Glass; Q FL

Q = Heat quantity in Btu per hour

u = Over-all coefficient of heat gain through glass

A = Surface area in square feet

Design Information and Requirements

Design Indoor Temperature = 78°F (25.5°C)

Design Outdoor Temperature = 90°F (32°C)

Daily Temperature Range = 21°F (-6.11°C)

Daily Average Temperature = 35°F (29.4°C)

Glass Windows Specification

Dimension: Length = 40.0 m

Description: Flat Glass (Single)

U-Factor (Indoor Shade) = 0.81

Total Glass Surface Area, A glass

UA = _______ _ 1_______________

UA = _ 1 _Btu ___

UA = 0.306 _Btu _

UA = 0.306 _Btu _

Q FL = 0.306 _Btu _ x 8,104.14 ft² x (90°F - 78°F)

Q FL = 0.306 _Btu _ x 8,104.14 ft² x (12°F)

Q = 0.81_Btu _ x 1,291.2 ft ² x 13 °F

Q = 0.64 x 1,291.2 ft ² x 140 _Btu _ x 0.53

Q ceiling = 0.421 _Btu _ x 43,133.40 ft² x (90 °F - 72 °F)

Q ceiling = 0.421 _Btu _ x 43,133.40 ft² x (18 °F)

Q ceiling = 0.421 _Btu _ x 43,133.40 ft² x (90 °F - 72 °F)

Q ceiling = 0.421 _Btu _ x 43,133.40 ft² x (18 °F)