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Introduction to Computer
Outlines
• Introduction to Computer
• Computer Architecture & Organization
• Computer Structure & Function
• Classes of Computers
• Types of Computers
• Computer performance
• Components of a Computer
• Computer Evolution
• An Example System
What is computer?
• An electronic device that can
– accept data (input)
– process the input to useful information (process),
according to a set of instructions,
– store the instructions and the results of processing
(storage),
– produce the information (output).
Data Processed Data
2 elements of computer
Software
Hardware
Architecture & Organization (1)
Architecture refers to attributes that are visible to the
programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data
representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features are implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by
repeated addition?
Architecture & Organization (2)
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic
architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same
basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
– At least backwards
• Organization differs between different
versions
Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components
relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual
components as part of the structure
Structure ‐ Top Level
Peripherals Computer
Central Main
Processing Memory
Unit
Computer
Systems
Interconnection
Input
Output
Communication
lines
Structure ‐ Top Level
• From the Top‐Level Structure, a computer
consists of four main structural components,
which are:
– Central processing unit (CPU) – referred as processor,
perform data processing and control the operation of
the computer
– Main memory – stores data
– Input/Output (I/O) – move data between the
computer and its external environment
– System interconnection ‐ provides communication
among CPU, maim memory and I/O
Structure ‐ The CPU
CPU
Computer Arithmetic
Registers and
I/O Logic Unit
System CPU
Bus Internal CPU
Interconnection
Memory
Control
Unit
Structure ‐ The CPU
• CPU consists of several components such as:
– registers – provides storage internal to the CPU
– arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) – perform data
processing function
– control unit – control the operation of CPU
– internal CPU interconnection – provides
communication among ALU, registers and control
unit
Function
• There are four basic functions performed by a
computer system:
– data processing
– data storage (long term data storage function and
short term data storage function)
– data movement (movement between computer
and peripheral known as input / output (I/O),
movement over longer distances known as data
communication)
– control
Classes of Computers
• Desktop computers
– General purpose, variety of software
– Subject to cost/performance tradeoff
• Server computers
– Network based
– High capacity, performance, reliability
– Range from small servers to building sized
• Embedded computers
– Hidden as components of systems
– Stringent power/performance/cost constraints
Computer Types
• Microcomputers
– More for personal usage (personal computer)
• Workstations
– E.g: Desktop, notebook, PDA
– More computational power than personal computer.
– They are typically UNIX computers and are used by engineers
• Enterprise System
– Servers and Mainframe
– Used for business data processing in medium to large corporations
that require much more computing power and computer capacity.
• Supercomputer
– Used for large‐scale numerical calculations required in applications
such as weather forecasting and aircraft design.
Microcomputer (PC)
Workstation
Mainframe
Supercomputer
Computer performance
• Amount of useful work accomplished by a
computer system or computer network
compared to the time and resources used
How to determine program
performance?
• Algorithm
– Determines number of operations executed
• Programming language, compiler, architecture
– Determine number of machine instructions executed
per operation
• Processor and memory system
– Determine how fast instructions are executed
• I/O system (including OS)
– Determines how fast I/O operations are executed
What’s behind a computer program?
• Application software
– Written in high‐level language (HLL)
• System software
– Compiler: translates HLL code to machine code
– Operating System: service code
• Handling input/output
• Managing memory and storage
• Scheduling tasks & sharing resources
• Hardware
– Processor, memory, I/O controllers
Levels of Program Code
• High‐level language
– Level of abstraction closer to problem domain
– Provides for productivity and portability
• Assembly language
– Textual representation of instructions
• Hardware representation
– Binary digits (bits)
– Encoded instructions and data
Abstract Levels of Modern
Computing Systems
Components of a Computer
• Same components for all kinds of computer
– Desktop, server, embedded
• Input/output includes
– User‐interface devices
• Display, keyboard, mouse
– Storage devices
• Hard disk, CD/DVD, flash
– Network adapters
• For communicating with other computers
Anatomy of a Computer
Output
device
Input
device
Input
device
What’s inside a computer?
Motherboard
Inside the Processor (CPU)
• Datapath: performs operations on data
• Control:
– Tells the datapath, memory and I/O devices what
to do according to the program instructions
• Cache memory
– Small fast SRAM memory for immediate access to
data
Computer Evolution
• Vacuum tube ‐ 1946‐1957
• Transistor ‐ 1958‐1964
• Small scale integration ‐ 1965 on
– Up to 100 devices on a chip
• Medium scale integration ‐ to 1971
– 100 ‐ 3000 devices on a chip
• Large scale integration ‐ 1971‐1977
– 3,000 ‐ 100,000 devices on a chip
• Very large scale integration ‐ 1978 to date
– 100,000 ‐ 100,000,000 devices on a chip
• Ultra large scale integration
– Over 100,000,000 devices on a chip
http://www.computerhistory.org/timeline/?category=cmptr
Computer Evolution:
First Generation (1942‐ 1959)
• Using vacuum tube technology
• Drawbacks:
– Produce more heat
– Easy to brake down
– Difficult to identify either the problem caused by hardware
or software whenever the computer becomes malfunction
– Expensive
– Data processing not accurate
• Language: using machine language (only number
involved), therefore the process of data processing
becomes more complicated.
• Application: scientific purpose
Computer Evolution:
Second Generation (1959‐1964)
• Using transistor
• Advantage (compare to 1st generation):
– Small size
– Low power usage
– More efficient
– Easy to use
• Cheapest
• Language: using assembly language (e.g.: MV represent
MOVE) and high level language (e.g.: FORTRAN,
COBOL)
• Introduce disc technology (more faster compared to
magnetic tape)
Computer Evolution:
Third Generation (1965‐1970)
• Using integrated circuit technology
• Start implements multiprogramming concept
and time‐sharing.
• Advantage:
– Small size
– Low power usage
– More efficient
• Language: BASIC, PASCAL
Computer Evolution:
Fourth Generation (1971‐1999)
• Using large scale integration (LSI) technology
• Microprocessor usage
• Introduction to CDROM
• Main memory becomes more efficient, faster
and large.
Computer Evolution:
Fifth Generation (2000 – present)
• More sophisticated, cheapest, faster and have
ability to see, listen, talk and think likes
human.
• Have artificial intelligent
Computer Evolution
Early Computers
1954 The Vacuum Tube
Early Computers
Computer Evolution
Electronic Numerical
Integrator and Compute
(ENIAC)
• Designed and constructed under
supervision Eckert and Mauchly from
University of Pennsylvania
• Trajectory tables for weapons
• Started 1943
• Finished 1946
• Too late for war effort
• Used until 1955
Commercial Computers
• 1947 ‐ Eckert‐Mauchly Computer Corporation
• UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer)
• US Bureau of Census 1950 calculations
• Became part of Sperry‐Rand Corporation
• Late 1950s ‐ UNIVAC II
– Faster
– More memory
IBM Equipment
• Punched‐card processing equipment
• 1953 ‐ the 701
– IBM’s first stored program computer
– Scientific calculations
• 1955 ‐ the 702
– Business applications
• Lead to 700/7000 series
Transistors
• Replaced vacuum tubes
• Smaller
• Cheaper
• Less heat dissipation
• Solid State device
• Made from Silicon (Sand)
• Invented 1947 at Bell Labs
Transistor Based Computers
• Second generation machines
• NCR & RCA produced small transistor
machines
• IBM 7000
• DEC ‐ 1957
– Produced PDP‐1
Microelectronics
• Literally ‐ “small electronics”
• A computer is made up of gates, memory cells
and interconnections
• These can be manufactured on a
semiconductor
• e.g. silicon wafer
An Example System:
A Typical Computer Advertisement
A Typical Computer Advertisement
Pentium III 667MHz
• Pentium III ‐ processor, which executes program
instructions.
• 667MHz ‐ the processor of the system operates
at 667 million cycles per second.
– Computer system contains a clock that keeps the
system synchronized. The clock sends electrical pulses
simultaneously to all main components, ensuring that
data and instructions are in order. The number of
pulsations emitted each second by the clock is its
frequency, so the seller says that it runs at 667MHz.
A Typical Computer Advertisement
133MHz 64MB SDRAM
• 133MHz ‐ speed of the system bus, which is a
group of wires that moves data and instructions
to various places within the computer
• 64MB SDRAM ‐ memory capacity which
determines the size of the programs and how
many programs can be run at the same time
without halt the system.
SDRAM ‐ synchronous dynamic random access memory
A Typical Computer Advertisement
32KB L1 cache, 256KB L2 cache
• 32KB L1 cache ‐ small, fast memory cache that
is built into the processor chip and helps
speed up access to frequently used data
• 256KB L2 cache ‐ collection of fast, built‐in
memory chips situated between the processor
and main memory
A Typical Computer Advertisement
30GB EIDE hard drive (7200 RPM)
• 30GB EIDE hard drive ‐ storage capacity of a
hard disk. EIDE (enhanced integrated drive
electronics) is a cost‐effective hardware
interface for mass storage devices
• 7200 RPM (revolutions per minute) ‐
determine the access time on computer hard
drives.
A Typical Computer Advertisement
2 USB ports, 1 serial port, 1 parallel port.
• USB (universal serial bus) port ‐ supports Plug‐
and‐Play (the ability to configure devices
automatically) as well as hot plugging (the ability
to add and remove devices while the computer is
running).
• Serial ports ‐ transfer data by sending a series of
electrical pulses across one or two data lines.
• Parallel ports ‐ use at least eight data lines, which
are energized simultaneously to transmit data.
A Typical Computer Advertisement
19" monitor, .24mm AG, 1280 x 1024 at 85Hz
• The monitor supports a refresh rate of 85Hz.
Image displayed on the monitor is repainted
85 times a second
• 0.28 millimeter (mm) dot pitch supported by
an AG (aperture grill) display
A Typical Computer Advertisement
56K PCI voice modem, 64‐bit PCI sound card
• Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is
one such I/O bus that supports the connection
of multiple peripheral devices
• PCI modem ‐ allows the computer to connect
to the Internet
• PCI sound card ‐ contains components needed
by the system’s stereo speakers