Albert Einstein Was Born in 1879

1905: "Annus Mirabilis" - Einstein's "Miracle Year"

Year Theory Description
Einstein received his doctorate from the University of
1905 Ph.D. Zurich for a theoretical dissertation providing a new way
of calculating the size of molecules.
In 1827 the botanist Robert Brown observed under the
microscope the movement or motion of plant spores
floating in water and moving about randomly all the time.
The explanation for this was already thought to be the
random motion of molecules "hitting" the spores.
1905 Brownian Motion But the first satisfactory theoretical treatment of the
Brownian motion was made by Albert Einstein in 1905.
Einstein's theory enabled significant statistical predictions
about the motion of particles that are randomly distributed
in a fluid. These predictions were later confirmed by
experiment.

1905 Photoelectric Effect It was known that when light was shone on certain
substances, the substances gave out electrons, but that
only the number of electrons emitted, and not their
energy, was increased when the strength of the light was
increased.
According to classical theory, when light, thought to be
composed of waves, strikes substances, the energy of the
liberated electrons ought to be proportional to the
intensity of light.
In other words, the energy emitted by the irradiated
substance is changing in a discrete quantities rather than
in a continuous manner.
Einstein proposed that under certain circumstances light
can be considered as consisting of particles, but he also
hypothesized that the energy carried by any light particle,
called a photon, is proportional to the frequency of the
radiation.
This proposal, that the energy contained within a light
beam is transferred in individual units, or quanta,
contradicted a hundred-year-old tradition of considering
light energy a manifestation of a continuous processes or
of its wave nature.
Virtually no one accepted Einstein's proposal until a
decade later when the American physicist Robert
 Andrews Millikan experimentally confirmed the theory.
This Einstein's efforts helped out with the development of
the quantum theory (mechanics).
For this contribution, Einstein was awarded the Nobel
Prize in physics for 1921 (see below).
This theory provides a consistent explanation for the way
radiation (light, for example) and matter interact when
viewed from different inertial frames of reference, that is,
an interaction viewed simultaneously by an observer at
rest and an observer moving at uniform speed.
Einstein based this theory on two postulates: the principle
of relativity, that physical laws are the same in all inertial
reference systems, and the principle of the invariance of
the speed of light, that the speed of light in a vacuum is a
universal constant for all observers regardless of the
motion of the observer or of the source of the light.
He was thus able to provide a consistent and correct
description of physical events in different inertial frames
of reference without making special assumptions about
Special Theory of the nature of matter or radiation, or how they interact.
1905 Among the theory's main assertions and consequences are
Relativity
the propositions that the maximum velocity attainable in
the universe is that of light; that objects appear to contract
in the direction of motion and vice versa; that the rate of a
moving clock seems to decrease as its velocity increases;
the results of observers in different systems are equally
correct; and that mass and energy are equivalent and
interchangeable properties according to Einstein's famous
formula:

E=mc²
Though Einstein did not invent the atomic bomb, this
equation laid the theoretical background for it.

Think Like Einstein

After 1905
Year Theory Description
1911 Why Is The sky Blue? The case, "Why is the sky blue?", was finally settled by
Einstein in 1911, who calculated the detailed formula for
the scattering of light from molecules; and this was found
to be in agreement with experiment.
 Why Is the Sky Blue?
Einstein expanded the special theory of relativity into the
general theory of relativity that applies to systems in
nonuniform (accelerated) motion as well as to systems in
uniform motion (like in the special theory of relativity).
The general theory is principally concerned with the
large-scale effects of gravitation and therefore is an
essential ingredient in theories of the universe as a whole,
or cosmology.
The theory recognizes the equivalence of gravitational and
General Theory of
1916 inertial mass. It asserts that material bodies produce
Relativity curvatures in space-time that form a gravitational field
and that the path of a body in the field is determined by
this curvature. In other words, according to this theory,
space becomes curved in the vicinity of matter (this is the
meaning of gravity); the greater the concentration of
matter, the greater the curvature and the greater the
gravity. The geometry of a given region of space and the
motion in the field can be predicted from the equations of
the general theory.
On December 10, 1922, Einstein received the Nobel prize
1922 Nobel Prize in physics for the year 1921, especially for his discovery
of the law of the photoelectric effect (see above).

1924 Bose-Einstein The Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is a phase of matter,

Condensate in the sense that solid, liquid, gas and plasma are phases
of matter.
In 1924 the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose sent
Einstein a paper in which he derived the Planck law for
black-body radiation by treating the photons as a gas of
identical particles. Einstein generalized Bose's theory to
an ideal gas of identical atoms or molecules for which the
number of particles is conserved and, in the same year,
predicted that at sufficiently low temperatures the
particles would become locked together, or overlap, in the
lowest quantum state of the system. The result of
Einstein's and Bose's efforts is the so called Bose Einstein
statistics. We now know that this phenomenon, (BEC),
only happens for "bosons".
What does it mean to say that atoms overlap? The coins in
a stack of pennies don’t overlap, and neither do the gas
molecules in the air we breathe. As a gas becomes colder
and colder, quantum mechanics tells us that the wavelike
behavior of the atoms becomes more and more important.
 At the lowest temperatures, within a few hundred
billionths of absolute zero (-273.15°C), the waves of the
atoms in a gas can overlap and create, in effect, one super-
atom. In this state, it hardly even makes sense to talk
about individual atoms because they all behave as one
collective object. This is much like the output of a laser,
since all the light is the same wavelength (same color) and
the waves are all in step and you can’t tell one light
particle (a photon) from another.
In recent developments, BECs are being used to create
atom lasers, the equivalent of a laser made of light; in the
study of superconductivity (the ability of some materials
to conduct electrical current without any resistance);
superfluidity (the ability of some materials to flow
without resistance) and in refining measurements of time
and distance.
Only few know that Albert Einstein was also a practical
man and invented a refrigerator. The Einstein refrigerator
is an absorption refrigerator which has no moving parts
and requires only a heat source to operate - it does not
require electricity to operate, needing only a heat source,
1926 Einstein Refrigerator e.g. a small gas burner, suitable for poor countries and
outdoor activities. It was jointly invented in 1926 by
Albert Einstein and his former student Leó Szilárd and
patented in the US on November 11, 1930 (U.S. Patent
1,781,541).
The first atomic bomb, nicknamed "Little Boy", was
dropped on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945.
Although Einstein did not invent the bomb and did not
participate in the Manhattan Project, his theories laid the
foundation for it.
The Relativity Theory showed that mass could be
converted directly into energy (E=mc²), and that a minute
piece of mass could release a vast amount of energy.
The First Atomic Bomb
1945 In 1939 Einstein collaborated with several other physicists
Was Dropped in writing a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt,
pointing out the possibility of making an atomic bomb and
the likelihood that the German government was
embarking on such a course. The letter, which bore only
Einstein's signature, helped lend urgency to efforts in the
U.S. to build the atomic bomb, but Einstein himself
played no role in the work and knew nothing about it at
the time.
 Albert Einstein Died in 1955

Einstein was a theoretical physicist and not an inventor. He gave us the special and general
theories of relativity, and he did some important work on the photoelectric effect. He did
invent some inventions, like the Einstein calculator.

He also invented the Einstein refrigerator, which University of Oxford scientists are now
investigating in their efforts to develop energy efficient, eco-friendly refrigeration. The
Einstein refrigerator used no moving parts, no electricity or harmful gases.

Einstein also had the idea to make the atomic bomb in the united states. So, we were the
first country to make and use the atomic bomb. Although that isn't really an invention, it is
useful.

The atom bomb was not invented by him,

the formula or say theory required for its invention was first observed by him

E=mc2

Note: There are comments associated with this question. See the discussion page to add to
the conversation.