MATTER - ​is anything that has mass and takes up space.

CHEMISTRY - ​is the science that deals with matter: the structure and properties of matter and
transformation from one form of matter to another.
CHEMICAL CHANGE​ - more commonly known as “ ​chemical reaction”.
- some substances are used up ( ​disappear) ​and others are formed to take
their place.
PHYSICAL CHANGE - ​the identities of the substances do not change.
- changes​ affecting the form of a ​chemical​ substance, but not its
chemical ​composition.
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - ​chemical reaction that it undergoes.
- any of a material's properties that becomes evident during, or
after, a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be
established only by changing a substance's chemical identity.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - ​are all properties that do not involve in chemical reactions ( e.g.
density, color, melting point, and physical state- liquid, solid, gas)

SCIENTIFIC METHOD - ​tool used by the scientist.

- “ the heart of the scientific method is the​ ​testing of theories”
BEFORE ABOUT 1600 - ​philosophers often believed if a statement is right, they believed it
without testing.
ABOUT 1600 CE - ​the scientific method came into use. ( the greek physician ​GALEN
recognized that the blood on the left side of the heart somehow gets to the right side.)
FACT​- a statement based on direct experience; it is consistent and reproducible observation.
HYPOTHESIS - ​a statement that is proposed, without actual proof, to explain the facts and their
relationship.
WILLIAM HARVEY - ​tested Galen’s hypothesis by dissecting human and animal heart and
blood vessels.
1661, MALPIGHI - ​using the newly invented microscope, found these tiny vessels, which are
now called capillaries.
THEORY - ​is the formulation of an apparent relationship among certain observed phenomena,
which has been verified in some extent.
1871, DMITRI MENDELEYEV’S PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
- a graphic description of elements organized by properties - predicted the
existence of a new element whose property would be similar to those of silicon.
Mendeleev called this element ​eka-silicon.
- 1886 - ​it was discovered in germany.
JAMES SUMNER OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY - ​result from serendipity or chance observation.
- All enzymes are protein; small molecules
can form crystals.
- Awarded a ​Nobel Prize in Chemistry in
1946.
EXPONENTIAL NOTATION - ​based on powers of 10.
- It is a “shorthand” way of writing repeated multiplication, and
indicates that the base is a factor and the exponent is the number
of times the factor is used in the multiplication.
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES - ​each of the digits of a number that are used to express it to the
required degree of accuracy, starting from the first nonzero digit.

“​A MEASUREMENT IS CONSIST OF​ A NUMBER AND A UNITS​”

ENGLISH SYSTEM OF UNITS - ​most measurements used in united states. ( e.g pounds, miles,
gallons)

METRIC SYSTEM - ​a system of units of measurement in which the divisions to subunits are
made by a power of 10.
- Originated in ​France ​ about ​1800.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS​ - based on the metric system and use some of the
metric units.
LENGTH - ​the measurement or extent of something from end to end; the greater of two or the
greatest of three dimensions of a body.
VOLUME - ​the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a
container, especially when great.
MASS - ​quantity of matter in an object.
WEIGHT - ​force of a mass experiences under the full of gravity.
TIME -​ indefinite continued progress of existence and events that occur in apparently
irreversible succession from the past through the present to the future.
TEMPERATURE

KELVIN - ​third temperature scale; also called the absolute

scale.

FACTOR-LABEL METHOD - ​a procedure in which the equations are set up so that all
unwanted units cancel and only the desired units remain.
- RULE : ​when multiplying numbers, we also multiply units and
when dividing numbers, we also divide units.
CONVERSION FACTORS - ​for conversions between one unit and another, it is always possible
to set up two fractions.
GAS- ​no definite shape and volume.
LIQUIDS- ​also have no definite shape, but they do have a definite volume; slightly
compressible.
SOLIDS- ​have definite shapes and definite volume.
PLASMA - ​is a hot ionized gas consisting of approximately equal numbers of positively charged
ions and negatively charged electrons. The characteristics of plasmas are significantly different
from those of ordinary neutral gases so that plasmas are considered a distinct "fourth state of
matter."
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE -​is a group of atoms cooled to within a hair of ​absolute zero​.
When they reach that temperature the atoms are hardly moving relative to each other; they
have almost no free energy to do so.
FERMIONIC CONDENSATE -

DENSITY - ​defined as its ​mass per unit volume.

- is a measurement that compares the amount of matter an object has to its
volume.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY - ​numerically the same as density, but it has no units ( it is dimensionless).
- is the ratio of the ​density of​ a substance to the ​density of​ a reference
substance;
ENERGY - ​defined as the capacity to do work.
KINETIC ENERGY - ​is the energy of motion; any object that is moving possesses kinetic
energy.

POTENTIAL ENERGY - ​stored energy; possessed by an object arises from its capacity to move
or to cause motion.
WORK - ​it is done by gravity in the process.
- measure of energy transfer that occurs when an object is moved over a distance
by an external force at least part of which is applied in the direction of the
displacement.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY - ​Energy can be neither created nor destroyed.
- Although one form of energy can be converted to another,
the total amount of energy in any system does not change.
HEAT - ​one form of energy that is particularly important in chemistry.
- This is the form of energy that most frequently accompanies chemical reactions.
CALORIE - ​most common unit of heat which is defined as the amount of heat necessary to
raise the temperature of​ 1 g of liquid wate​r by 1C.
SPECIFIC HEAT - ​is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of ​1 g of​ ​any
substance ​by 1C.
DEMOCRITUS (about 460-370 BCE)
- Believed that all matter is made of very small particles - much to small to see.
- He called it ​ATOMS ​( greek ​atomos​, meaning “not to cut”)
ZENO OF ELEA ( born about 450 BCE)
- They insisted that matter is infinitely divisible.
A​TOMS - ​basic unit of matter.
- The smallest particles of an element that retain the chemical properties of the element;
the interaction among atoms accounts for the properties of matter.
ELEMENTS - ​ a substance that consist of identical atom.
COMPOUND - ​a pure substance made up of two or more elements in a fixed ratio by mass.

MIXTURE- ​combination of two or more pure substances.

1808, JOHN DALTON ​- put forth a model of matter that underlies modern scientific atomic
theory. ( evidences of Dalton in page 32)
MOLECULE - ​is a tightly bound combination of two or more atoms that acts as a single unit.

LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS ( ANTOINE LAURENT LAVOISIER / 1743-1794)

- States that matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
- In other words, there is no detectable change in mass in an ordinary chemical reaction.

LAW OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION ( JOSEPH PROUST / 1754-1826)

- State that any compound is always made up of elements in the same proportion by
mass.
MONOATOMIC ELEMENTS -​consist of single atoms ( helium and neon)
DIATOMIC ELEMENTS - ​contains two atoms in each molecules ( O, H ,N ,F ,Cl, Br, and I)
POLYATOMIC ELEMENTS-​ more atoms in each molecules.
PROTON- ​a subatomic particle with a charge of +1 and a mass of approximately 1 amu; it is
found in nucleus.
ELECTRON -​ a subatomic particle with a charge of -1 and a mass of approximately 0.0005
amu; it is found in the space surrounding a nucleus.
NEUTRON - ​a subatomic particle with no charge; Therefore, it neither attract nor repel each
other or any particle.
ATOMIC MASS UNIT (amu) - ​a unit of the scale of relative masses of atoms: 1 amu= 1.6605 x
10^ -24g
- By definition, 1 amu is 1/12 the mass of carbon atom containing 6 protons and 6
neutrons.
NUCLEUS - ​ center of an atom where proton and neutron can be found.
MASS NUMBER (A) - ​ the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus.
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z) - ​number of protons in its nucleus.
ISOTOPES - ​ atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
ATOMIC WEIGHT - ​the weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of
he element. The units of atomic weight are atomic mass units (amu).
PERIODS - ​the element in a horizontal row of the periodic table.